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Vertebrata

These animals have a true vertebral column and internal skeleton, allowing a completely different distribution of muscle attachment points to be used for movement.

Vertebrates are bilaterally symmetrical, triploblastic, coelomic and segmented, with compllex diffrention of body tissue and organs. All chordates posses the following features:

Vertebrata Continued....

(i) Have a notochord(ii) Have a dorsal nerve cord(iii)Are triploblastic(iv) Have paired gill pouches(v) Vertebrates are grouped into five classes:- which we will see them in the slides.

CLASS PISCES: FISHES

CLASS PISCES

SUBCLASS SUBCLASS

Jawless Fishes = Agnathans

No true teeth/jawSkeleton made of fibers/cartilageCartilage-strong supporting tissue (softer/more

flexible than bone)Lack true vertebrae (keep notochord as adults)ONLY VERTEBRATE PARASITES!2 groups: Lampreys and Hagfishes

Lampreys

ParasitesSucker-like oral disks with teeth to grasp and suck

tissues/flesh

Hagfishes

DetritivoresNo eyesToothed tongueSecrete slime6 heartsTie into knot

Hagfish

Cartilaginous Fishes= Chondrichthyes

Sharks, Rays, SkatesCartilage skeleton (no bone)Sharks have thousands of teeth in rowsSkates and Rays glide with wing-like

pectoral fins (bottom-dwelling)

CARTILAGINOUS FISH

850 Species of Sharks, Rays, & Skates

Skeleton is made of cartilage. S-shaped swimming/rigid fins.

External Gill slits. Store oils & constant

motion to stay afloat. Scales are small bony

plates (at one time used as sandpaper).

RAYS & SKATES

Flattened body for a bottom-dwelling niche

Spiracles & eyes on the dorsal side.

Mouth, nostrils & gill slits on ventral side.

Stingrays have a hollow barb.

Manta ray grows to 18’.

SHARKS

Close to 300 species. Largest fish in the world-

Whale Shark. Can smell 1drop/blood

In 1 million parts/water. Lateral line detect vibrations

in the water Ampullae of Lorenzini

Sense changes in electrical field.

WHALE SHARK

Bony Fishes = Osteichthyes

Bone skeleton (hard, calcified tissue)Ray-Finned Fishes-fins formed from bony

spines covered by thin layers of skin (largest group)

Lobe-Finned Fishes-fleshy fins with bones (some jointed like arms/legs)…ex. Lungfish & Coelacanth

Fish

Anal fin

Eye

Mouth

Dorsal fin

Caudal fin

Operculum (gill cover) Pelvic fin Pectoral fin

Lateral line

Scales

Feeding

Herbivores, carnivores, parasites, filter feeders, and detritivores

Digestive tract: mouthesophagusstomachpyloric cecaintestineanus (solid waste)

Enzymes added by liver and pancreas

Mouth

Esophagus Stomach

Pyloric cecum Liver

Pancreas

Intestine

Anus

Digestive System

Respiration

Gills on sides of pharynx to exchange gases

Gill Filaments-feathery structures with capillaries for gas exchange

Gill Rakers-prevents prey from escaping through gills

Gill Arches-support and protect gills

Operculum-protective bony cover over gill openings

Lungfish

Adaptation to oxygen-poor water

Tube brings oxygen from air into fish’s mouth to “LUNG”

Circulation

Closed system

2 chambered heart

Single loop: heartgillsbody (back to heart)

Fish Heart

Sinus Venosus-sac that collects oxygen poor blood from veins; sends blood toAtrium-large muscular chamber; sends it toVentricle-large muscular chamber that pumps blood; sends it toBulbus Arteriosus-muscular tube that connects toAorta-large blood vessel that sends blood to gills

Excretion

Eliminate nitrogenous waste as ammonia (urine)

Kidneys filter waste from blood

Diffusion through gillsKidney

Brain

• Well-developed nervous system with brain• Eyes with color vision• Taste/Smell• Lateral Line System- detect currents/vibrations in water (sense

nearby fishes)

Response/Nervous System

Movement

Swim Bladder-internal gas filled organ to adjust buoyancy in bony fish only

Movement continued…

Contract paired sets of muscles

Fins propel

Dorsal/Ventral fins for stability (Dorsal/Anal)

Paired fins for fine movements/turning (Pectoral/Pelvic)

Caudal fin for speed

• Anadromous-live in ocean but migrate to fresh water to breed; Ex. Salmon

Class Reptilla

CharacteristicsStrong bony skeletonWell developed lungsMost have 2 pairs of legsLegs are thickToes with clawsExcretory system designed to

conserve water

Characteristics Cont’d

Color changeDominant sense – sightUric acid – primary excretory product4 chambered heartSex determination

- high temp – males

- low temp - females

Order Testudines

Turtles225 speciesBeak rather than teethEat plants and animalsMost are highly endangeredLeatherback up to 9 quintel and 1

ton.

