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Lunar Landscape • Surface of the moon from a telescope light and dark colored
areas with bowl shaped pit are visible on Moon’s surface .
1)Craters• It has impacts from space objects have formed craters or
bowl –shaped depression
• Even though the moon and Earth are hit by space objects at about the same rate ,the Moon has more craters .• Earth’s protective atmosphere causes most of the incoming objects burn up .
2)Maria • They are large ,dark flat surface areas on the moon.•Maria means sea in Latin . • The smoothness of the maria led people long ago to think that they might be seas of water .
How Maria are formed ?
•Maria formed when huge space objects collide with the moon’s surface.• These large areas of impact then filled with lava ,when lava cools it gives the maria their smooth appearance and dark color
3)Mountains •They are formed around the edges of large maria .•The mountains probably formed from same impact that formed from the same impact that caused the maria .
4)Highlands • They are found near the lunar poles.• They are higher elevations compared to maria .• The surfaces of highlands have more craters than maria do, so scientists believe that the high lands are geologically older landscape.
5)Valley
They are cigar shaped depressions.Perhaps the most famous is “Alpine Valley”.New evidence suggests that the floors of some deep moon valleys may contain small amounts of ice .
Moon phases
What causes phases of the moon?
• The change in the relative position of Earth ,Moon and Sun .
It’s Just a Phase• Moonlight is reflected sunlight• Half the moon’s surface is
always reflecting light• From Earth we see different
amounts of the Moon’s lit surface• The amount seen is called a
“phase”
Waxing and Waning
• New moon• Waxing Crescent moon• First Quarter moon• Waxing Gibbous moon• Full moon• Waning Gibbous moon• Third Quarter moon• Waning Crescent moon• New moon
earth
moon orbit`searth
last (third)quarter
gibbous moon
full moon
gibbous moon
first quarter
crescent
new moon
crescent
waning Moon
waxing Moon
SUN
FULL
QUARTER
CRESCENT
GIBBOUS
FOUR MAIN SHAPES
Eclipses• An eclipse happen when one body in space blocks light
from reaching another body in space .• There are two types of eclipses :
1) Solar eclipse 2) Lunar eclipse
They occur when
Earth ,Moon and the Sun
line up
It occurs when the moon is
always a new moon
It occurs when the moon is always a full moon
Solar Eclipse • It occurs when the moon makes a shadow on Earth,
and this happens during the “new moon”.• In some places the moon seems to cover the sun, and
the sky gets dark .• In other places ,only part of the sun is covered.
Lunar Eclipse
• It occurs when the moon passes through the shadow of the Earth this happens during “full moon”.• Earth blocks the sun’s light from reaching the moon, but
the moon doesn’t look black, instead it looks red.• This is because Earth’s atmosphere bends (refracts) red
light, which then reflects off the moon.
Refraction of light
Tides • The regular rise and fall of water level along a shore is called a “Tide”• The pull of gravity between Earth and the moon causes tides .
• The greater the object mass the greater its gravitational pull • Gravity exists between the Sun and the planets and also between a planet and its moons .
• The pull of gravity changes with distance .• In case of Earth and moon ,the pull is stronger on the side of the earth that is facing the moon .
• This causes the Earth’s water to bulge on the moon facing side of Earth .• The water level rises where the bulge is and falls where it is not .• This causes the regular rise and fall of the tides.
• Sometimes ,the way the Sun,Moon and Earth line up causes tides to be especially strong or weak .• These tides happens twice a month .• They depend on the gravitational pull of the moon and the Sun .
• When the Sun ,Earth and the moon are in a line ,a spring tide occurs.
• During spring tides ,high tides are higher than usual and low tides are lower than usual .
• If the gravitational pull of the Sun and the Moon are at right angles ,a neap tide occur.
• During neap tides ,high tides are lower than usual and low tides are higher than usual .