Soft Skills: Essentials for Project Success

SOFT SKILLS: ESSENTIALS FOR PROJECT SUCCESS

Ruffin Veal III, MSPM, PMP

Principal. Ruffin Veal and Associates, Inc.

"Interpersonal communication and other so-called soft skills are what corporate recruiters crave most but find most elusive in M.B.A. graduates," says the WSJ. "The major business schools produce graduates with analytical horsepower and solid command of the basics -- finance, marketing and strategy. But soft skills such as communication, leadership and a team mentality sometimes receive cursory treatment." -- Wall Street Journal

Presentation Objectives

At the end of this presentation you will be able to:

• Identify the 15 essential soft skills of Project Management

• Understand why these skills are essential to successful Project Management

• Understand what’s involved in mastering each skill set • Understand what’s necessary to improve your skills

15 Essential Project Management Soft Skills

• Analytical Reasoning

• Creativity & Problem-solving Aptitude

• Communication Skills

• Detail Orientation

• Goal Setting Skills

• Leadership Potential

• Listening Skills

• Organizational Skills

15 Essential Project Management Soft Skills

• Management Skills & Styles

• Multi-Dimensional Emotional Intelligence

• Social Personality and Skills

• Time Management

• Negotiation Aptitude

• Multi-Dimensional Verbal Intelligence

• Team vs Individual Orientation

PROJECT MANAGEMENT SOFT SKILL OVERVIEW

Analytical Reasoning

"Everything should be made as simple as possible, but not simpler.“

- Albert Einstein, Physicist


What do Sherlock Holmes and Albert Einstein have in common?

They were both analytical — meaning they were good at breaking down problems into smaller parts to find solutions.

The adjective, analytical, and the related verb analyze can both be traced back to the Greek verb, analyein — "to break up, to loosen." If you are analytical, you are good at taking a problem or task and breaking it down into smaller elements in order to solve the problem or complete the task.

The opposite type of problem-solving is called the intuitive approach in which a person senses the correct action to take without proof or reasoning.


Appraisal: Ability to look at a situation and determine what needs to be done or what the bottom-line question is that needs to be answered.

Considering: Ability to identify important information relevant to solving a problem or managing a situation in the face of irrelevant or misleading info.

Processing Information: Ability to determine the best way to solve a problem.

Logic: Ability to apply a systematic process of reasoning to the information provided, in a variety of contexts.

Math/Quantitative Reasoning: Ability to perform basic math calculations such as addition, subtraction, multiplication, as well as geometry and algebra.


Pattern Recognition: Ability to identify a pattern in a series of numbers, letters or images.

Reading Comprehension: Ability to pick up on important details in a text and understand reading materials.

Creative Thinking: The extent to which a person uses creative thinking during the analytical reasoning process.

Social/Communication Skills: A person’s ability to handle complex social situations and come up with solutions to problems based on the most socially appropriate and sensitive response.


Skill Improvement:

Read more books. It seems simple enough, but try to read as actively as possible. Try to see opposing points of views in stories and arguments. For example, if you're reading a work of fiction, try to see the story from the perspective of the hero, the villain and other major characters. You can also apply this to nonfiction. Simply pick a topic you're interested in and research arguments on both sides of the topic.

Study mathematics. Calculus, algebra and other mathematical subjects are based on logic and analysis. Learning to solve various math problems will build your analytical skills.

Solve puzzles. Work through logic puzzle books and look for puzzles in scientific magazines and on the Web


Creativity & Problem-solving Aptitude

“We can't solve problems by using the same kind of thinking we used when we created them.” - Albert Einstein, Physicist.

Creativity & Problem-solving Aptitude

Comfort with Decision-making: Overall ability to make decisions competently and confidently. Flexibility: A person’s attitude toward problem-solving is open-minded and flexible.

Openness to Creativity: Overall attitude toward change, innovative solutions, out-of-the-box thinking; ability to think creatively.

Sense of Self-efficacy: A person believes in his or her ability to solve a problem effectively.

Creativity & Problem-solving AptitudeSkill Improvement:

These four phases are part of the problem solving process:

• Understand what the problem is.• Make a plan to resolve.• Carry out the plan.• Look back and verify.

What Can You Do?

Once you’ve identified the problem, you need to look at that problem from different angles.

Try to gather facts related to the problem, and try to recall previous solutions that would apply.