Order SquamataSuborder Sauria

LizardsEat plants and animalsKomodo Dragon – up to 10 ft longMarine Iguanas – feed on algae

Order SquamataSuborder SerpentesSnakesNo limbsStrong flexible bodiesOviparous or ovoviviparousWell developed sense of taste and

smell

Snake FeedingJacobson’s organs – olfactory

pouches used to track prey and find females

Pit organs – detect heatSwallow prey wholeUpper and lower jaws can move

independentlyPosteriorly pointing teeth

Snake VenomHemotoxins

- destroy red blood cells and

cause internal bleeding

- vipersNeurotoxins

– paralyze nerve cells, respiratory

paralysis

- Cobras, coral snakes, and sea

snakes

Order CrocodiliaCrocodiles and AlligatorsCarnivoresLive in waterExtend nostrils above water for air

Class Aves

Feathers

Composed mainly of keratin

Down feathers - soft, fluffy feathers providing insulation.

Filoplumes - thin, hair-like feathers.

Contour feathers - shape and color the body.

Flight feathers - specialized contour feathers on wings and tail that provide lift.

Feather Types

Skeleton

Light bones

Air sacs – greatly increase lung’s ability to take in oxygen.

Forelimbs function as wings, not for grasping

Types of feet based on type of food and environment.

Types of bills

Toothless

Depend on type of food gathered

Cardiovascular System

Body temperature is internally regulated (endothermic)

Heart is 4-chambered High metabolism - provides the large amount of

energy needed for flight. Rapid heartbeat - moves large amount of blood

through the body for gas exchange.

Nervous System

Highly developed

Controls flight,

Helps navigation,

Enhances vision and hearing.

Digestive System

Crop - stores food for processing by the gizzard.

Gizzard - grinds the food.

Shore Birds feed in intertidal

zone, long legs and sharp beaks.

(ex. Sandpipers)

Gulls

Predators and scavengers found all over the world. Generally live around shoreline.

Pelicans, Cormorants, etc

Dive for food Gular pouch

serves as a net

AlbatrossSuperb gliders

(11ft wing span)

Return to land only to nest

Penguins

Heavier bones and layers of fat.

Most highly adapted to life in the sea

Preyed upon by leopard seals & killer whales

Amphibians

Amphibian- “Double Life”- Water and land

Amphibian Characteristics

1st true tetrapod vertebrates

Bony skeletons with four limbs

Exceptions: Caecilians (limbless) and Sirens (forelimbs only)

Many w/webbed feet

Thin moist skin; no scales

Breathe w/ lungs (Internal, bag-like organ that exchanges oxygen and carbon dioxide with the air and blood)

Exception: Lungless salamanders

Larvae- gills

Cutaneous respiration- “Skin breathing”

Supplement oxygen intake w/ moist skin

Limited by body size

Amphibian Characteristics

Partially divided heart: Atrium separated into left and right sides by septum,

ventricle is not

Right side sends oxygen-poor blood to lungs

Left side send oxygen-rich blood to organs

Class Amphibia

Order Anura- Frogs and toads

Order Urodela (Caudata) – Salamanders, sirens, newts, waterdogs, mudpuppies

Order Gymnophiona (Apoda)- Caecilians

Class Amphibia

Order Anura- Frogs and Toads

Anura- without a tail

Adult carnivores

Skin with mucus and some with poison glands

Sticky tongue, hinged at the front, attaches to prey

Vomerine teeth- two small nobs help hold in prey

Hind legs adapted for jumping

Frogs are smooth w/ longer legs

Toads are rough w/shorter legs

Most frogs depend on water for life cycle Females lay eggs in water

Males fertilize them

Larvae are tadpoles

Gills

Feed on algae

Incomplete metamorphosis

Develop into adult frogs

Rate depends on species and food

Leopard Frog and Fowler’s Toad

Goliath Frog- Conraua goliath

- Largest frog in world- Found in Cameroon

Poison-Dart Frogs- Family Dendrobatidae

Frog Characteristics

Tympanic membrane- thin membrane that detects vibration (eardrum)

