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TRANSPORT SYSTEMS IN ANIMALS
LO:
• Describe the circulatory system as a system of blood vessels with a pump and valves to ensure one-way flow of blood
• Describe the single circulation of a fish • Describe the double circulation of a mammal • Explain the advantages of a double circulation
LO: Describe the single circulation of a fish
SINGLE CIRCULATION OF A FISH
• Fish have a single systemic circuit for blood, where the heart pumps the blood to the gills to be re-oxygenated = gill circulation
• After which the blood flows to the rest of the body and back to the heart.
• Single circulatory systems = blood passes through the heart only once on each circuit around the whole of the blood circulation system of the animal.
LO: Describe the single circulation of a fish
• Double circulation– circulation systems in which blood flows through
the heart twice.– pulmonary circulation - i.e. blood flow between
the heart and lungs, is separate from– systemic circulation - i.e. movement of blood from
the heart through the rest of the body (excluding the lungs), then back to the heart.
LO: Describe the double circulation of a mammal
• Double circulation is advantageous for mammals because:– It increases the pressure and hence – Increases the flow rate of blood supplied to the
tissues of the body via the systemic circulation
LO: Explain the advantages of a double circulation
• Some mammals are very large animals = Sufficient blood pressure to send blood from the heart then eventually back to the heart is needed.
• The necessary blood pressure is higher in larger animals in which the blood must be pumped from the heart with enough force to send the blood considerable distances around the body before it arrives back at the heart.
LO: Explain the advantages of a double circulation Why does it matter?
• Animals with double circulation systems need blood to be supplied to their tissues quickly due to their relatively high metabolic rates
• Animals with double circulation systems also need to maintain relatively high body temperatures - which requires sufficient blood flow due to the blood's role in maintaining body temperature as necessary for homeostasis
LO:
• Name and identify the structures of the mammalian heart, limited to the muscular wall, the septum, the left and right ventricles and atria, one-way valves and coronary arteries
• State that blood is pumped away from the heart into arteries and returns to the heart in veins
HUMAN CIRCULATORY SYSTEM
LO: Describe the circulatory system as a system of blood vessels with a pump and valves to ensure one-way flow of bloodTRANSPORT SYSTEM
• Medium = blood• System of tubes = arteries and veins• Pump = heart• Sites of exchange = capillaries
LO: List the components of blood
BLOOD
LO: State the functions of red blood cellsRED BLOOD CELLS
• Erythrocytes• 5 thousand million in one drop of blood• Contain haemoglobin = iron-containing
pigment• Have no nucleus; small flexible cells• Function: transport of oxygen and carbon dioxide
LO: State the functions of white blood cells WHITE BLOOD CELLS• Phagocytes = irregular shaped nuclei,
enzymes in cytoplasm digest microorganisms, can detect microorganisms; function: engulf microorganism
• Lymphocytes = large nucleus contains many copies of genes for the control of antibody production; function: production of antibodies (proteins that help in the defence against desease)
LO: State the functions of plateletsPLATELETS• Cell fragments involved in blood clotting• Can release blood clotting enzymes
LO: State the functions of blood plasma BLOOD PLASMA • Blood plasma is the liquid component of blood• consisting of around half of the total blood
volume • Plasma itself is around 90% water, with the
10% remainder including proteins,minerals, waste products, clotting factors, hormones, and immunoglobins.
FUNCTIONS OF THE BLOOD• Homeostasis:– Regulates the movement of water– Water – distribution of heat– Optimum pH
• Protection:- platelets, plasma proteins = protect against blood loss and
the entry of pathogenes• Transport: Support– Products of digestion– Waste products– Respiratory gases– Hormones
BLOOD CLOTTING
• Seals wounds• Limits the loss of blood• Prevents entry of any pathogenes• Depends on platelets and blood proteins• Histamine = chemical messenger produced by
white blood cells (stimulates the plasma dilution)
BLOOD DISEASES• Inherited defects in blood protein production
cause severe bleeding = haemophilia
• Inability to transport enough oxygen, can be detected by noting a lower number of red blood cells = anaemia
• Cancer of white blood cells, can be detected by high numbers of oddly shaped white blood cells = leukaemia
LO: Describe the structure and functions of arteries, veins and capillaries
BLOOD VESSELS• Arranged in such way that they all lead back
to the heart• types:– Arteries (main artery = Aorta)– Veins (main vein = vena cava)– Capillaries
LO: Explain how the structures are adapted for their functionsARTERIES• Carry blood away from heart to the tissues• Blood is at high pressure• Blood is rich in oxygen, low in carbon dioxide
(exception is pulmonary artery)• Elastic walls expand and relax as blood is
forced out of the heart (pulse)• Thick walls
STRUCTURE OF AN ARTERY
LO: Explain how the structures are adapted for their functions VEINS• Carry blood from the tissues to the heart• Blood is at low pressure• Blood is low in oxygen, high in carbon dioxide
(except for pulmonary vein)• Valves prevent the backflow of blood• Large diameter and thin walls reduce
resistance to the flow of blood
LO: Explain how the structures are adapted for their functions
CAPILLARIES• Exchange of materials (nutrients, waste
products etc.) between the blood and tissues• Movement of the particles by diffusion• Are connected into networks = beds
• The capillary beds are adapted to their function by:– Walls are one cell
thick– Highly branched– Constantly supplied
with fresh blood
LO: Explain how the structures are adapted for their functions
CAPILLARIES
STRUCTURE OF BLOOD VESSELS
LO: State the function of arterioles, venules and shunt vesselsARTERIOLES, VENULES AND SHUNT VESSELS• Shunt vessel – A blood vessel that links an
artery directly to a vein, allowing the blood to bypass the capillaries in certain areas.
