Aspects of connected speech Professor: Dr. Salehi

Presented by: Imaneh Amini

Some noticeable event occurring at regular intervals

Heartbeat

Flashing light

Music

It is claimed that English speech is rhythmical

Some noticeable event occurring at regular intervals

Heartbeat

Flashing light

Music

It is claimed that English speech is rhythmical

English speech is sometimes referred to as Stress-timed

Stressed syllables tend to occur at relatively regular intervals

This happens whether they are separated by unstressed syllables or not

1 2 3 4 5 walk down the path to the end of the ca nalˈ ˈ ˈ ˈ ˈ

English speech is sometimes referred to as Stress-timed

Stressed syllables tend to occur at relatively regular intervals

This happens whether they are separated by unstressed syllables or not

1 2 3 4 5 walk down the path to the end of the ca nalˈ ˈ ˈ ˈ ˈ

The time from each stressed syllable to the next will tend to be the same, irrespective of the number of intervening unstressed syllables

Some languages have a rhythm similar to English(Russian, Arabic)

Others have a different rhythm(French, Yoruba)

These are known as syllable-timed All syllables tend to occur at regular time

intervals

The time from each stressed syllable to the next will tend to be the same, irrespective of the number of intervening unstressed syllables

Some languages have a rhythm similar to English(Russian, Arabic)

Others have a different rhythm(French, Yoruba)

These are known as syllable-timed All syllables tend to occur at regular time

intervals

A unit of rhythm Begins with a stressed syllable Includes all following syllables up to (but

not including) the next stressed syllable

1 2 3 4 5│ walk │ down the │ path to the │ end of the ca │ nalˈ ˈ ˈ ˈ ˈ

A unit of rhythm Begins with a stressed syllable Includes all following syllables up to (but

not including) the next stressed syllable

1 2 3 4 5│ walk │ down the │ path to the │ end of the ca │ nalˈ ˈ ˈ ˈ ˈ

Some feet are stronger than others Strong-weak patterns are produced in larger

pieces of speech

Some feet are stronger than others Strong-weak patterns are produced in larger

pieces of speech

Analysing speech this way enables us to show the relationship between strong and weak elements

Also the different levels of stress The length of any syllable can be measured

depending on the number of “s” symbols occurring above it

This allows us to build up a metrical grid

Analysing speech this way enables us to show the relationship between strong and weak elements

Also the different levels of stress The length of any syllable can be measured

depending on the number of “s” symbols occurring above it

This allows us to build up a metrical grid

s s s s

s s s s

Twen ty pla ces fur ther back

This may be correct for slow, careful speechIn normal speech, speakers may feel twen is stronger than plaBut English speech does tend towards a rhythmic alternation of strong and weak syllables

s s s s

s s s s

Twen ty pla ces fur ther back

This may be correct for slow, careful speechIn normal speech, speakers may feel twen is stronger than plaBut English speech does tend towards a rhythmic alternation of strong and weak syllables

In order to maintain a s/w pattern , stress-shift sometimes occurs

Com pact(adj) but compact diskˈ ˈ ˈ thir teen but thirtennth placeˈ ˈ ˈ Health row but Healthrow Airportˈ ˈ ˈ Stresses are altered according to context It is difficult to say exactly why

In order to maintain a s/w pattern , stress-shift sometimes occurs

Com pact(adj) but compact diskˈ ˈ ˈ thir teen but thirtennth placeˈ ˈ ˈ Health row but Healthrow Airportˈ ˈ ˈ Stresses are altered according to context It is difficult to say exactly why

We vary how rhythmically we speak “Rap” is stress timed Public speaking can be very rhythmical Hesitant or nervous speech can sound

arhythmical (without rhythm) The rhythm of English speech varies on a

continuum Stress timing arhythmicality

We vary how rhythmically we speak “Rap” is stress timed Public speaking can be very rhythmical Hesitant or nervous speech can sound

arhythmical (without rhythm) The rhythm of English speech varies on a

continuum Stress timing arhythmicality

So gay I can barely say it with a 'straight' face looking boyYou're witnessing a mass-occur like you're watching a church gatheringAnd take place looking boyOy vey, that boy's gayThat's all they say looking boyYou get a thumbs up, pat on the backAnd a "way to go" from your label every day looking boyHey, looking boy, what d'you say looking boy?I get a "hell yeah" from Dre looking boyI'mma work for everything I haveNever asked nobody for shitGit out my face looking boyBasically boy you're never gonna be capableof keeping up with the same pace looking boy, 'cause

