Upload
utorrent
View
240
Download
1
Embed Size (px)
Citation preview
7/23/2019 Introduction to Research & Research Process
1/47
INTRODUCTION TOINTRODUCTION TORESEARCH AND ITSRESEARCH AND ITSPROCESSPROCESS
7/23/2019 Introduction to Research & Research Process
2/47
Objectives of Research ActivityModule
To help you to analyze a problem in a
systematic, logical and scientic manner
Provide an opportunity to have a uic!
"al! through the research process and
Prepare you to conduct syndicate
research and produce a uality research
paper
7/23/2019 Introduction to Research & Research Process
3/47
#
$euence of Presentation
%ening Research &hy Managers $hould 'no" About Research %imensions of Research
Applied and (asic Research )*ploratory, %escriptive and )*planatory Research
%etermining &hen to +onduct Research $teps involved in the Research Process
Art of doing Revie" of iterature $tating research problem clearly and precisely-
7/23/2019 Introduction to Research & Research Process
4/47
.
&hat is Research and itsRelevance
Research is the process of ndingsolutions to a problem after a thorough
study and analysis of the situationalfactors-
Research focuses on solving problems andpursues a step/by/step logical, organized,and rigorous method to identify theproblem0s1, gather data, analyze them,and dra" valid conclusions therefrom-
7/23/2019 Introduction to Research & Research Process
5/47
2
Managers in organizationsconstantly engage themselvesin studying and analyzing issues
and
hence are involved in some form
of research activity as they ma!edecisions at the "or!place-
7/23/2019 Introduction to Research & Research Process
6/47
3
$ometimes managers ma!e gooddecisions and the problem getssolved-
$ometimes managers ma!e poordecisions and the problem persists-
The di4erence bet"een ma!ing
good decisions and poor decisions,lies in ho" managers go about thedecision/ma!ing process-
7/23/2019 Introduction to Research & Research Process
7/47
5
To become a successfulmanager, it is important foryou to !no" ho" to go aboutma!ing the right decisions bybeing !no"ledgeable aboutthe various steps involved innding solutions toproblematic issues-
7/23/2019 Introduction to Research & Research Process
8/47
6
%ecision ma!ing is merely aprocess of choosing fromamong alternative solutions
to resolve a problem and researchhelps to generate
viable alternatives for
eective decision a!ing"
7/23/2019 Introduction to Research & Research Process
9/47
7
&hen managers understand theresearch reports about theirorganizations handed to them byprofessionals, they "ill be euippedto ta!e intelligent, educated,calculated ris!s "ith !no"nprobabilities attached to the success
or failure of their decisions- Research then becomes a useful
decision/ma!ing tool-
7/23/2019 Introduction to Research & Research Process
10/47
Dimensions of Social Research
The purpose of a study
Exploration (what question)
Description (how and who question)
Explanation (Why question) The use of research
Basic Research (creates fundamental nowled!e)
"pplied research (sol#es specific policy pro$lem)
Time dimension in research
%ross§ional research
'on!itudinal Research
7/23/2019 Introduction to Research & Research Process
11/47
Is sufficient time
available before
a managerial
decision
must be made?
Is the infor-
mation already
on handinadequate
for making
the decision?
Is the decision
of considerable
strategic
or tactical
importance?
Does the value
of the research
informationexceed the cost
of conducting
research?
Conducting
SocialResearch
Do Not Conduct Research
Time Constraints
Availability of
Data Nature of the Decision
Benefits
vs. Costs
Yes YesYesYes
No No No No
%etermining &hen to +onductResearch
7/23/2019 Introduction to Research & Research Process
12/47
Research Process
Usually treated as sequentially defined
steps. Nevertheless:
Completion of each step before goingto next is not required.
Idea of sequence is useful fordeveloping a research project.
ariation in the number of steps
7/23/2019 Introduction to Research & Research Process
13/47
Qualitative and QuantitativeParadigms
The qualitative paradigm concentrates oninvestigating subjective data, in particular, theperceptions of the people involved. The intentionis to illuminate these perceptions and, thus, gaingreater insight and knowledge.
