TheMontreal Protocol

Ozone Layer and Cl imate Protecti on

Signed 16 September 1987Location Montreal, CanadaEnforcement 1 January 1989 if 11 states have ratified by then.

Condition ratification by 20 statesSignatories 46Ratifiers 197 countries (all United Nations members, as

well as Niue, the Cook Islands, the Holy See, the European Union, and all CARIFORUM countries)

Depositary Secretary-General of the United Nations

Languages Arabic, Chinese, English, French, Russian and Spanish.

Montreal Protocol

Scope of Protocol

The Montreal Protocol is an international agreement adopted in 1987 to control the

production and consumption of specific man-made chemicals that destroy the ozone layer, the earth’s

protective shield.

An agreement /mechanism to reduce and eliminate the production and consumption of ODS

Developed and developing countries have different phase out schedules

Ratification Status

o Vienna Convention for the Protection of the Ozone Layer signed in 1985

o Montreal Protocol adopted in 1987

o 197 countries have signed the Montreal Protocol including all the CARIFORUM countries

Terms and Purposes

shall accept a series of stepped limits on CFC use and production, including:• from 1991 to 1992 its levels of consumption and

production of the controlled substances in Group I of Annex A do not exceed 150 percent of its calculated levels of production and consumption of those substances in 1986;

• from 1994 its calculated level of consumption and production of the controlled substances in Group I of Annex A does not exceed, annually, twenty-five percent of its calculated level of consumption and production in 1986.

• from 1996 its calculated level of consumption and production of the controlled substances in Group I of Annex A does not exceed zero.

The substances in Group I of Annex A

are:CFCl3 (CFC-11)CF2Cl2 (CFC-12)

C2F3Cl3 (CFC-113)C2F4Cl2(CFC-114)C2F5Cl (CFC-115)

Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) Phase-out Management Plan

Terms and Purposes

Parties to this Protocol agreed to start reducing its consumption and production in 2015. The time of freezing and reducing HCFCs is then known as 2013/2015.

Hydrochlorofluorocarbons (HCFCs) Phase-out Management Plan (HPMP)

Terms and Purposes

pose no harm to the ozone layer because, unlike CFCs and HCFCs, they do not contain chlorine

are greenhouse gases, with a high global warming potential (GWP), comparable to that of CFCs

and HCFCs

Hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs)

Chemicals controlled by the Montreal Protocol

Ninety-six (96) chemicals are presently controlled by the Montreal Protocol, including:

• Halo-carbons • Carbon tetrachloride • Methyl chloroform • Hydrobromofluorocarbons (HBFCs) • Hydrochlorofluorocarbons (HCFCs) • Methyl bromide (CH3Br) • Bromochloromethane (BCM)

Ozone Layer Ozone is a gas that is

naturally present in the atmosphere.

The large amount of ozone in the part of the

upper atmosphere known as the

stratosphere is often referred to as the “ozone

layer”

Ozone Depletion The ozone layer is destroyed by ozone-depleting substances (ODS) when those chemicals are released into the atmosphere and then react with the ozone molecules.

Elevated ultraviolet radiation reaching the earth as a result of ozone depletion can have major impacts on life and nature, including skin cancer and cataracts and weakened immune systems.

It also can damage terrestrial plant life, including crops, and aquatic ecosystems.

Ozone Layer What are Ozone depleting

substances (ODS) ?

1. Chemicals that potentially deplete the ozone layer

2. Contain chlorine or bromine atoms3. Have long atmospheric life

Examples:Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) Halons (Bromochlorofluorocarbons)Carbon tetrachlorideMethyl chloroformHydrochlorofluorocarbons (HCFCs) Hydrobromofluorocarbons (HBFCs)BromochloromethaneMethyl bromide

Main uses of ODS

• Refrigerants (gases)

• Fire extinguishers

• Fumigants, pesticides

• Foam-blowing agents

• Cleaning solvents

• Aerosol propellants

• Air-conditioning systems (and components)

• Refrigerators/freezers

• Compressors• Vehicles

(mobile air-conditioning systems)

• Insulating boards/pipe covers

• Metered-dose inhalers (medical inhalers

Some Effects of Ozone Layer Depletion

o Human HealthDamages DNA which suppresses immune system resulting in increase in infectious diseases

o Plants & TreesReduces crop production, damage to seedsReduces quality of crops

o Aquatic OrganismsDamage to plankton, aquatic plants, fish larvae, shrimp, crabsAffects marine food chain

o Materialsdegrades paints, rubber, wood, & plastics, especially in tropical regions

o Ground Level Smog Increase in the formation of Ground level ozone as a pollutant o High economic cost Damages could be in billions of US dollars

Phasing out ODS

Parties to the Montreal Protocol must freeze, reduce and phase out their production and consumption of ODS according to a specific step-wise schedule.- Approaches:

Production ControlConsumption ControlTrade, Import, export and re-import controlAdaptation to Ozone Friendly technologyTraining and Capacity Building

Monitoring

Most developing countries do not produce ODS and are completely dependent on ODS imports.