I'm beginning to feel like a Rap God, Rap GodAll my people from the front to the back nod, back nodThe way I'm racing around the track, call me Nascar, NascarDale Earnhardt of the trailer park, the White Trash GodKneel before General Zod this planet's Krypton, no Asgard, Asgard

So gay I can barely say it with a 'straight' face looking boyYou're witnessing a mass-occur like you're watching a church gatheringAnd take place looking boyOy vey, that boy's gayThat's all they say looking boyYou get a thumbs up, pat on the backAnd a "way to go" from your label every day looking boyHey, looking boy, what d'you say looking boy?I get a "hell yeah" from Dre looking boyI'mma work for everything I haveNever asked nobody for shitGit out my face looking boyBasically boy you're never gonna be capableof keeping up with the same pace looking boy, 'cause

I'm beginning to feel like a Rap God, Rap GodAll my people from the front to the back nod, back nodThe way I'm racing around the track, call me Nascar, NascarDale Earnhardt of the trailer park, the White Trash GodKneel before General Zod this planet's Krypton, no Asgard, Asgard

Studies of natural speech have shown that so called stress-timed languages do not differ considerably from so-called syllable-timed language

It may be a psychological thing We hear a regular rhythm which isn’t actually regular This may develop due to childhood language E.g.nursery rhymes, chants, etc.

Studies of natural speech have shown that so called stress-timed languages do not differ considerably from so-called syllable-timed language

It may be a psychological thing We hear a regular rhythm which isn’t actually regular This may develop due to childhood language E.g.nursery rhymes, chants, etc.

Sounds belonging to one word can change depending on the environment

When a phoneme is realised differently due to context

Sounds become more similar More likely to be found in rapid, casual speech In English, usually affects consonants at word

boundaries

Sounds belonging to one word can change depending on the environment

When a phoneme is realised differently due to context

Sounds become more similar More likely to be found in rapid, casual speech In English, usually affects consonants at word

boundaries

_ _ _ _C Cᶠ i _ _ _ _C may change to become more like Cᶠ i in some wayThis is called regressive assimilationIf Ci change to become more like C , it is called ᶠprogressive assimilationConsonants can change in three ways:Place of articulationManner of articulationVoicingAssimilation of place is the most common

_ _ _ _C Cᶠ i _ _ _ _C may change to become more like Cᶠ i in some wayThis is called regressive assimilationIf Ci change to become more like C , it is called ᶠprogressive assimilationConsonants can change in three ways:Place of articulationManner of articulationVoicingAssimilation of place is the most common

Alveolar consonants are highly susceptible to regressive assimilation

That person / ðæt p3:sn / >>>/ðæp p3:sn /ˈ ˈ Light blue / la t blu:/ >>> /la p blu:/ɪ ɪ Bright color /bra t k l / >>> / bra t k l /ɪ ˈ ǝ ɪ ˈ ǝɅ Ʌ Quite good /kwa t g d / >>> / kwa t g d /ɪ Ʊ ɪ Ʊ Good boy / g d bƱ ͻ / >>>/ g b bɪ Ʊ ͻ /ɪ Good girl / g d g3:l/ >>> / g g g3:l/Ʊ Ʊ Does she /d z i / >>>/d i/ʃ ʒ ʃɅ Ʌ This year /ð s j / >>> /ð j /ɪ ɪǝ ɪʃ ɪǝ Note that only POA changes, not voicing