The quantitative paradigm concentrates on whatcan be measured. It involves collecting andanalyzing objective (often numerical) data thatcan be organized into statistics.
7/23/2019 Introduction to Research & Research Process
14/47
Quantitative vs Qualitative Paradigms
Quantitative methods Qualitative methods
Epistemologicalpositions
Objectivist realityexists independently ofthe researcher
Constructivistsees truth andmeaning as constructed andinterpreted by individuals.
Relationship betweenresearcher and subject
Distant /outsider Close/insider
Research focus Facts !eanings
Type of reasoning Deduction "nduction
Scope of findings Nomothetic: attemptsto establish la#-li$efindings that holdirrespective of time.
deographic:locates its findingsin specific time periods andlocalities and is much moreconcerned #ith the depth andintensity of findings rather thanbreadth
!he nature of data Data based uponnumbers
Data based upon text
7/23/2019 Introduction to Research & Research Process
15/47
O#SER$ATIO
N(road area
of research8nterest
identied
%
PRE%I&INAR'DATA
(ATHERIN(
8ntervie"ing
&
iteraturesurvey
PROBLEM
DEFINITION
!esearch
"roblem
#elineated
'
THEORETICAL
FRAMEWORK
Variables
clearly
Ide!i"ied ad
labeled
(ENERATIONO)
H'POTHESE
S
(
)
RE#EARCH
DE#I$N
*
DATA
COLLECTION
ANAL%#I#& AND
INTERPREATION
+
DED'CTION
!esearch
$uestion
ans%ered?
,
Maa(erial
DecisioMa)i(
!&"'!(
"!&)&N(*(I'N
REPORT
WRITIN$
%%%No
%es
Research Process *In +,antitative Tradition-
7/23/2019 Introduction to Research & Research Process
16/47
Research Process *In +,alitative Tradition-
7/23/2019 Introduction to Research & Research Process
17/47
97
iterature $urvey
%iterat,re s,rve.is thedocumentation of a comprehensive
revie" of the published andunpublished "or! from secondarysources of datain the areas of
specic interest to the researcher-
7/23/2019 Introduction to Research & Research Process
18/47
(asic Assumption ofRevie" of iterature isthat0
'no"ledge accumulatesand
"e learn from and buildon"hat others have
done.
7/23/2019 Introduction to Research & Research Process
19/47
%ata $ources
Te*tboo!s
Academic and professional journals
Theses: Ph% theses and Mastertheses-
+onference proceedings
;npublished manuscripts Reports
7/23/2019 Introduction to Research & Research Process
20/47
>>
iterature $urvey
The co/,teri0ed
databasesis no" readilyavailable and accessible, "hichma!es the literature search mucheasier, and can be done "ithoutentering the portals of a librarybuilding-
7/23/2019 Introduction to Research & Research Process
21/47
>#
Reasons for the iterature
$urvey9- To demonstrate familiarity "ith a body of
!no"ledge and establish credibility"
>- ?elps to nd the important variablesthatare li!ely to in@uence the problemsituation are not left out of the study-
#- ?elps in the development of thetheoretical frame"or!and hypotheses fortesting-
.- The problem statement can be made "ith
precision and clarity-
7/23/2019 Introduction to Research & Research Process
22/47
>.
