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Indigenous Australians and Pacific Islanders
By Carley, Lyn, Nerida, Edie and Gabby
HISTORICAL FACTORS THAT HAVE IMPACTED UPON THE HEALTH OF
INDIGENOUS AUSTRALIANS
Indigenous people generally experienced better health.
They didn’t suffer from diseases such as influenza and tuberculosis.
BEFORE COLONISATION
Land, language, law and lore of the Indigenous were affected.
New diseases were introduced, i.e. small pox.
Resulted in depopulation.
DURING COLONISATION
Stolen generation.
Experience barriers when accessing health care, due to racism or feeling unwanted.
Segregation and integration.
Physical, social, emotional and spiritual wellbeing affected negatively.
AFTER COLONISATION
Indigenous life expectancy is approx. 17 years lower than non-Indigenous people within Australia.
Two times more infant deaths.
Five times more likely to be teenage mothers.
Two times more likely to smoke cigarettes.
In 2006, 45% of Aboriginals over the age of 15 were unemployed (Australian Human Rights Commission, 2008).
https://www.humanrights.gov.au/publications/statistical-overview-aboriginal-and-torres-strait-islander-peoples-australia-social (T.Dune, personal communication, March 5th, 2014)
STATISTICS
When the body has insufficient amounts of glucose.
Diabetes and high sugar were more common in remote areas (1 in 11) than in urban areas (1 in 20).
HEALTH NEEDS OF INDIGENOUS AUSTRALIANS
Diabetes
A group of diseases that affect the heart and circulatory system (heart attacks, stroke, heart failure, high blood pressure).
Such as coronary heart diseases, hypertensive diseases, strokes and rheumatic heart diseases.
Cardiovascular disease
Similar causes for both
Unhealthy diet, no exercise, obesity, smoking and alcohol consumption, poor housing environment and poor hygiene.
CLINICAL/PROFESSIONAL SKILLS REQUIRED TO MEET THESE NEEDS
DIABETES CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE
Client empowerment
Effective health plans
Appoint expert diabetes mentors
Technology and research
Support
Provide medicine/medical needs
•Reduce alcohol use•Hygiene •Nutrition and dieting plans/guides: From 2004-05, NATSIHS found that most
Indigenous people ate fruit (86%) and vegetables
(95%) everyday, due to its availability and cost in
non-remote areas
Physical activity guides/routines
Reduce tobacco use: There has been a
reduction in the number of cigarettes smoked
daily by Indigenous people between 1994 and
2008; two out of three Indigenous current daily
smokers has tried to quit in the pervious years
EXPERIENCES OF INDIGENOUS AUSTRALIANS WHEN USING HEALTH SERVICES
Culture shock
Language barriers
Non-verbal barriers
WHAT ARE THE EXPERIENCES?
“Real life problem with real life consequences”
Being admitted to hospital, unaware of the type of medical treatment the patient was to receive.
Receiving medical treatment without consent.
Being mistaken for other hospital patients and receiving inappropriate treatment.
Being returned home with a serious condition.
Patients undergoing treatment at odds with their cultural beliefs.
WHAT ARE THE IMPLICATIONS OF THESE EXPERIENCES IN HEALTH
SERVICES?
Aboriginals described mainstream health services as not welcoming, sites of discrimination and can be isolating...
ABORIGINAL STORIES OF EXPERIENCE
HEALTH NEEDS OF PACIFIC ISLANDERS
Assessments from five Pacific Islander communities: Māori, Samoan, Papua New Guinean and Fijian (indigenous Fijian and Fiji Indian).
Main health needs include: psychological and mental health (stress, depression, suicide) and diabetes (physical activity, dietary behaviours, obesity).
Other health needs: coronary heart disease, cancer, cardiovascular disease
DIABETES STATS
The prevalence of diabetes or high
blood sugar in 1997 and 1998 was
5% for people born in the South
Pacific.
The rate of hospitalisations for
diabetes complications in 1995-96
to 1999-00 was statistically higher
at over five times the rate for
Australian-born people.
The incidence of insulin-treated
diabetes in 1999-2001 was higher
for females born in the South Pacific
and New Zealand, than for the
Australian-born females, but no
differences were observed for
males.
Diabetes-related mortality rates in
1997-2000 and hospitalisation rates
in 1999-00 for immigrants from the
South Pacific were higher than those
for the Australian-born population.
HEALTH NEEDS OF PACIFIC ISLANDERS
Assessments from five Pacific Islander communities: Māori, Samoan, Papua New Guinean and Fijian (indigenous Fijian and Fiji Indian).
Main health needs include: psychological and mental health (stress, depression, suicide) and diabetes (physical activity, dietary behaviours, obesity).
Other health needs: coronary heart disease, cancer, cardiovascular disease
SPECIFIC, RELEVANT AND DIVERSE EXPEREICNES OF PACIFIC ISLANDER PEOPLES
WHEN ACCESSING HEALTH SERVICES
Low health literacy - lack of knowledge of health issues and available health services
Lack of culturally tailored health promotion - Australian methods of health care “pushed” upon them. Lack of understanding or acceptance of traditional healing methods.
Communication barriers - difficulty in understanding medical terminology and jargon. Health service professionals unable to guarantee comprehension.
