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Presentation to the Irish Association of Urology Nurses 12 September 2013
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Goals of this Session
By the end of the course participants will • Know more about publishing, particularly in the
journal literature• Considered how their research and practice might be
written up as journal articles• Better understand the mechanics of writing
(including structure and style)• Have developed increased confidence and
motivation to write
Different Types of Publications
• Newsletter• Professional magazine • Popular Magazine• Academic (peer-
reviewed) Journal• Hybrid Journal• Poster
• Book Review• Book Chapter• Book (single author)• Book (edited collection)• Other opportunities –
conference presentation, radio broadcast, television, social media
Types of Journal Articles
• Research Articles• Evidence-Based Practice Articles• Clinical Articles• Other – case studies, case reports, articles on
wide range of topics relating to health care, book reviews, letters to the editor
Sources for writing
• Research/thesis• A particular project• Your practice/everyday work• Topic that interests you• A paper you presented• Other• Consider whether you want to collaborate (principal
author)
Sample Journals• International of Urological Nursing (UK): • http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/journal/10.1111/%28ISSN%291749-771X • Urologic Nursing (US):
http://www.suna.org/resources/urologic-nursing-journal/current-issue
• Seminars in Oncology Nursing (US): http://www.seminarsoncologynursing.com/
• Oncology Nursing Forum (US): http://www.ons.org/Publications/ONF/ • Cancer Nursing Practice (UK): http://rcnpublishing.com/journal/cnp
Sample Journals• British Journal of Nursing (UK):
http://www.britishjournalofnursing.com/
• Journal of Clinical Nursing (UK): http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/journal/10.1111/%28ISSN%291365-2702
• Nursing Standard (UK): http://rcnpublishing.com/journal/ns• • BJU International http://www.bjuinternational.com/• • Journal of Urology http://www.jurology.com/•
Identifying Appropriate Journals
• Do a database search on your topic to see where else articles on this topic have been published Pubmed Centralhttp://europepmc.org/Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature (CINAHL)(Ebscohost)Nurse Author & Editorhttp://www.nurseauthor.com/library.asp
• Search on Google Scholar • Directory of Open Access Journals – DOAJ.org• Who is your audience? What is the purpose of your piece of
writing?
Journal Information • Author Guidelines
TopicsEditorial Board and contactsdLength of articlesTypes of article – research, practice, theory, case studies, commentaries,Manuscript layoutPeer ReviewCitation styleCopyright (www.sherpa.ac.uk)Impact Factor – Web of Science Journal Citation Reports
Drafting a query e-mail
• Before writing/submitting• Editor• Single sentences– I am writing an article on…–My experience is this area…– I think that readers of your journal would be
interested in… because…
Research-based article
• IMRAD format or adaptation Quantitative Studies and Qualitative Studies• Introduction (may include a review of the
literature) – Why was the study done?• Methods – What was done?• Results – What did the researcher find?• And• Discussion – What does it mean• Also have acknowledgements and references
Sections in Research Manuscript
• Cover letter• Copyright transfer page • Title Page• Abstract (and key words
if requested)• Text– Introduction, methods,
Results, Discussion
• Acknowledgements• References• Tables (with titles and
footnotes)• Figures (with captions)
See Oermann, M. & Hays, J. Writing for Publication in Nursing, 2nd ed. New York: Springer, 2011
Practice Articles
• Describe practice innovations• Experience/Practice• Lectures/Presentations• Other activities that lead to new information
or different perspective on nursing practice• Discuss/Share practice• What is your audience? Specialist or general
Practice-based article
• Title• Abstract• Introduction• Text• Conclusion
04/13/2023 15
Task – Defining audience and Purpose
• Describe in one sentence the purpose of the piece you are writing
• What is the specific audience for your article?• What do they already know about the topic?• What kinds of things are important to this
audience?• How will they benefit from your work?• Where has this topic been covered before?• What’s your angle?• Where might you publish it?
Work from an Outline
• Order ideas• Sift & eliminate ideas• Contextualise/Give
framework• View at a glance• Can work on different
sections – writing is not a linear process
• Makes the process manageable
The reason many aspiring authors fail
is that they throw themselves
immediately into the activity of
writing without realizing it is the
forethought, analysis and preparation
that determine the quality of the
finished product
Day, A. (2007) How to Get Research
Published in Journals. Burlington, VT.:
Ashgate. P. 9
Outlining/Structuring
• There are different ways to structure articles• Study the structure of articles in your target
journal• Model articles on other articles that work well
(template)• Different structures can achieve the same
results ways• Be aware of your audience
Title• Stimulate reader’s interest• Working title/final title• Final title should summarise the main idea of the
manuscript• Attract and inform the reader• Stand out• Be accurate• Be fully explanatory when standing alone• Facilitate indexing and retrieval (avoid using abbreviations)• Suggested length no more than 12 words (APA Publications
Manual)
For more on titles consultHartley, J. (2008) Academic Writing and Publishing: A practical handbook. London: Routledge, p. 23-27
Author’s Name & Institutional Affiliation
• Use the same form throughout your career• Omit all titles and degrees (e.g. Dr., PhD)• Where the is more than one author, names
should appear in the order of their contributions
• Institutional affiliation should appear under the author’s name
• Provide an e-mail address for correspondence
Abstract
• Generally only required with a peer-reviewed
article
• Two types – informative and structured
• Synopsis – Distils essence
• Length determined by journal – typically range
from 150 to 300 words
Structured Abstract
04/13/2023 21
• Purpose • Design• Setting• Subjects• Intervention• Measures• Results• Conclusions
Keywords
• Indexing terms• The way your article will be retrieved by
databases/search engines etc.• Avoid unnecessary prepositions especially in and of -
use library marketing rather than marketing of library • What terms do you use to do searches on this topic?