Alveolar consonants are highly susceptible to regressive assimilation

That person / ðæt p3:sn / >>>/ðæp p3:sn /ˈ ˈ Light blue / la t blu:/ >>> /la p blu:/ɪ ɪ Bright color /bra t k l / >>> / bra t k l /ɪ ˈ ǝ ɪ ˈ ǝɅ Ʌ Quite good /kwa t g d / >>> / kwa t g d /ɪ Ʊ ɪ Ʊ Good boy / g d bƱ ͻ / >>>/ g b bɪ Ʊ ͻ /ɪ Good girl / g d g3:l/ >>> / g g g3:l/Ʊ Ʊ Does she /d z i / >>>/d i/ʃ ʒ ʃɅ Ʌ This year /ð s j / >>> /ð j /ɪ ɪǝ ɪʃ ɪǝ Note that only POA changes, not voicing

Consonants undergoing assimilation have not disappeard

If ONE alveolar consonant at the end of a word assimilates, they all will

Don’t go/d nt g / >>> /d ᶇk g /ǝƱ ǝƱ Ʊ ǝƱ Shouldn’t be / dnt bi/ >>> / bmp bi/ˈʃƱ ˈʃƱ

Consonants undergoing assimilation have not disappeard

If ONE alveolar consonant at the end of a word assimilates, they all will

Don’t go/d nt g / >>> /d ᶇk g /ǝƱ ǝƱ Ʊ ǝƱ Shouldn’t be / dnt bi/ >>> / bmp bi/ˈʃƱ ˈʃƱ

Not as noticeable Usually regressive A final plosive may be realised as a fricative or nasal Not usual the other way around That side /ðæt sa d/ >>> /ðæs sa d/ɪ ɪ Good night /g d na t />>>/g nna t/Ʊ ɪ Ʊ ɪ With word initial / ð / we sometimes get progressive

assimilation In the / n ð / >>> / nn / ɪ ǝ ɪ ǝ Get them /get ð m/>>> /get d m/ ǝ ǝ

Not as noticeable Usually regressive A final plosive may be realised as a fricative or nasal Not usual the other way around That side /ðæt sa d/ >>> /ðæs sa d/ɪ ɪ Good night /g d na t />>>/g nna t/Ʊ ɪ Ʊ ɪ With word initial / ð / we sometimes get progressive

assimilation In the / n ð / >>> / nn / ɪ ǝ ɪ ǝ Get them /get ð m/>>> /get d m/ ǝ ǝ

Only regressive If C is lenis( voiced) and Cᶠ i is fortis ( voiceless) The lenis consonant has little voicing Of course / v k :s />>> / f k :s /ǝ ǝͻ ͻ Is the /g / at the end of /g g / in /g g g3:l/ an Ʊ Ʊ

allophone of / d / ? Traditionally, phonemes were supposed not to

overlap their allophones This restriction is not seen as so important now One could say that [g] is an allophone of /d / in this

environment

Only regressive If C is lenis( voiced) and Cᶠ i is fortis ( voiceless) The lenis consonant has little voicing Of course / v k :s />>> / f k :s /ǝ ǝͻ ͻ Is the /g / at the end of /g g / in /g g g3:l/ an Ʊ Ʊ

allophone of / d / ? Traditionally, phonemes were supposed not to

overlap their allophones This restriction is not seen as so important now One could say that [g] is an allophone of /d / in this

environment

Coalescence may occur when an alveolar consonant

is followed by a palatal consonant. /t/+/j/=/t /, e.g.ʃ Tuesday /'tju:zde />>>/'t u:zde /ɪ ʃ ɪ Won't you /w nt ju/>>>/w nt u/ǝƱ ǝƱ ʃ /d/+/j/=/d / ,e.g.ʒ Due /dju:/>>>/d u:/ʒ Would use /w d 'ju:z/>>>/w 'd u:z/Ʊ Ʊ ʒ

Coalescence may occur when an alveolar consonant

is followed by a palatal consonant. /t/+/j/=/t /, e.g.ʃ Tuesday /'tju:zde />>>/'t u:zde /ɪ ʃ ɪ Won't you /w nt ju/>>>/w nt u/ǝƱ ǝƱ ʃ /d/+/j/=/d / ,e.g.ʒ Due /dju:/>>>/d u:/ʒ Would use /w d 'ju:z/>>>/w 'd u:z/Ʊ Ʊ ʒ