Creativity & Problem-solving AptitudeSkill Improvement:

• What Should You Look For?

Look for ideas that can help find a solution.Even ideas that are incomplete should be considered. Remember: There’s no single method that solves all problems.

• Think about whether you’ve seen the same problem or a similar problem in the past.• Analyze the relationship between data and conditions.• Then determine what facts you know apply.• Create a list of goals.• Determine whether you’ve used all your hypotheses and what the outcome might be.• Divide the problems into separate cases.• Determine proof via contradiction.• Transform the problem and then reinstate.• Work backwards starting with the conclusion.


Communication Skills

“Communication is the real work of leadership.”- Nitin Nohria, Dean of Harvard Business School.


Insightfulness: Ability to read others and understand things from their point of view.

Verbal Expression: Ability to deliver a clear and concise message.

Assertiveness: Willingness to express differing opinions and to stand up for oneself.

Listening Skills: Understanding rules of “listening etiquette” and the ability to actively attend to others.

Emotional Management: Ability/willingness to deal with one’s own, as well as other people’s emotions.

Reflection: Validates the other party’s thoughts and feelings. You can do this by simply summarizing what the other person has said.

The “I” statement: Lets you take responsibility for your own thoughts and emotions.

Compromise: Can be necessary in all effective communication.


Skill Improvement:

• Develop your own voice at a lower pitch to appear more authoritative.• Speaking slower can help to calm you when you are nervous.

• Using voice dynamics with a pitch that rises and falls, and a volume that varies from soft to loud.

• Speak clearly with proper enunciation.

• Adjust your speaking volume to the situation. Speak louder in crowds, and softer in a one to one situation.

• Use the right words in their right context.• Pronounce words correctly.• Always make eye contact with the other party.• Do not send mixed messages with your body language, facial expressions, and tone.


Detail Orientation

"Game management is accomplished by staying constantly alert and then reading and reacting to potential problem situations before they materialize. It all boils down to paying attention to details.“ - Jim Evans, Academy of Professional Umpiring

Detail Orientation

Self-Discipline: A person has the patience and focus to deal with details.

Motivation: A person considers details important, and is willing to take them into consideration when completing a task.

Dislike for Details: Extent to which a person has an aversion for details.

Detail Orientation

Detail OrientedHow do you become detail oriented? How do you get your employees to be detail oriented? How do you get your kids/spouse/players/coworkers/business partners to pay more attention to detail?

The Value of Being Detail Oriented at WorkDetail oriented people do things better. They generally consider more possibilities, planbetter, perform tasks better, and cross more t’s and dot more i’s. In more specific terms they find and correct more errors, ship fewer incorrect orders, make better reports, editdocuments more completely, clean things better, repair machinery more completely, diagnose better, sell more, upsell more, and so on.

The value of being detail oriented depends upon:• Value of the work being considered• Cost of mistakes• Cost of losing clients (mistakes in proposals or delivered work, missed opportunities)• Cost of re-doing work• Cost of lost opportunities

Detail Orientation

Skill Improvement:

Get organized. You will need to have organization in your life to even have a hope of paying attention to the small things.

Make lists. Lists are one really useful way to be organized and to make sure that you know when and how everything needs to come together.

Keep to a specific schedule. If you're running around unfocused and each day is a different mess of times and items, try and sort it into a routine that follows that same general rhythm.

Limit distractions. Distractions come in a variety of forms: your family, your friends, that annoying coworker who won't stop talking, everything on the internet, even being hungry.

Don't multitask. Multitasking spreads your attention out over a variety of items instead of focusing it onto one specific item, the result is an inability to focus on specifics.

Detail Orientation

Skill Improvement:

Practice using memory cards. Use as instructed. Example: Your ability to remember where the cards are on the table will help you to pay attention to the details in the different parts of your life.

Use "what's wrong with this picture" puzzles. Practice. Practice. Practice. The more you practice these puzzles the better you'll find that you are paying attention to other details.

Hone your math skills. Mathematics is a subject that requires a lot of attention to detail. Avoid that calculator whenever possible.

Memorize an image. Look closely. Close your eyes, recall as many details about the scene as you possibly can.

Learn to meditate. Meditation can help you with your physical/mental health, your memory and your attention to detail, by calming your mind and by reducing your stress.