Reasons for the iterature$urvey
2- Ma!ing a lin!age "ith the body of!no"ledge and continue the line of
thought-3- Testability and replicability of the
ndings of the current research are
enhanced-5- One does not run the ris! of "asting
e4orts on trying to rediscoversomething that is already !no"n-
7/23/2019 Introduction to Research & Research Process
23/47
>2
+onducting the iterature$urvey
The literature revie" needs to be doneon the specic issues of concern to the
researcher and the factors identiedduring preliminary data gathering-
The 1rst ste/in this process involvesidentifying the various published andunpublished materials that are availableon the topic of interest, and gainingaccess to these-
7/23/2019 Introduction to Research & Research Process
24/47
>3
+onducting the iterature$urvey
The second ste/is gatheringthe relevant information either by
going through the necessarymaterials in a library or by gettingaccess to online sources-
The third ste/is "riting up theliterature revie"-
7/23/2019 Introduction to Research & Research Process
25/47
>5
$earching for literature
There are three fors ofdatabases2
3"The bibliogra/hic databases4"hich display only the bibliographiccitations, that is, the name of the
author, the title of the article 0boo!1,source of publication, year, volume,and page numbers-
7/23/2019 Introduction to Research & Research Process
26/47
>6
$earching for iterature
>- The abstract databases, "hich inaddition provide an abstract or
summary of the articles-#- The f,ll5te6t databases, "hich
provide the full te*t of the article-
7/23/2019 Introduction to Research & Research Process
27/47
>7
Online searchprovides thefollo"ing advantages0
9- $aving enormous amount of time-
>- Are comprehensive in their listing and
revie" of references-#- The researcher can focus on materials
most central to the research e4orts-
.- inding access to references isrelatively ine*pensive-
7/23/2019 Introduction to Research & Research Process
28/47
#B
$earching for iterature
rom the bibliography on the subject, theresearcher should do the follo"ings:
A loo! at the titlesof the articles or boo!s "illindicate 7hich of these a. be i/ortant-
The abstractof such articles that seem to berelevant "ill give an idea of the article that
need to be loo!ed into in depth- The f,ll te6t of "hich can then be printed out-
7/23/2019 Introduction to Research & Research Process
29/47
#9
$earching for iterature
&hile reading these articles, ta!enotesabout the /roblethat "as
researched, the design detailsofthe study 0such as the sample sizeand data collection methods1, and the,ltiate 1ndingsof the study-
These notes"ill facilitates the"riting up of the literat,re revie7"ith ma*imum eCciency-
7/23/2019 Introduction to Research & Research Process
30/47
#>
&riting ;p the iteratureRevie"
The "ritten literature revie" is a clearand logical presentation of the relevant
research "or! done thus far in the areaof investigation-
%ocumenting the literature is important
to Convince the readerthat:9- The researcher is !no"ledgeable about the problem
area-
>- The theoretical frame"or! "ill be structured on
"or! already done and "ill add to the solid
7/23/2019 Introduction to Research & Research Process
31/47
##
Organi0ational eectiveness
Organization theorists have dened
organizational e4ectiveness 0O)1 in various"ays- O) has been described in terms ofobjectives 0=eorgopolous and Tannenbaum,97251, goals 0)tzioni, 973B1, eCciency 0'atzand 'ahn, 97331, resources acuisition0Duchtman and $eashore, 97351- As +outler0>BB>1 remar!ed, there is little consensus on
ho" to conceptualize, measure, or e*plain O)-
)*ample of iterature $urveys
7/23/2019 Introduction to Research & Research Process
32/47
#.
Researchers are no" moving a"ay from asingle model and are ta!ing contingency
approaches to conceptualizing O)0+ameron, 9773E &ernerfelt, 9776E Detley,>BB91- ?o"ever, they are still limitingthemselves to e*amining the impact of the
dominant factors in the organizationFs lifecycle instead of ta!ing a broader, moredynamic approach 0%ahl, >BB9, p->21.
)*ample of iterature $urveys
7/23/2019 Introduction to Research & Research Process
33/47
#2
8hat insights can be gainedfro the above e6a/le"
9- The literature revie" introduces thesubject of study-
>- ?ighlights the problem 0that "e donot have a good conceptualframe"or! for understanding O)1-
#- $ummarizes the "or! done so far onthe topic 0by reporting the citations in thebody of the research by mentioning the familynames and the year of publication only1-
7/23/2019 Introduction to Research & Research Process
34/47
#3
De1ning the ProbleStateent
After the literature revie",the researcher is in positionto narro" do"n the problemfrom its original broad baseand dene the issues ofconcern more clearly-
7/23/2019 Introduction to Research & Research Process
35/47
#5
8hat a!es a good /roblestateent"
The /roble stateentintroduces the !e. /roble that
is addressed in the researchproject-
Proble stateent is a clear4
/recise4 and shortstatement ofthe specic issue that a researcher"ishes to investigate-
7/23/2019 Introduction to Research & Research Process
36/47
The three !e. criteria for
problem statementThere are three !ey criteria to
assess the uality of the
problem statement:
9- 8t should be relevant
>- 8t should be feasible#- 8t should be interesting
#6
7/23/2019 Introduction to Research & Research Process
37/47
rom an academic perspective,research is relevant if0
9-
7/23/2019 Introduction to Research & Research Process
38/47
A problem statement is feasible
8f you are able to ans"er the problem statement"ithin the restrictions of the research/ro9ect-
These restrictionsare possibly related to tie,reso,rcesand the e6/ertise of theresearcher 0a problem statement may be toodiCcult to ans"er1-
Th,s4 it is i/ortant that .o, develo/ anarro7l. de1ned :,estion that can beinvestigated 7ith a reasonable ao,nt oftie and eort"
.B
7/23/2019 Introduction to Research & Research Process
39/47
The problem statement isinteresting
(ecause research is a tie5cons,ingprocess and you "ill go through an.
