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Tarrazú, 2009
Introduction to the Research
1st Part: The Beginning
“Engages people worldwide in scientific field research and education to promote the
understanding and action necessary for a sustainable environment”
Earthwatch Institute:
Priority Areas:
1) Climate Change2) Oceans3) Sustainable Cultures4) Sustainable Resource
Management
High Level Goals:
1) Increasing Scientific Knowledge2) Developing environmental leaders3) Enabling organizations and business to
become more sustainable4)Informing environmental policies,
agendas and management plans.5)Enhancing natural and socio-cultural
capital6)Sustainable Organization
Tarrazú Research Initiative
Location: Tarrazú
Unsustainable Coffee Production:
- Soil degradation: Acidification and Erosion
- Intensive farming (high inputs such as fertilizers, herbicides, and nematicides): High production costs
- Decreased biodiversity
Shade tree
Ground cover
CoffeeHealth/vigorProductivity QualityFarmer investment
Biodiversity and
abundanceErosion
and water run
off
Soil
Landscape composition, features, altitude (GIS)
Micro-climate
Fertilizer and liming
Soil pH
Research Project:
- Field Research- Farmer Outreach
Program- Support to
CoopeTarrazú Technical Assistance
2nd Part: The Future of the Research Initiative
Ecosystem Services*:
* Millenium Ecosystem Assesment, 2007
“Ecosystems underpin human well –being through supporting, provisioning,
regulating, and cultural services.”
Ecosystem Services in the region:
- Water- Soil- Biodiversity- Atmospheric Carbon
Sequestration
Managing Ecosystems (1)
Farm(sub) Watershed Landscape
Multipurpose Farming:
Examples:
- Agroecology- Ecoagriculture framework- Sustainable Agriculture (as suggested like
RAS)
Managing Ecosystems (2):
- Structure- Components and their
relationships- Function- Distribution and size
3rd Part: Carbon Sequestration
The Carbon Cycle*:
*http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/Features/CarbonCycle/carbon_cycle4.php
Carbon stocks: plants, soil, atmosphere*
Biome Areaa (109 ha) NPPb (Pg C per year)Plants Soil Total
Tropical forests 1.76 212 216 428 13.7 13.7Temperate forests 1.04 59 100 159 6.5
Boreal forests 1.37 88d 471 559 3.2Tropical savannas and grasslands 2.25 66 264 330 17.7Temperate grasslands and shrublands 1.25 9 295 304 5.3
Deserts and semi-deserts 4.55c 8 191 199 1.4Tundra 0.95 6 121 127 1Croplands 1.6 3 128 131 6.8Wetlands 0.35 15 225 240 4.3Total 15.12 466 2011 2477 59.9a Source: WBGU (1998), as presented in IPCC (2001a).b Source: Ajtay et al. (1979), as presented in IPCC (2001a).c Includes ice covered areas.d Estimate is likely high, due to high Russian forest density estimates including standing dead biomass.
Global carbon stocksa (Pg C)
* In Janzen, H., 2004
Human induced changes: Increased CO2 emissions (Janzen, 2004)
Fossil Fuels:Land cover change:
Human induced changes (2): Warming Earth (IPCC,2007)
What to do? (in agricultural landscapes):
On Farm Strategies_
Off Farm Strategies
On Farm Strategies:
- Increase Above/belowground Biomass
- Increase Soil Carbon Stock- Use shade tree products to
produce biofuels
Above/belowground Carbon Stock
- Shade tree species- Coffee plant varieties- Ground Cover
Above/belowground Carbon Stock (2)
Soil Carbon stock
- Addition of Organic Matter- Addition of Biochar (!!!)- Direct effects: Increase
productivity, soil fertility, stability, microorganisms populations
Off Farm Strategies:
- Increase forest cover
Increase Forest Cover:
Increase Forest Cover:- Compensation mechanisms- Where, who, How much?
You will help on this strategy!