7. Description of 3-Dimensional Space Coronal: section from ear
to ear, like a loaf of bread Axial: section that parallels horizon
Sagittal: section from front to back mid-sagittal shows brain with
left and right cortex separated
8. Corpus Callosum Fibers that connect left and right
cortex
9. Anatomical Terminology
10. Cingulate Gyrus Tissue surrounding corpus collosum Anterior
Posterior
11. BrainstemThe Medulla is the base of the brainstem
thatcontrols heartbeat and breathing. Example: SIDS
12. Cerebellum Located below the occipital cortexCC Important
for motor functionBS Site of action of alcohol
13. Cerebellum (a mid-sagittal) Located below theCC occipital
cortex Important for motor function BS Site of action of
alcohol
14. Functions of Different Cortical Areas Frontal: cognition,
executive function Temporal: hearing, olfaction Occipital: vision
Parietal: integration of sensory information Dorsal Posterior
Anterior Ventral
15. Sensory Areas
16. Thalamus Located in the center of the brain Major relay
center, information from spinal cord goes to thalamus, thalamus has
many connections to the cortex
17. Hippocampus Bilateral structure Greek for seahorse
Essential for memory, especially spatial memory Forms new
neuronshttp://www.bris.ac.uk/Depts/Synaptic/info/pathway/hippocampal.htm
18. Animal Research = ?Very helpful, but .
19. Hippocampus Comparison
20. Amygdala The Amygdala consists oftwo lima bean-sized neural
clusters linked to the emotions of fear
21. Brain Areas Important for Hormone Control Rene Descartes
Pineal Gland Very small subcortical structure Releases the hormone
melatonin Hypothalamus Hypo = below therefore located under
thalamus Regulates activity of Pituitary Pituitary communicates
with other endocrine glands (e.g. testes) 4F!
25. Brain Imaging Can provide information about anatomy or
physiology Imaging procedures differ in their: Spatial resolution:
the ability to differentiate nearby brain regions Temporal
resolution: the ability to differentiate brain activity at
different times
26. Electroencephalography (EEG) 1873-1941 Developed by Hans
Berger in 1929 Electrodes are placed on the surface of the skull
Electrical activity from the cortex is recorded Time
27. Computed Tomagraphy (EMI scan, axial) Gr: tomos (slice)
& graphein (to write). Developed in the 1970s X-ray beams are
passed through the head A 2 or even 3- dimensional structural map
is created
28. Atypical CT 68 year old man Cerebellar hemorrhage extending
into midbrain & ventriclesKlein JP, Ryther RC (2009). Images in
clinical medicine. Central nervous system hemorrhage. NewEngland
Journal of Medicine, 361(18),
1786.http://www.npr.org/blogs/health/2009/10/ghost_in_the_brain_an_appariti.html?sc=fb&cc=fp
29. Positron Emission Tomography (PET) Radioactive material is
injected into the blood Scanner records the radioactivity
(positron) in different parts of the brain Provides information
about function Very useful for researchFor more detailed
information about PET,
goto:http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Positron_emission_tomography
30. Figure 2. Brain Glucose Metabolic Images Showing Axial
Planes at the Level of the Orbitofrontal Cortex Volkow, N. D. et
al. JAMA 2011;305:808-813Copyright restrictions may apply.
31. Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) A cylindrical
magnet creates a magnetic field A sensor records blood flow and
brain activation Can also be used for just structure White matter
Gray matter Ventricle
32. Comparison of Imaging Techniques MeasuresProcedure Brain:
Advantage Disadvantage Function Excellent temporal Measures only
from brainEEG resolution (msec) surfaceCT Structure Found in many
Some radiation exposure hospitals Function Wide variety of Poor
temporal resolution (min),PET Poor spatial resolution (cm) uses
Radiation exposurefMRI Function Good temporal Patient cannot have
resolution (sec), metal implants Good spatial resolution
(0.5cm)
37. Cranial Nerves I. Olfactory: smell (S) II. Optic: vision
(S) III. Oculomotor: pupil construction (M) IV. Trochlear: eye
movement (M) V. Trigeminal: face & teeth (S), jaw (M) X. Vagus:
heart (SM), autonomic nervous system
38. The Nervous System
39. Autonomic Nervous System (ANS) Sympathetic NS Arouses
(fight-or-flight)Parasympathetic NS Calms (rest and digest)