Consequently, monitoring the legal trade and preventing the illegal trade of these chemical is crucial to achieving the gradual phase-out of ODS and conversion to non-ODS alternatives.

Measures – Import License System

An Import / Export Licensing System for ODS controlled by Montreal Protocol is necessary to:

Facilitate control of ODS supply Increase the monitoring / collecting of

information Identify end users prevent illegal imports

Importance of the

Montreal Protocol for ozone layer and climate

Well known benefits Montreal Protocol

Large decreases in CFC production (90%) and emissions (60-90%)

Concentrations also decreasing

Increases for HCFCs and HFCs

Well known benefits Montreal Protocol

Emerging evidence of start of ozone layer recovery

Full recovery around 2050

Polar regions 10-25 years later

Recovery can be affected by:• Future production CFCs,

HCFCs• Production methyl

bromide• Emissions from existing

equipment• Interaction with climate

change

Montreal Protocol provided dual protection:

to Ozone layer and to Climate change Climate benefits already achieved larger

than Kyoto Protocol targets for 2008-2012

Potential for additional climate benefits significant compared to Kyoto

Reason: CFCs, HCFCs are greenhouse gases Large GWPs: - CO2 : 1

- CFCs: 4,000 – 11,000- HCFCs: 700 – 2,300

Effect on ozone layer

• Mid-latitude: EESC back to 1980-levels around 2050

• Polar region: EESC back to 1980-levels around 2065:• Older age of air in polar

vortex

• Large ozone depletion without Montreal Protocol and amendments

Ozone layer recovery

Largest potential reductions:• Destruction of banks of CFCs• Destruction of banks of halons• Limiting future production of HCFCs

Interaction with climate change:• Cooling upper stratosphere ozone increase• Cooling lower stratosphere more activation on

PSC ozone destruction• Circulation changes

Overall effect uncertain

Eff ects on Climate

CO2 emissions

World avoided by the Montreal ProtocolReduction Montreal Protocol of ~11 GtCO2-eq/yr

5-6 times Kyoto target

(incl. offsets: HFCs, ozone depl.)

Radiative forcing leading to climate change

Forcing: delay of ~10 years of CO2

emissions

Reduction in radiative forcing of ~0.23 Wm-2 in 2010about 13% of CO2

emissions of human activities

Possible additional benefits

Better containment in refrigeration

Destruction of ODS banks

Alternatives with lower GWPs

Potential reductions:(by 2015 in GtCO2-eq/yr)• CFCs: 0.12• HCFCs: partly done• HFC-23:0.30 (by-product)• HFCs: 0.44 (alternative

. chemicals)

Images of Antarctic Taken Indicate A Slow Recovery

Results to date

• The Montreal Protocol is working. There is clear evidence of a decrease in the atmospheric burden of ozone-depleting substances in the lower atmosphere and in the stratosphere;

• Some early signs of the expected stratospheric ozone recovery are also evident.

• Furthermore, if the Parties were to eliminate all emissions of ozone depleting substances soon, it would advance by about 15 years (from around 2050 to 2035) the global ozone layer recovery to pre-1980 levels.

Without the Montreal Protocol by 2050

Ozone depletion would have reached to at least • 50 % in the northern hemisphere’s mid

latitudes • 70% in the southern mid latitudes

Doubling on the UV-B radiation reaching earth’s surface

Estimated increases of • 19 million more cases of non-melanoma

cancer • 1.5 million more cases of melanoma cancer• 130 million more eye cataracts

Philippine implementation

The DENR, through the Philippine Ozone Desk (POD) of the Environmental Management Bureau (EMB), is the national coordinator for the implementation of the Montreal Protocol in the Philippines.

Through the Multilateral Fund (MLF) and other implementing agencies, the Philippines has been a beneficiary of over US$36 million in investment and non-investment projects in the country since 1991.

Under the Montreal Protocol, the next step for the Philippines is to phase out the remaining group: hydrochlorofluorocarbons or HCFCs.

Conclusions The Montreal Protocol has been called the most

successful international environmental agreement to date. It has been hailed as an example of exceptional international co-operation.

NASA found the ozone thinning over Antarctica had remained the same thickness for the previous three years. Already achieved climate benefits 5-6 times larger than Kyoto Protocol targets for 2008-2012

Potential for additional climate benefits significant compared to Kyoto Protocol targets (2008-2012):

• Better containment in refrigeration• Destruction of CFCs, HCFC in exiting

refrigerators, foams• Alternatives with lower GWPs

Ninety-six (96) chemicals are presently controlled by the Montreal Protocol

Gladys Ruth C. Paypa

Jenith Abiera

Christan John AbrenicaRey Jhon Guadalquiver

Johayra Masacal

Thank

You! God

Bless

#ClimateChange