PROJECT MANAGEMENT SOFT SKILLS OVERVIEW

Goal Setting Skills

“If you don’t know where you are going, you’ll end up someplace else.” - Yogi Berra, Baseball Hall-of-Famer

Goal Setting Skills

Use of Goal-setting Techniques: Adoption and utilization of solid strategies to help set and achieve goals.

Self-efficacy (effectiveness): Belief that one has what it takes to not only set challenging goals but to follow through with them as well.

Locus of Control: A person attributes the ability to achieve his or her goals to external or internal causes.

Goal Setting Skills

Skill Improvement:

What is the SMART method?Specific, Measurable, Agreed to, Realistic, Time-specific Reason. Why do you want to achieve this particular goal?

Power. What kind of power do you need to achieve your goal? Within your control or not?

Assumptions. Things you believe about your situation/plan/goal. Fact or assumption? Constraints. Things you can’t do. Is there another way to get the same desired result?

List Action Steps/Develop WBS. What do you have to do to accomplish the goal?

Develop Time Line and Budget. Use a calendar or Gantt chart to schedule the action steps. Identify the resources you have available and decide how best to use them.


Leadership Potential

“If your actions inspire others to dream more, learn more, do more and become more, you are a leader. “ - John Quincy Adams, U.S. President


Leadership Potential: Level of suitability for a leadership role.

Transactional Leadership: Ability to set clear guidelines for behavior, rewardgood performance and punish poor performance, provide feedback, and take amanagement role in assigning tasks to others.

Transformational Leadership: Involves motivating and coaching employees, sharing avision for the company or organization, problem-solving, decision-making, and settingan excellent example.

“Research clearly shows that transformational leaders – leaders who are positive, inspiring and who empower and develop followers – are better leaders. They are more valued by followers and have higher performing teams."

- Ronald E. Riggio psychologist and leadership expert


Skill Improvement:

Learn More About Your Leadership Style. Understanding your current leadership style is essential. What are your strengths? Which areas need some improvement?

Encourage Creativity. Intellectual stimulation is one of the hallmarks of transformational leadership. Followers need to be encouraged to express their creativity.

Serve As a Role Model. Idealized influence is another component of transformational leadership. Transformational leaders exemplify the behaviors and characteristics that they encourage in their followers.

Be Passionate. Start by thinking of different ways that you can express your zeal. Let people know that you care about their progress.

Listen and Communicate Effectively. Focus on providing one-on-one communication with group members, both verbally and non-verbally.


Listening Skills

“To listen well is as powerful a means of communication and influence as to talk well.” - John James Marshall, Chief Justice of the United States

Listening SkillsPhysical Attentiveness: Use of verbal and non-verbal language to indicate attentiveness.

Mental Attentiveness: Mentally “tuning-in” to a speaker, being willing/able to offer undivided attention.

External Distractions: Ability to pay attention despite background noise.

Conversation Flow: Tendency to interrupt or otherwise disrupt conversation flow.

Speaker to Listener Transition: Level of comfort with being the listener rather than speaker.

Body Language: Use of body language to convey interest and attentiveness.

Internal Distractions: Ability to pay attention despite internal conflict.

Attention Span: Ability to pay attention to a speaker for an extended period of time.

Hearing a Person Out: Ability to listen with an open mind.

Listening Skills

Skill Improvement:

Stop Talking. Don't talk, listen. When somebody else is talking listen to what they are saying, do not interrupt, talk over them or finish their sentences for them.

Prepare Yourself to Listen. Relax. Focus on the speaker. Put other things out of mind.

Put the Speaker at Ease. Help the speaker to feel free to speak. Nod or use other gestures or words to encourage them to continue. Maintain eye contact but don’t stare.

Remove Distractions. Focus on what is being said. Avoid unnecessary interruptions. Empathise. Try to understand the other person’s point of view. Be Patient. Even a long pause, does not necessarily mean that the speaker has finished.

Listening Skills

Skill Improvement:

Avoid Personal Prejudice. Try to be impartial. Focus on what is being said, ignore styles of delivery.

Listen to the Tone. Volume and tone both add to what someone is saying. Let these help you to understand the emphasis of what is being said.

Listen for Ideas – Not Just Words. You need to get the whole picture, not just isolated bits and pieces.

Wait and Watch for Non-Verbal Communication. We don’t just listen with our ears but also with our eyes – watch and pick up the additional information being transmitted via non-verbal communication.


