AGRICULTURAL POISONS

By: Dale Faith O. Dumalagan Marc C. Edrial

What are Agricultural Poisons?

POISON -- substances that cause disturbances in organisms, usually by chemical reaction or other activity on the molecular scale, when an organism absorbs a sufficient quantity

Herbicide - plant killerInsecticide - insect killerRodenticide - rodent killerFungicide - fungus killer

Types of pests:

PESTSAnimal Pest Plant Pest

1. Rodents 1. Weeds2. Insects 2. Fungi

*Biting 3. Microbes*Sucking

A. Halogenated Insecticides• a combination of one or

more chemical elements that includes a HALOGEN

HALOGEN GROUPFluorineChlorineBromineIodineAstatin

Tennessine

Properties of Halogens

HALOGENS COLOR STATE MOLECULAR SIZE

DENSITY REACTIVITY

Fluorine Yellow Gas ^ ^ l

Chlorine Green Gas l l l

Bromine Orange Liquid l l l

Iodine Gray/Black Solid l l l

Astatin Black Solid l l v

Uses

solventspaintstextilerubberplastic dye-stuffs spray-cleaning

industries

soil fumigents and insecticides

rubber vulcanizing agents

fire extinguishersLead based antiknock

agents for gasolineexplosives and

military

DDT (Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane)Trade names: Anofex, Cesarex, Chlorophenothane, Dedelo, p,p'-DDT, Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane, Dinocide, Didimac, Digmar, ENT 1506, Genitox, Guesapon, Guesarol, Gexarex, Gyron, Hildit, Ixodex, Kopsol, Neocid, OMS 16, Micro DDT 75, Pentachlorin, Rukseam,

R50 and Zerdane (1, 3).

DDT is an organochlorine insecticide discovered by the Swiss chemist Paul Hermann Müller in 1939

Used to control mosquito-borne malaria & vectors, crops, control insect typhus then extensively used as an agricultural insecticide after 1945

DDT was banned for use in Sweden in 1970 and in the United States in 1972.

• Available as aerosols, dustable powders, emulsifiable concentrates, granules and wettable powders.

Commercial product concentrate containing 50% DDT, circa 1960s

Commercial product (Powder box, 50 g) containing 10% DDT "Destroys parasites such as fleas, lice, ants, bedbugs, cockroaches, flies, etc.. Néocide Sprinkle caches of vermin and the places where there are insects and their places of passage. Leave the powder in place as long as possible.

Acute Toxicity

DDT is moderately to slightly toxic to studied mammalian species via the oral route.

Reported oral LD50s range from:113-800 mg/kg in rats 150-300 mg/kg in mice300 mg/kg in guinea pigs 400 mg/kg in rabbits 500-750 mg/kg in dogs >1,000 mg/kg in sheep

&goats

DDT is readily absorbed through the gastrointestinal tract, with increased absorption in the presence of fats.

• Low to moderate exposure : nausea, diarrhea, increased liver enzyme activity, irritation (of the eyes, nose or throat), disturbed gait, malaise and excitability

• Higher doses : tremors and convulsions are possible• While adults appear to tolerate moderate to high ingested

doses of up to 280 mg/kg, a case of fatal poisoning was seen in a child who ingested one ounce of a 5% DDT:kerosene solution

Chronic Toxicity• Effects on the nervous system, liver, kidneys,and immune

systems in experimental animals

Tremors in rats at doses of 16-32 mg/kg/day over 26 weeks

Tremors in mice at doses of 6.5-13mg/kg/day over 80-140 week

Changes in cellular chemistry in the central nervous system of monkeys at doses of 10 mg/kg/day over 100 days

loss of equilibrium in monkeys at doses of 50 mg/kg/day for up to 6 months

Emergency Measures : Emesis. Give activated charcoal followed by gastric lavage,

then with saline cathartic. Do not give fats or oil. Scrub skin with soap and water to remove skin

contamination. Give artificial respiration ig respiration is slowed

General Measures

1) Anticonvulsants - give Diazepam. If convulsion persist, use a neuromuscular blocking agent.

2) For hypersensitivity or tremor - give Phenobarbital Sodium

Don't give stimulants, Epinephrine, since it sometimes induce ventricular fibrillation

BENZENE HEXACHLORIDE

• Trade name: Lindane, KWELL

• Benzene Hexacloride has been used both as an agricultural insecticide and as a pharmaceutical treatment for lice and scabies.

• The World Health Organization classifies lindane as "Moderately Hazardous"

• It is named after the Dutch chemist Teunis van der Linden, the first to isolate and describe γ-Hexachlorcyclohexane in 1912.

• In 2009, the production and agricultural use of lindane was banned under the Stockholm Convention on persistent organic pollutants.

• In exemtion to the ban, Lindane is used as second-line treatment for lice and scabies.

LOTION SHAMPOO INSECTICIDE

Toxicity

• The EPA and WHO both classify lindane as moderately toxic.