Under certain circumstances, sounds disappear The sound is said to have a zero realisation Loss of weak vowel after / p t k / Potato /p te /ˈ ɪǝƱ Tomato /t m :t /ˈ ɑ ǝƱ Canary / k ne ri / ˈ ǝ Weak vowel + /n l r/ becomes syllabic Tonight /tna t /ɪ Police /pli:s/ Correct /krekt /

Under certain circumstances, sounds disappear The sound is said to have a zero realisation Loss of weak vowel after / p t k / Potato /p te /ˈ ɪǝƱ Tomato /t m :t /ˈ ɑ ǝƱ Canary / k ne ri / ˈ ǝ Weak vowel + /n l r/ becomes syllabic Tonight /tna t /ɪ Police /pli:s/ Correct /krekt /

Avoidance of complex clusters Alveolar consonans /t/ and /d/ tend to disappear Last term /l :st t3:m/>>> /l :s t3:m/ɑ ɑ Scripts /skr pts / >>> /skr ps/ɪ ɪ Handbag /hændbæg />>> /hæmnæg / This usually takes place where an alveolar consonant

is C2 , and is the same voicing as the preceding consonant

Avoidance of complex clusters Alveolar consonans /t/ and /d/ tend to disappear Last term /l :st t3:m/>>> /l :s t3:m/ɑ ɑ Scripts /skr pts / >>> /skr ps/ɪ ɪ Handbag /hændbæg />>> /hæmnæg / This usually takes place where an alveolar consonant

is C2 , and is the same voicing as the preceding consonant

Very complex cluster are highly likely to be modified in rapid speech

George the Sixth’s throneSixth’s throne/s ksθs θr n ɪ ǝƱ

/>>> /s ks θr n/ɪ ǝƱ

Very complex cluster are highly likely to be modified in rapid speech

George the Sixth’s throneSixth’s throne/s ksθs θr n ɪ ǝƱ

/>>> /s ks θr n/ɪ ǝƱ

Two kinds of linking involving /r/ : Linking /r/, where there is an ‘r’ in the spelling at the

end of a word and the next word begins with a vowel Here and now / h r n na /ɪǝ ǝ Ʊ Her overcoat /h r v k t/ǝ ˈǝƱ ǝ ǝƱ Intrusive /r/ ,where there is a non-close vowel at the

end of a word (includes front and back-closing diphthongs)+ vowel

China and Japan / t a n r n d pæn/ˈ ʃ ɪ ǝ ǝ ʒǝˈ Vanila icecream /v n l r a skri:m/ǝˈ ɪ ǝ ˈ ɪ

Two kinds of linking involving /r/ : Linking /r/, where there is an ‘r’ in the spelling at the

end of a word and the next word begins with a vowel Here and now / h r n na /ɪǝ ǝ Ʊ Her overcoat /h r v k t/ǝ ˈǝƱ ǝ ǝƱ Intrusive /r/ ,where there is a non-close vowel at the

end of a word (includes front and back-closing diphthongs)+ vowel

China and Japan / t a n r n d pæn/ˈ ʃ ɪ ǝ ǝ ʒǝˈ Vanila icecream /v n l r a skri:m/ǝˈ ɪ ǝ ˈ ɪ

The relationship between one sound and the surrounding sounds

Within words this is known as close juncture

Across word boundaries it is known as external open juncture

What is the difference between the /t/ in my turn and might earn?

The relationship between one sound and the surrounding sounds

Within words this is known as close juncture

Across word boundaries it is known as external open juncture

What is the difference between the /t/ in my turn and might earn?

My turn The /t/ is aspirated(being word initial) Might earn The /t/ is not strongly aspirated (being

word final) The /a / diphthong is shorter in might due ɪ

to pre-forts clipping

My turn The /t/ is aspirated(being word initial) Might earn The /t/ is not strongly aspirated (being

word final) The /a / diphthong is shorter in might due ɪ

to pre-forts clipping