– Shunt vessels can control blood flow by constriction and dilation
• Arterioles– Arteries get smaller as they get further away from
the heart– When they have decreased in size to a certain
point, they are then referred to as arterioles– are the most highly regulated blood vessels in the
body and contribute the most to overall blood pressure
LO: State the function of arterioles, venules and shunt vesselsARTERIOLES, VENULES AND SHUNT VESSELS
• Venules– small blood vessels that collect spent blood from
capillary beds and transport it to the larger veins for transport back to the heart
– At sites where an infection has developed, venules release white blood cells to fight the foreign cells
– By slowly releasing fluid through their membranes - maintain the balance of the extracellular interstitial fluid
LO: State the function of arterioles, venules and shunt vesselsARTERIOLES, VENULES AND SHUNT VESSELS
LO: Outline the lymphatic system in terms of lymphatic vessels and lymph nodesLYMPHATIC SYSTEM• Lymph is formed in
all tissues• Blood plasma leaks
out of venules = tissue fluid
• Tissue fluid is then collected by lymphatic vessels = lymph
Function of the lymphatic system:•circulation of body fluids •protection of the body from infection
LYMPHATIC SYSTEM• The vessels are
connected to lymph nodes, where the lymph is filtered
• The tonsils, adenoids, spleen and thymus are all part of the lymphatic system
LO: Name the main blood vessels to and from the heart and lungs
LO: Name the main blood vessels to and from the kidney and liver
• The heart • https://www.twig-world.com/film/factpack-h
eart-977/
LO: Name and identify the structures of the mammalian heart
THE MAMMALIAN HEART
THE HEART ❤
LO: Explain the structure and function of each part of the heartLEFT SIDE OF THE HEART• Pumps oxygenated blood from lungs to the
other tissues• Five times greater pressure than in the right
side• Much more muscular than the right side• Bicuspid valve – has two flaps – between the
ventricle and atrium
• Pumps deoxygenated blood from tissues to the lungs
• Lower pressure• Tricuspid valve – has three flaps – between the
ventricle and atrium• Importance of the septum (between left and
right side of the heart)– in separating oxygenated and deoxygenated blood
LO: Explain the structure and function of each part of the heartRIGHT SIDE OF THE HEART
LO: Compare the thickness of the walls of a mammalian heart
VALVES OF THE HEART
THE HEART BEAT
• About 70 times/minute• The muscles never become tired• Pacemaker – keeps the pattern of contraction
and relaxation by sending electrical signals; in the wall of right atrium
• Activity of the heart may be monitored by ECG, pulse rate and listening to sounds of valves closing
LO: Describe the functioning of the heart in terms of the contraction of muscles of the atria and ventricles and the action of the valves
BLOOD PRESSURE
• Is pressure needed to carry the blood to the working tissues
• Can be raised by:– Making the ventricles contract more powerfully– Narrowing the diameter of the arteries– Stress or excitement– Diet with too much saturated fat (clogging up the
arteries)
• Systolic pressure – pressure when the ventricles contract; highest
• Diastolic pressure - pressure when the heart walls are relaxed as the blood returns into the atria
• Ideal blood pressure = 120 (systolic)/80 (diastolic)
• Pulse – the high pressure when the ventricles contract forces blood out into the arteries. The elastic walls of the arteries expand and then relax; there is no pulse in the veins
• https://www.twig-world.com/film/glossary/blood-pressure-250/
BLOOD FLOW THROUGH THE VEINS
• Low pressure in the chest when breathing in draws blood towards heart
• Valves prevent backflow of blood in veins
• Blood is pushed up the veins when nearby muscles contract
LO: State and explain the effect of physical activity on the pulse (heart) rate
THE HEART AND EXERCISE• More oxygen and glucose needed during exercise • The heart pumps more blood each minute (beats
more quickly and deeply)• Sphincters control the distribution of blood –
rings of muscle open to increase the blood flow to the muscles and close to decrease the blood flow to less important areas
LO: Describe coronary heart disease
CORONARY HEART DISEASE• https://www.twig-world.com/film/healthy-heart-
975/ • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_wre2WRPiF
I• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GnpLm9fzYx
U• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CIvA71cQJ
mQ
Double circuit