,/s and do7ns before you present anal version of your research report-
8t is therefore vital that .o, areinterested in the /roble stateentthat you are trying to ans"er, so .o,can sta. otivated throughout theentire process-
.9
7/23/2019 Introduction to Research & Research Process
40/47
E6a/les of broad /roble areas thata manager could observe at the"or!place0
Training programs are not as e4ective asanticipated-
The motivation level of employees is
declining- Minority group members are not advancing
in their careers-The ne"ly installed information system is
not being used by the managers for "homit "as primarily designed-The introduction of monetization of
transport policy for ($ >B and aboveoCcers has created more problems than it
has solved- .>
E6a/le2 Stateent of Proble ; Research
7/23/2019 Introduction to Research & Research Process
41/47
E6a/le2 Stateent of Proble ; Research+,estions
The /,r/ose of this st,d. is to describe andco/arethe attit,des and /erforance of ale andfeale grad,ate st,dents regarding re:,iredresearch co,rses at P,n9ab Universit."Research +,estions2
9- &hat are the attitudes of graduate $tudents regarding reuiredresearch coursesG
>- &hat is the performance of graduate $tudents in reuired
research coursesG#- &hat are the attitudes of male graduate students regarding
reuired research +oursesG.- &hat are the attitudes of female graduate students regarding
reuired research coursesG2- &hat is the performance of male graduate students in reuired
research coursesG3- &hat is the performance of female graduate students in reuired
research coursesG5- Are there di4erence bet"een the attitudes of male and female
graduate students regarding reuired research coursesG
6- Are there di4erences bet"een the performance of male andfemale graduate students in reuired research coursesG
7/23/2019 Introduction to Research & Research Process
42/47
Enough for
today
7/23/2019 Introduction to Research & Research Process
43/47
.2
Research %esign
1'John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
7/23/2019 Introduction to Research & Research Process
44/47
.3
Types of %ata
#$Primar% dataSources of primary data include such things as0
2uestionnaires"ntervie#s
3bservational studies 4including 5articipant 3bservation6
Content 7nalysis
&$Secondar% dataSources of secondary data include such things as08e#spaper articles
9oo$s& maga:ines& the mass media
;he research of other social scientists
7/23/2019 Introduction to Research & Research Process
45/47
.5
Types of %ata
'$Quantitative data;his form of data results from an attempt& as the name
suggests& to
7/23/2019 Introduction to Research & Research Process
46/47
Aims of Research
To explore in order to make furtherresearch possible
To explain by providing reliable, valid and
well documented information To make predictions
To understand human behavior and action
To offer a basis for a critique of socialreality
To develop and/or test theories
7/23/2019 Introduction to Research & Research Process
47/47
Methodologyrefers to the logic that underpins the use ofparticular methods of data collection.
Methodologyis primarily concerned with questions of
validity in relation to the production of knowledge aboutthe world.
Methodologyrefers to thelogical principlesweadoptwhenconsideringwhichmethodsto use in our study of
the social worldThe relationship between theory and sociologicalmethods can be summarized as the relationship betweenthe concepts of:
a. Ontology (What we believe exists).b. Epistemology (The proof we will accept to justify this belief).
c. Methodology ( How we go about collecting what we consider tobe valid proof).
d. Methods (The techniques we use to actually collect valid proof).