• Oral LD50 of 88 mg/kg in rats and a dermal LD50 of 1000 mg/kg

• Lindane affects the nervous system, liver and kidneys, and may well be a carcinogen.

Human Exposure Effects

• Exposure to small amounts by skin contamination or ingestion: headaches, nausea, dizziness, tremors and muscular weakness.

• Exposure to large amounts: can harm the nervous system, producing a range of symptoms from headache and dizziness to seizures, convulsions, coma, respiratory depression, and, more rarely death.

Carcinogenicity

• Based primarily on evidence from animal studies, most evaluations of lindane have concluded that it may possibly cause cancer. In 2015, the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) classified lindane as a known human carcinogen.

Management

• If in skin contact: Remove patient clothing and discard in well-sealed pouches. Wash immediately with soap and water.

• Orally: DO NOT INDUCE EMESIS Gastric lavage Give Activated Charcoal Secure airway

General Measures

• No known antidote.• Cholestyramine may be used to bind these highly

lipophilic agents. It reduces reabsorption and retains bound agent in the GI tract for fecal elimination.

• Beta-adrenergic blocking agents and magnesium are administered initially for organochlorine-induced ventricular dysrhythmias

• Olestra has also been shown to increase excretion of fat-soluble organic chlorine chemicals.

POLYCYCLIC CHLORINATED INSECTICIDES

• Includes: Aldrin, Endrin, Thiodan, and Chlordane

• Insecticide treating approximately 30 million homes for termites for crops like corn and citrus, and on lawns and domestic gardens.

Toxicity

• CHLORDANE:– LD50 in rats is 283 mg/kg– LD50 in rabbits is 580

mg/kg

• ALDRIN:– LD50 in rats is 39 mg/kg– LD50 in rabbits is 65 mg/kg

• THIODAN:– LD50 in rats is 80-110mg/kg– LD50 in rabbits is 359

mg/kg

• ENDRIN:– LD50 in rats is 40 mg/kg– LD50 in rabbits is 65 mg/kg

Effects on Exposure

• Acute poisoning: timid, hypersensitivity, nystagmus, clonus of muscles, seizures, salivation, gnashing, collapse of breathing

• Chronic poisoning: same signs, longer and gradual coming, possibility of death.

Management:• ORAL: DO NOT INDUCE

VOMITING. Do not give any liquid to the person. Gastric lavage is recommended.

• EYE CONTACT: Hold eye open and rinse slowly and gently with water for 15–20 minutes. Remove contact lenses, if present, after the first 5 minutes, then continue rinsing eye.

• SKIN CONTACT: Take off contaminated clothing. Rinse skin immediately with plenty of water for 15–20 minutes.

• INHALED: move person to fresh air. If person is not breathing, call an ambulance, then give artificial respiration, preferably by mouth-to mouth, if possible.

General Measures

• There is no specific antidote.

• Amobarbital-sodium or thiopental sodium may be given intravenously for convulsion

• DO NOT GIVE STIMULANTS

CHOLINESTERASE INHIBITOR

INSECTICIDERisen John Delos Reyes

Cholinesterase• Cholinesterase is a family of enzymes that catalyzes the hydrolysis of

the neurotransmitter acetylcholine into choline and acetic acid

Acetylcholine• Acetylcholine is the neurotransmitter used at the neuromuscular

junction—in other words, it is the chemical that motor neurons of the nervous system release in order to activate muscles

Inhibitor• is a molecule that binds to an enzyme and decreases its

activity

How does it work? causing a "jam" in the nervous system

Repeated and unchecked firing of electrical signals can cause uncontrolled, rapid twitching of some muscles, paralyzed breathing, convulsions, and in extreme cases, death

Two main classes•Organophosphates•Carbamates

Organophosphate• Organophosphate insecticides are derived from phosphoric acid• Organophosphate insecticides include some of the most toxic

pesticides and widely used• Malathion is widely used in agriculture, residential landscaping,

public recreation areas, and in public health pest control programs such as mosquito eradication

• Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane• The mainstays of medical therapy in organophosphate poisoning

include atropine, pralidoxime and benzodiazepines

Organophosphate PoisoningSigns and symptoms of organophosphate poisoning can be divided into three broad categories: • muscarinic effects• nicotinic effects• central nervous system effects

Muscarinic effects

• Urination• Miosis• Bradycardi

a• Bronchosp

asm• Bronchorrh

ea• Emesis

• excess lacrimation

• salivation• Salivation• lacrimation• Urination• Diarrhea• GI upset• Emesis• Diaphoresis• Diarrhea

Nicotinic effects• Muscle fasciculations• Cramping• Weakness• diaphragmatic failure

• Hypertension• Tachycardia• Mydriasis• pallor

CNS effects• Anxiety• Emotional lability• Restlessness• Confusion

• Ataxia• Tremors• Seizures• Coma

Carbamates• A carbamate is an organic compound derived from carbamic acid• They are relatively unstable compounds • Carbamates are commonly used as surface sprays or baits in the

control of household pests• Carbaryl the first successful carbamate, was introduced in 1956• Propoxur (Baygon) is highly effective against cockroaches that

have developed resistance to organophosphates

Carbamate Poisoning• If a carbamate insecticide is ingested, vomiting should be induced.