Eustachian tubes- equalize pressure on eardrums

Skin has mucus glands

Mucus is poisonous or foul tasting in most

Nictitating membrane- transparent eyelid

Two teeth in roof of mouth

Swallow food whole

Cloaca- Chamber opening to outside of body

Serves as exit for wastes and gametes

- Oviduct- carries eggs to cloaca

- Vocal Sacs- Expandable membranes that collect air after passing over vocal cords for louder croaking

Order Urodela (Caudata- with a tail)

369 species of salamanders, newts, sirens, amphiuma, waterdogs, and mudpuppies

Elongated bodies w/long tails

Smooth, moist skin; Require moisture

External fertilization in water or moist area

Internal fertilization- females insert sperm packet into cloaca

Larvae gilled, carnivorous, smaller version of adult

Some retain gills as adults (neoteny- never lose larval characteristics)

Salamanders

Axolotl

Salamander that never loses its gills

Neoteny

Found in North America

Other Urodela (Caudata)

Newt

Amphiuma

Water dog

Mud puppy

Order Caudata- Sirens

Aquatic salamanders

Have only front extremities

Maintain gills throughout life

Some can vocalize

Most likely external fertilization

Order Apoda- Caecilians

Apoda- without legs

Tropical, burrowing amphibians

Small, bony scales embedded in skin

Legless

Carnivorous

Male deposits sperm directly into female

Females may have live young or lay eggs

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Class Mammalia

Class Mammalia

Hair

Mammary glands

Sweat glands

Two sets of teeth

Different shapes and functions of teeth

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Class Mammalia

Moveable eyelids Two occipital condyles Three ear bones Muscular diaphragm Placenta

Except two groups

Endothermic Four chambered heart

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Pelycosaurs

Synapsid reptiles from Pennsylvanian and Permian 300-245 MYA

Body close to ground

Legs away from body

Canine like teeth

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Therapsids

Body raised off the ground

Limbs more under the body

Teeth differentiated into 3 types

Secondary palate developing

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Cynodonts

Lumbar ribs reduced or absent

Well developed secondary palate

Lower jaw reduced to one bone

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Transitional FossilCynognathus

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Early Mammals

Triassic 220 MYA

Small

Hair

Mammary glands

Skin glands

Molar teeth

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Basic Mammal

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Lion

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Rhinoceros

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Gorilla

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Chimpanzee

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Chimpanzee and Human

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Bat

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Bats

Only flying mammal

Seed dispersal

Pollination

Control insects

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Echolocation

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Smallest Mammal

Kitti’s hog-nosed Bat

Bumble size

1.5 grams

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Whales

Blue whale

100 feet long, 120 tons

9 story building

Loudest animal– 188 dB

Sound travels 100’s of miles 93

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Blue Whale

Baleen whale

Eats krill Tiny crustaceans

400 pounds/day

Heart weighs 1000 pounds Size of a Volkswagen

Endangered species

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Grey Whale

50 feet long

35 tons

Baleen whale Sift mud

Endangered species

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Killer Whale

12,000 pounds

Eat fish, squid, seals and whales 200 pounds/day

Swim 30 mph

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Breaching

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Humpback Whale

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Monotremes

Lay eggs

Incubate 12 days

Lick milk from mothers fur

Transitional species

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Marsupials

Pouched mammals

Birth to tiny embryo

Embryo attaches to mother’s nipple to complete development

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Placental Mammals

Placenta nourishes embryo

Long gestation period 22 months for elephant

Most successful group of mammals

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Placental Mammals

Competitive advantage over monotremes and marsupials Better nutrition from

placenta

Less vulnerable to predators

More advanced at birth

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Mammal Classification

14 major orders

Over 4,000 species

About half are rodents

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Order Insectivora

Sharp-snout

Small

Burrow underground

Eat insects

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Order Chiroptera

Flying mammals

Elongated fingers

Echolocation

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Order Carnivora

Large canine teeth

Teeth adapted to shear flesh

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Order Rodentia

Chisel-like incisor teeth

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Order Proboscidea

Tusks

Largest living land mammal

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Order Artiodactyla

Two or four toes

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Order Primates

Opposable thumb

Binocular vision

Fingernails usually

Mammary glands reduced to one thoracic pair

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The End

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The End

Thank You

Made by :- Harsh Ojha Ajay Dhakad

Presented by :- Ajay Dhakad Harsh Ojha

Abhishek Dhakad Atul Dhakad I