Organizational Skills

“The secret of all victory lies in the organization of the non-obvious.” - Marcus Aurelius, Roman statesman


Cognitive Organization: Ability to understand others and express one’s thoughts clearly.

Strategies: A person uses strategies or techniques in order to stay organized.

Neatness: An individual’s ability to maintain a tidy environment.

Time Management: Ability to use time efficiently in order to complete tasks and accomplish goals.

Self-motivation: A person’s ability to create incentive from within, to stick to a task and accomplish goals.


Skill Improvement:

Clear Space On Your Work Area/Eliminate the Clutter. In order to improve your task management you need a peaceful, clean space where you can organize your tasks, file your papers and decide on your next plan of action.

Automate as Many Tasks as Possible. Set up automatic bill pay. Get a simple calendar program and set up reminders for any upcoming appointments. Set up to do lists.

Create a Structured Schedule. Create a work schedule where you are doing the hardest tasks during a time of day when you are least tired.

Delegate and Ask For Help Where Possible. Don't be afraid to let go of a little control to regain order in your life.

Apply the 3 "D's" in handling every piece of correspondence. Deal with it, Delegate it or Destroy it.


Management Skills & Styles

“If you ask managers what they do, they will most likely tell you that they plan, organize, coordinate and control. Then watch what they do. Don’t be surprised if you can’t relate what you see to those four words.”

- Henry Mintzberg, Canadian academic and author

Management Skills & StylesIntrapersonal Skills: Personal qualities related to poise and control.

Interpersonal Skills: Ability to interact appropriately with others.

Executive Skills: Ability to run a business effectively.

Leadership Ability: An individual’s overall leadership ability and potential.

Transactional Leadership: Ability to set clear guidelines for behavior, reward good performance, punish poor performance, provide feedback, and assign tasks to employees.

Transformational Leadership: Ability to motivate and coach employees to perform to the best of their ability.

Management Skills & StylesSkill Improvement: Use the personal approach. Remembering that the employees you oversee are people first, not simply employees.

Learn to criticize without being critical. There is a fine line between constructive criticism and a critical attitude. Learning to tell employees when they’ve done something wrong without insulting them.

Be open and available to your employees. Your employees need your guidance, assistance and direction as their manager. Allow them to come to you with questions/ideas/complaints.

Encourage employees to improve themselves. Offer your subordinates the opportunity for training that will help them in their jobs as well as in their personal lives.

Give employees something to work toward. Let employees know that there are rewards and incentives for a job well done. Reward loyalty and recognize achievement.


Multi-Dimensional Emotional Intelligence

"75% of careers are derailed for reasons related to emotionalcompetencies, including inability to handle interpersonal problems; unsatisfactory team leadership during times of difficulty or conflict; or inability to adapt to change or elicit trust." -- The Center for Creative Leadership

Multi-Dimensional Emotional Intelligence

Emotional Identification, Perception, and Expression: Ability to characterize emotions in oneself and in others.

Emotional Facilitation of Thought: Ability/Willingness to use feelings constructively; to let them guide you.

Emotional Understanding: Ability to understand and analyze emotions, and solve emotional problems.

Emotional Management: Ability to take responsibility for one’s emotions.

Ego Maturity: Attaining emotional growth and maturity.

Multi-Dimensional Emotional IntelligenceSkill Improvement:

Rapidly reduce stress in the moment. Realize when you’re stressed. Identify your stress response. Discover the stress-busting techniques that work for you. Beat relationship stress with emotional awareness. Are your emotions accompanied by physical sensations? Do your emotions factor into your decision making?

Nonverbal communication. Focus on the other person. Make eye contact. Pay attention to nonverbal cues.

Use humor and play to deal with challenges. Take hardships in stride. Smooth over differences. Simultaneously relax and energize yourself. Become more creative.

Resolve conflict positively. Stay focused in the present. Choose your arguments. Forgive.

End conflicts that can't be resolved. If possible, remove yourself from the situation.


Social Personality and Skills

“We're losing social skills, the human interaction skills, how to read a person's mood, to read their body language, how to be patient until the moment is right to make or press a point. Too much exclusive use of electronic information dehumanizes what is a very, very important part of community life and living together.”

- Vincent Gerard Nichols, English clergyman


Communication Skills: Ability to converse with others in a clear and concise manner.