Economic barriers - general cost of healthcare. Lower average weekly income than Australian-born (Census, 2006).
SIMILARITIES AND DIFFERENCES BETWEEN THE HEALTH EXPERIENCES OF INDIGENOUS
AUSTRALIANS AND CALD AUSTRALIANS
SIMILARITIES DIFFERENCES
LanguageNon-verbal communication -
staring, where to look
Communication - low health literacy
Family in decision making process/distances needed to travel - need to be close to
family at all times
Economic
More media attention focused on health outcomes of A&TSI - Pacific Islanders seen as more
of a minority
Cultural tailored health promotion
Discrimination
OUR STRATEGY
As a group we are establishing a community centre within areas highly populated by Aboriginals.
Our purpose is to improve health through raising awareness and educating both the community and Aboriginal peoples.
Our four professions include sport and exercise science, podiatry, health promotion and theraputic recreation.
STRATEGY CONT.
Our holistic strategy identifies the interdependent determinants of health that can be improved to overcome Indigenous disadvantage, while also being applicable for use with our CALD group, Pacific Islanders.
- achieves this by focusing on each specific community involved.
The main feature of our strategy is the notion of interconnectedness and autonomy.
OUR AIM
Our strategy aims to work in association with the “Closing the Gap” campaign, with the intention of heping to reach the following CTG targets:
‣ Closing the life expectancy gap within the decade
‣ Halve the gap in mortality rates for Indigenous children under five within a decade
‣ Halve the gap for Indigenous students in year 12 attainment rates
‣ Halve the gap in employment outcomes between Indigenous and non-Indigenous Australians within a decade
REFERENCES
Australian Human Rights Commission. (2008). A statistical overview of Aboriginal and
Torres Strait Islander peoples in Australia: Social justice report 2008. Retrieved from
https://www.humanrights.gov.au/publications/statistical-overview-aboriginal-and-torres-strait-islander-peoples-australia-social
Australian Indigenous Health Info Net. (15th May 2012) Summary of australian indigenous
health. Australian Government Department of Health. Retrieved March 17, 2014, from
http://www.healthinfonet.ecu.edu.au/health-facts/summary#fnl-23
Cortis, N., Sawrikar, P. & Muir, K. (2008). Participation in sport and recreation by culturally
and linguistically diverse women. Retrieved March 25th, 2014, from
https://www.sprc.unsw.edu.au/media/SPRCFile/Report8_08_CALD_Women_in_sport.pdf
Dunbar, T. (2011. Aboriginal people’s experiences of health and family services in theNorthern Territory. International Journal of Critical Indigenous Studies, 4(2), 1-15. Retrieved from http://www.isrn.qut.edu.au/publications/internationaljournal/documents/Final_Dunbar_IJCIS.pdf
Henry, B., Houston, S. & Mooney, G. (2004). Institutional racism in Australian healthcare:
A plea for decency. Fairness and compassion are the basis for improving Aboriginal health, 180(10), 517-520. Retrieved from
https://www.mja.com.au/journal/2004/180/10/institutional-racism-australian-healthcare-plea-decency
Muecke, A., Lenthall, S. & Lindeman, M. (n.d.). Culture shock and healthcare workers in
remote Indigenous communities of Australia: What do we know and how can we measure it? Rural and Remote Health. Retrieved from
http://www.rrh.org.au
Queensland Health. (2010). Engaging culturally and linguistically diverse (CALD)
Queenslanders in physical activity: Findings of the CALD physical activity mapping project. Retrieved from
http://www.health.qld.gov.au/ph/documents/hpu/cald-pa-map-proj.pdf
REFERENCES CONT.
Queensland Health. (2011). The health of Queensland’s Fijian population 2009. Retrieved
from http://www.health.qld.gov.au/multicultural/health_workers/health-data-fijian.pdf
Queensland Health. (2011). The health of Queensland’s Maori population 2009. Retrieved
from http://www.health.qld.gov.au/multicultural/health_workers/health-data-maori.pdf
Queensland Health. (2011). The health of Queensland’s Papua New Guinean population
2009. Retrieved from http://www.health.qld.gov.au/multicultural/health_workers/health-data-png.pdf
Queensland Health. (2011). The health of Queensland’s Samoan population 2009.
Retrieved from http://www.health.qld.gov.au/multicultural/health_workers/health-data-samoan.pdf
Queensland Health. (2011). Queensland Health’s response to Pacific Islander and Maori
health needs assessment. Retrieved from http://www.health.qld.gov.au/multicultural/health_workers/qh-response-data.pdf
Rolls, M. & Johnson, M. (2010). Historical dictionary of Australian Aborigines. Retrieved
from http://lib.myilibrary.com/ProductDetail.aspx?id=297534
Throw, A.M. & Waters, A.M. (2005). Diabetes in culturally and linguistically diverse
Australians: Identification of communities at high risk. Retrieved March 25th, 2014, from
https://www.aihw.gov.au/WorkArea/DownloadAsset.aspx?id=6442454961
Walton, S. (2001). Communication and cultural knowledge in Aboriginal health care.
Cooperative Research Centre for Aboriginal and Tropical Health, 1(1), 1-45. Retrieved from
http://www.lowitja.org.au/sites/default/files/docs/Communication_and_Cultural.pdf