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AS Physical Education
Unit G451: An Introduction to Physical Education
Anatomy and Physiology (Section A)
2hr written exam = 90 marks (60% of total AS mark)
Exam includes:
A. Anatomy and Physiology (30 marks)
B. Acquiring movement skills (30 marks)
C. Socio-cultural studies (30 marks)
All sections include one 10 mark question
ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY
A&P: Summary of content
The skeletal and muscular
systems
Motion and movement
(Biomechanics)
The cardiovascular and respiratory
systems in relation to the performance of
physical activity
Your responsibilities!
• Attend all lessons• Complete all homework and hand in on time• Catch up on work if absent• Keep all your work together in a folder and
review it on a regular basis• Supplement your work class work and
homework with independent reading • 100% effort• Listen and show respect to one another• Contribute to class discussion
The skeletal and muscular system
• Overview of the skeletal system• Joints, movement and muscles• The role of muscular contraction• Movement analysis of physical activity• Muscle fibre types • Warm up/cool down• Impact of different types of physical activity on
the skeletal and muscular systems
Today’s learning objectives
To know and understand:
• The structure and function of the skeletal system
• The difference between the axial and appendicular skeleton
• The different types of bones
• The different types of cartilage and their function
The skeletal system
You have 10 minutes to cut out the bones of the skeleton and stick them on sugar
paper to form a skeleton.
Label the skeleton with as many bones as you can
Aim for 21 bones!
The skeletal system
You have three minutes to label one member of you group with as many bones
names as you know using the stickers provided
Aim for 21!
Cranium
Clavicle
Pelvis
Humerus
Radius
Femur
Ulna
Tibia
Patella
Fibula
Scapula (back)
Sternum
Vertebrae
Ribs
Phalanges
Metacarpals
Carpals
Tarsals
Metatarsals
Phalanges
Skip to labelled diagram
The Skeletal System
Mandible
New additions
• Talus
• Calcaneus
Axial vs. AppendicularAppendicular skeleton
The bones of the upper and lower limbs and their
girdles that join to the axial skeleton
Axial skeleton
Forms the long axis of the body and includes the
bones of the skull, spine and rib cage
Skull
Ribs
Vertebral column
Sternum
Shoulder girdle
Upper limbs
Pelvic girdle
Lower limbs
Clavicle? Scapula?
Pelvis?
Types of bonesComplex shapes and
have a variety of functions including
protection
Small and compact, designed for weight
bearing and strength.
Cyclindrical in shape and found around the limbs of
the body. Their main function is to act as levers
for movement.
Ease joint movement and resist friction and
compression. Usually covered in cartilage.
Offer protection to the internal organs and
provide suitable sites for muscle attachment.
Type of bone
Description Key example Other examples
Long
Short
Irregular
Flat
Sesamoid
Cyclindrical in shape and found around the limbs of the body. Their main function is to act as levers for movement.
Small and compact, designed for weight bearing and strength.
Complex shapes and have a variety of functions including protection.
Offer protection to the internal organs and provide suitable sites for muscle attachment.
Ease joint movement and reduce friction and compression. Embedded in tendon and usually covered in cartilage
When running the iliopsoas pulls on the femur to cause flexion at the hip.
The bones in the wrist when performing a handstand
The vertebrae – protect the spinal cord and help absorb shock The sternum & ribs – protects the lung but provides attachment for the intercostal muscles
Patella – aids the smooth articulation and movement between the femur and tibia
Femur, Humerus, Ulna, Radius, Tibia, Fibula, Femur, Metacarpals, Metatarsals, Phalanges
Carpals, tarsals
Mandible, Calcaneus Talus
Cranium, Scapula, Pelvis, Ribs, Clavicle
Patella(some metatarsals and metacarpals)
The skeletal system
Label the skeleton with all the bones
Choose 5 colours and use them to identify the 5 types of bones
Long bones
• Longer than it is wide
• Made of collagen fibres
• Filled with minerals (mostly calcium salts)
• Contains cavity filled with bone marrow – BC generation
• Long shaft – diaphysis
• Two rounded ends – epiphysis
• Ends covered by articular cartilage – cushions/absorbs shock, reduces friction
• Growth plate in region between diaphysis and epiphysis until adulthood – promotes longitudinal bone growth
Functions of the skeletal system
Functions
SupportBlood cell production
Movement
ProtectionMineral store
Functions of the skeletal system1. Support - provides a rigid framework to the body giving it shape and
providing suitable sites for the attachment of skeletal muscle. 2. Protection – protects the internal organs .e.g. the ribcage protects the
heart and lungs. 3. Movement – the bones of the skeleton give a large surface area for the
attachment of muscles. The long bones provide a system of levers against which the muscles can pull.
4. Blood production – bone marrow produces both RBC and WBC. RBC
are produced at the end of long bones. 5. Mineral storage – the bones store vital minerals such as calcium which
can be distributed to other parts of the body when required.
Give examples of how the functions of the skeleton enable you to carry out your every–day needs and routines and sporting actions.
Today’s learning objectives
To know and understandThe structure and function of the skeletal
system The difference between the axial and
appendicular skeletonThe different types of bones
• The different types of cartilage and their function
Cartilage
• Articular (hyaline) cartilage– Found on articulating surfaces of bones that form joints. – Fairly resilient and made up of collagen fibres. – Protects the bone from wear and reduces friction between articulating
bones • White fibrocartilage
– Denser, tougher tissue– Allows shock absorption– Found in the parts of the body where there is a high amount of stress.
E.g. the socket of a hip joint, vertebral discs
• Elastic cartilage– Pliant and flexible tissue– Giving support and flexibility, e.g. pinna and Eustachian tube of ear
Other important fibres
• Tendons– Strong connective tissue that
attaches skeletal muscle to bone
• Ligaments– Tough band of fibrous, slightly
elastic connective tissue– Connect bone to bone – Prevents dislocation
Home study
• Organise folder • Reading
• Joints: Carnell et al. pages 7-10 “Types of joints”• The skeleton: Carnell et al. pages 1-7
Next lesson
• Synovial joints and planes of movement
• You will need Glossary Movement analysis sheet Answer to set question An understanding of the types and structure
of synovial joints
Quiz
Round 1 – picture board
1 2 3 4
5 6 7 8
9 10
11
12