Body Language: Assesses whether a person’s body language hinders or helps during interactions with others.

Conflict Resolution Skills: Ability to resolve conflict effectively and appropriately.

Relationship Skills: A person possesses the knowledge of what it takes to maintain positive relationships with others.

Social Insight: A person picks up on social cues and interacts with others in a sensitive manner.

Social Behavior: A person conducts himself/herself in social situations in a mature and professional manner.

Social Comfort: A person’s level of comfort in social situations.


Skill Improvement:

Fight the shyness. Your views and opinions are as important as anyone’s. Don’t be intimated.

Get involved in conversations. Talk to someone you wouldn't usually talk to.

Build self esteem. You will succeed if you develop more confidence, so recognize each small thing that you accomplish or are able to give to another. Realize that value has come from you and resides in you. Build this store of inner knowledge and make it stronger.

Converse with people while carrying out daily activities. Enter into more conversations. You will become more comfortable with yourself, your ideas, their place in the thinking of others.

Be relaxed and casual around people. People like it when you are comfortable with yourself. You can help grow this feeling by building your sense of self worth.

Seek the company of strong, well-intentioned people. People who support you and/or share your interests.


Skill Improvement:

Reference social skills books and guides. Increase your variety of reading material to include social self-help subject matter.

Cultivate your sense of humor. People love to be around humorous, good natured people.

Choose specific goals and work towards them. “Improving my social skills.”, is too broad.Pick a goal that is challenging but doable and specific.

Select specific skills to improve. Body language, listening, communication, empathy. Don’t try to improve all social skills at once.

Find people who share the same interests as you. People communicate because there is an incentive to do so.

Do unto others… Engage and interact with others in ways that relax and comfort you.


Time Management

"If you want to make good use of your time, you've got to know what's most important and then give it all you've got.“ - Lee Iacocca, Businessman

Time Management

Efficiency: A person is able to use time productively, and whether he/she has a tendency to employ time-saving techniques.

Diligence: A person perseveres in the face of distraction, or whether he/she has a tendency to procrastinate.

Organization: A person is able to maintain an orderly work environment and tends to approach tasks in a systematic manner.

The Perato Principle: The 80/20 Rule

The Time Management Matrix: In what “mode” do you spend your time?

Time Management

Skill Improvement: Know and respect the Pareto principle.

Named after an Italian economist, Vilfredo Pareto, the Pareto principle or the 80 20 principle means that irrespectiveof what you choose, 20% are vital and 80%are trivial Pareto Principle

Time Management

Skill Improvement: Time Management Matrix

Quadrant 1 - also called crises mode in which tasks are important and urgent. This is often a symptom of poor time management.

Quadrant 2 - also called proactive mode in which tasks are important and not urgent. This is the cure for time management problems.

Quadrant 3 - also called reactive mode in which tasks are not important and urgent. This is a cause of time management problems.

Quadrant 4 - also called disengagement mode in which tasks are not important and not urgent. This is a cause of time management problems.

Time Management

Skill Improvement: Time Management Matrix

How To Increase Your Time in Quadrant 2

Identify those activities that generate the greatest returns for your investment of time. These important activities are typically your Pareto activities.

Plan these 'bang for buck' activities in your weekly planner. Important activities are easy to procrastinate on and can become urgent (move to quadrant 1) if not attended to in a timely manner.


Negotiation Aptitude

“During a negotiation, it would be wise not to take anything personally. If you leave personalities out of it, you will be able to see opportunities moreobjectively.” - Brian Koslow, Businessman


Memory Skills: Ability to memorize and recall important details/information.

Self-control: Ability to monitor and regulate emotions and behavior.

People Skills: Ability to effectively relate to and deal with others.

Agreeableness: Refers to overall good-naturedness and likeability.

Cognitive Acuity: Ability to learn quickly and apply knowledge effectively.


Skill Improvement:

Agreement types. Compromise vs. Integrative agreements.

Priority judgments are made regarding particular items up for negotiation and how important they are to the other side.

Compatibility judgments are made regarding the various alternatives available for

negotiated items and how compatible those alternatives are for both parties.

Both of these judgments are based on assumptions and information about the other party.

It’s all about how well you know the needs of the other side. We need our users and stakeholders to share as much information as possible, as early as possible.


