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This presentation was given to first year pharmacy students as part of a course on medical physiology and pathophysiology.
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Functional Neuroanatomy
Brian J. Piper, Ph.D.
Goals
• Sensory– Vision– Audition– Touch
• Emotion• Motor• Language
Major Subdivisions of Brain
Sulci & Gyri
Gyri of the Cerebral Cortex (Lateral Surface)
Vision
Retina -> Optic Nerve -> Thalamus -> Occipital Cortex
Implications of Visual Wiring1. optic nerve
2. optic chiasm
3. optic tract
4. optic radiation
A. unilateral blindness
B. bitemporal hemianopsia
C. left homonymous hemianopsia
Beyond Occipital
where pathway
what pathway
AuditoryCochlea: Coiled, bony, fluid-filled tube in the inner ear that transforms sound vibrations to auditory signals.Carpet Explanation
http://www.youtube.com/watch?NR=1&feature=fvwp&v=FjbcAH3dL0s
Localization of Sound
1. Intensity differences2. Time differences
Vestibular
• Semicircular Canals: mediate balance & movement of head
Taste
Traditionally, taste sensations consisted of sweet, salty, sour, and bitter tastes.
Recently, receptors for a fifth taste have been discovered called “Umami”.
Sweet Sour Salty Bitter Umami(Fresh
Chicken)
Gustatory Receptors
• Sweet: sucrose• Sour: pH• Saltiness: NaCl• Bitter: organic (carbon)• Umami: Monosodium Glutamate• Fat: ?
Gustatory Pathways
SmellLike taste, smell is a chemical sense.
Odorants enter the nasal cavity to stimulate 5 million receptors to sense smell. Unlike taste, there are many different forms of
smell.
Touch & Motor Function
M S
Motor Homunculus
Motor Neurons
Medial Column Lateral Column
Brodal (2010). Central Nervous System. p. 282.L/M images from: http://quizlet.com/4690758/neuro-lab-flash-cards/
Sensory Homunculus
Phantom Limbs (0 to 4 min): http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1mHIv5ToMTM
Limbic System: Emotional Brain
hypothalamus (#2)
Hypothalamus & Aggression
Stimulation of Medial Hypothalamus Stimulation of Perifornical Nucleus of Hypothalamus
Hypothalamus & Hunger
Amygdala Lesions: Kluver-Bucy Syndrome
Positron Emission Tomography
“Only left-handers are in their right mind.”
Right Left
Left 95%
Right 5%
Handedness
LanguageCenter
Left-handers are more likely to have their language center in their right cortex
Right Left
Left 95% 70%
Right 5% 30%
Handedness
LanguageCenter
Summary
Insula
Lesions of Insula
• Smoking following brain damage was examined in patients with insula damage.
Naqvi et al. (2007). Science, 315, 531-534.
Lesions of Insula
• Smoking following brain damage was examined in patients with insula damage.
• He quit because his “body forgot the urge to smoke”
Naqvi et al. (2007). Science, 315, 531-534.