Introduction
• Introduces the substantive content of the paper
• Tells why this issue/problem is important
• Sets the scene• States the purpose• States the scope• States how issue is
addressed
• Explains how this work relates to previous work in this area
• Usually starts from the general and progresses to the specific
• Generally quite brief - no more that a sixth of the total article length
Literature review• Tells what others have
found on the topic• Provides a context from
which to illustrate how the work documented in the rest of the paper extends or advances understanding and knowledge
• Demonstrates that the author is familiar with thinking on a topic and understands where their work fits
• Highly selective and specific, referring to other pieces of work most relevant to the argument being made
• Link your findings and conclusions back to the literature review
Methods
• Describes how the study was conducted/how research was carried out
• Different types of studies have different methodologies
• Subsections where relevant e.g. Participant characteristics, sampling procedures, research design
Results
• Summary of collected data• Analysis of data stating findings and how they are
being interpretedWhere required should supplement the argument made with evidence e.g. statistics, tables, charts, maps, or quotes
Discussion
• Examine, interpret and qualify results• Draw conclusions and inferences from results• Emphasize any theoretical or practical consequences • Sometimes combined with results section if relatively
brief and straightforward• Reaffirm how the research advances understanding and
knowledge• Acknowledge the limitations of research• Outlines how future studies could build on and extend
the research and argument reported
Acknowledgements, References, Footnotes,Tables & Figures
References • Follow journal guidelines • Complete• Accurate
Footnotes• Provide additional content
TablesFigures
On Writing
If you’re clear in your mind about what you are going to paint, there is no point in painting it (Picasso)
I have to start to write to have ideas (Françoise Sagan)
Writing is a process of discovery. Sometimes you don't know what you know. You may know it but have no idea how it fits together (Alice Walker)
04/13/2023 29
Writing
• To begin writing you have to begin writing
• Writing generates ideas• Don’t look for
perfection, just write• Give yourself
permission to write badly
• All writing is rewriting• Good writing can be
learned
I just put down any sort of rubbish,” a celebrated critic once remarked about his first attempts. And putting down rubbish is good advice…the truth is that once a sentence is lying on the page, it is often shatteringly clear what is right and what is wrong with it. Put it down, and go on putting more of it down. Everything can be mended later
Watson, George (1987) Writing a thesis: a guide to long essays and dissertations. London: Longman, p. 39
Writing
• Can start at any point, but generally not conclusion• Scientists often write the results section first• Pick a structure to work with• Structure• Narrative /Storytelling• A story has a theme, movement, flow• Something happens/changes• Perhaps try to write your piece from start to finish
before beginning editing
Verbs
• Use verbs rather than their noun equivalents– Discusses rather than provides a discussion of
• Active versus passive verbs• Don’t bury the main verb – should be close to
subject• Use strong verbs
Verbs
• Study verbs in articles that you think are well written
Addresses, argues, asks, concludes, covers, demonstrates, describes, discusses, elucidates, enhances, evaluates, examines, expands, explains, explores, identifies, maps, outlines, presents, proposes, reports, reviews, shows, suggests, summarises, surveys, synthesizes, touches on
Tone
• tense • first or third person• Sentences • Logical movement from sentence to sentence• Paragraphs• Signposts
Language
• Cut unnecessary words and phrases• Delete unnecessary jargon and acronyms• Delete repetitive words• Omit unnecessary prepositions – that, on• Delete unnecessary adjectives– Helpful tips, terrible tragedy
• Delete unnecessary adverbs – very, really, quite, basically, generally,
Positive Language
• Use positive rather than negative constructions– The nursing team did not believe the drug was
harmful– The nursing team believed the drug was safe– Not important/Unimportant– Did not remember/Forgot
Concise Language
• A majority of• Due to the fact that
• At the present time• Are of the same
opinion• Gave rise to
• Most• Because• Now• Agree• Caused
Drafting and Redrafting
• All writing is rewriting• Draft and redraft• Number, date and save drafts• Refer back to your abstract• Ask a critical colleague to read• Revise title, abstract & article• Check references against journal guidelines
Drafting and Redrafting
• When finished put aside for a period then reread
• Spell check• Date and File preprint (pre-refereeing)• Let go• If you have already sent a query e-mail to the
editor refer to that in your submission
Submission
• Professional Journal – editor • Academic Journal – peer-review• Usually double blind peer review– Accept as is– Accept with revisions– Revise and resubmit– Reject
Note: some content in academic journals may not be peer reviewed e.g. book reviews, editorial content, some case studies
Peer review • Reply to editor indicating what you are going to do• Make changes as quickly as possible• Reread• Resubmit outlining what you have done• If you don’t take particular suggestions on board
explain why• Keep postprint (post refereering)
Becoming a better writer
• Read - first for story then for style and structure• Imitate • Write (keep a notebook of practice, ideas etc)• Describe, reflect, evaluate• Stop waiting for inspiration and a good time to
write • Talk/Network• Be strategic – Have a plan – look for
links/connections in what you do
Becoming a better writer
• Good writing communicates an idea clearly• Takes time, revision and editing• Cut ruthlessly• Set realistic goals• Give and look for peer support• Consider everything you do as potential
material for a presentation/paper• Develop a culture of celebration around
publication/presentation
Reading
• Holland, K. & Watson, R. (2012)Writing for Publication in Nursing and Healthcare: Getting it RightOxford: Wiley/BlackwellOermann, M.H. & Hays, J.C. (2011)Writing for Publication in Nursing2nd. Ed. New York: Springer