Skill Improvement:

Scope Definition. It is important to dig into the assumptions and root causes of user requirements as early as possible. Do a great job at the scope definition. Resource Acquisition. When an integrative agreement is reached initially, there is more mutual benefit to be gained and therefore the party providing resources is more willing to allocate them to your project.

Scheduling. Understanding the relative importance of deliverables to stakeholders is critical to reaching an integrative final schedule.

Budgeting. When multiple cost centers/departments involved, and by understanding and playing to stakeholder needs, you may be able to get more money/resources by appealing to the group which has the most to gain.


Multi-Dimensional Verbal Intelligence

“Verbal intelligence is the capacity to utilize words and mixtures of words well in correspondence and problem solving.“

- Psychology Dictionary

Multi-Dimensional Verbal Intelligence

Vocabulary: Overall word knowledge and verbal fluency.

Definitions: Ability to identify the correct meaning of a given word.

Antonyms: Ability to identify the word or phrase that is closest in meaning to the given word.

Sentence Completions: Ability to fill in the appropriate missing word or words in a sentence.

Analogies: Ability to understand the connection between two words and extrapolate thisrelationship to other pairs of words.

Reading Comprehension: Ability to understand the content of written text and drawconclusions based on the relevant information.

Multi-Dimensional Verbal IntelligenceSkill Improvement:

Get a good dictionary and thesaurus. Check the exact meanings and spellings of words. Get an alternative or to achieve a variation in meaning. On-line spellchecker.

Read, Read, Read. Increases our understanding of concepts/acquisition of knowledge. it helps develop our core skills at comprehension/vocabulary/expression. Develop speed reading skills.

Capture new words. Use the new words in context. Avoid the pompous/pretentious use of long/obscure words in everyday speech.

Multi-Dimensional Verbal IntelligenceSkill Improvement:

Write, rewrite and edit. Read over what you have written and ask yourself these questions:

Does what I have written express exactly what I mean?Will it be clear and comprehensible to the reader?Can I make it more concise or more accurate?

Play with Words. Word games increase verbal dexterity. Word puzzles. Anagrams, cryptic crosswords, code-breakers, word searches, dingbats (also known as rebuses).

Listen to Yourself. Use audio and visual recordings of yourself speaking.


Team vs. Individual Orientation

“The strength of the team is each individual member. The strength of each member is the team.” - Unknown


Self-Confidence: Teamwork concerns related to a lack of self-confidence.

Peer Confidence: Concerns about having to trust and depend on teammates.

Need to Compromise: Concerns about having to compromise personal goals and work style, or sacrifice individual credit when working in a group.

Unfairness: Concerns about unfairness during group work.

Communication Issues: Concerns about having to interact with others.


Skill Improvement:

Clear Expectations. Has executive leadership clearly communicated its expectations for the team's performance and expected outcomes? Do team members understand why the team was created?

Context. Do team members understand why they are participating on the team? Do they understand how the strategy of using teams will help the organization attain its communicated business goals?

Commitment. Do team members want to participate on the team? Do team members feel the team mission is important?

Charter. Has the team taken its assigned area of responsibility and designed its own mission, vision and strategies to accomplish the mission.


Skill Improvement:

Control. Does the team have enough freedom and empowerment to feel the ownership necessary to accomplish its charter?

Collaboration. Does the team understand team and group process? Are team members working together effectively interpersonally? Do all team members understand the roles and responsibilities of team members? team leaders? team recorders?

Communication. Are team members clear about the priority of their tasks? Is there an established method for the teams to give feedback and receive honest performance feedback?

Creative Innovation. Is the organization really interested in change? Does it value creative thinking, unique solutions, and new ideas?


Skill Improvement:

Competence. Does the team feel that it has the appropriate people participating? Does the team feel that its members have the knowledge, skill and capability to address the issues for which the team was formed?

Consequences. Do team members feel responsible and accountable for team achievements? Is reasonable risk respected and encouraged in the organization? Do team members fear reprisal?

Coordination. Are teams coordinated by a central leadership team that assists the groups to obtain what they need for success? Have priorities and resource allocation been planned across departments?

Cultural Change. Does the organization recognize that the team-based, collaborative, empowering, enabling organizational culture of the future is different than the traditional, hierarchical organization it may currently be?

References

http://www.about.com/ PsychTests AIM Inc.

Soft Skills: Essentials for Project Success

Q & A

Leadership & Management

Soft Skills: Essentials for Project Success