If absorbed through the skin, contaminated clothing should be removed and the skin washed thoroughly with soap and water. In carbamate poisoning, the use of atropine is indicated, but oximes are contra-indicated.

CHOLINESTERASE INHIBITOR INSECTICIDES

ER IC JOHN CANANGCA-AN

CHOLINESTERASE INHIBITOR INSECTICIDES

ORGANOPHOSPHATECARBAMATES

ORGANOPHOSPHATE & CARBAMATE

Organophosphates (OP)• CHLORPYRIFOS, DIAZINON AND MALATHION • Inhibits the action of acetylcholinesterase.

• causes the acetylcholine to remain coupled to the nerve cell, causing the cell to fire repeatedly. [Irreversible]

• Hyperactivity, Uncoordinated Movements, Tremors, Convulsions Or Paralysis

Carbamates• CARBARYL, BENDIOCARB, AND PROPOXUR• Reversible unlike in organophosphate• Symptoms like in OP

Signs and Symptoms of Organophosphate Poisoning

Muscarinic Manifestations

(Parasympathetic)

Nicotinic Manifestations

(Ganglionic)CNS Manifestations

• Bradycardia

• Bronchoconstriction

• Hypotension

• Lacrimation

• Miosis

• Salivation

• Sweating

• Urination

• Muscular fasciculation

• Tachycardia

• Hypertension

• Restlessness

• Insomnia

• Confusion

• Convulsion

• Respiratory

depression

• Circulatory collapse

INSECTICIDES CONTAINING ORGANOPHOSPHATES

BAYGON SPRAY (PROPOXUR)• DDPV (O,O-dimethyl-2,2-dichlorovinyl phosphate)

NUVAN INSECT SPRAY• DDPV (O,O-dimethyl-2,2-dichlorovinyl phosphate)

GUARDSMAN INSECT SPRAY• DDPV (O,O-dimethyl-2,2-dichlorovinyl phosphate)

MALATHION• Malathion 579

Insecticides containing carbamatesBAYGON INSECT SPRAY

Propoxur (C-isopropoxyphenyl methylcarbamate)

SEVIN

Carbaryl

BAYGON FLY BAIT

Propoxur

TREATMENT:1. Mechanical ventilation

• Difficulty breathing

2. Atropine• Reduce mescarinic stimulation

3. Pralidoxime• Reverse inhibtion of cholinesterase

4. Benzodiazipines e.g. diazepam• Supress convulsion

Patients with suspected exposure, insert IV line & commence atropinisation to minimise bronchorrhoea:

• 0.02-0.05mg/kg (max 2mg) can be given every 10-15min until atropinised:• ie. warm, dry, flushed skin; dilated pupils, dry mouth, tachycardia

• signs of atropine excess appear to be reversing:• OP - at least 24hrs with tapering of dose after 12hrs if clinically OK• lipophilic OP - longer duration Rx• carbamates - shorter duration of Rx

The Role Of Pralidoxime:• Cholinesterase reactivator at the NM junction, and is

effective for some of the nicotine effects but does not cross BBB

• Dose of pralidoxime:• 25-50mg/kg IV over 15-30min up to 0.5-1g (adult dose)• Repeat dose in 1-2hrs & then at 6-12hr intervals

• Administration should commence within 36hrs• Adverse effects of pralidoxime:

• dizziness, headache, nausea, blurred vision, muscle weakness.

Summary of Differences between organophosphate & carbamate insecticides:

• shorter effect - usually only lasting 24hrs in carbamates• Carbamates do not pass BBB & thus have less CNS

effects• use pralidoxime makes carbamate toxicity worse unlike

OP

MISCELLANEOUS PESTICIDES

REPORTED BY:

AGBUYA, FaithALIMA, Tessejim

COBCOBAN, Faye

Miscellaneous Pesticides As a result of their rather high degree of specificity, they might be

regarded as less important than many of the more broad-spectrum chemicals that are in such wide use.

Miscellaneous pesticides classified as miscellaneous vary in their chemical structures, toxicities, physical, and chemical properties. Nevertheless, some members of this class might share common mechanisms of action.

Methyl Bromide Bromopropylate Ethylene oxide Ethylene dibromide

are some of the well-known miscellaneous pesticides.

METHYL BROMIDE

Methyl Bromide

chemical name for this fumigant is bromomethane. A non-inflammable, colorless gas at ordinary temperatures and pressures Fairly easily compressible into liquid form Extensively used as an insecticides, fire extinguisher, fumigant and refrigerant It is without smell in low concentrations 3.3 times as heavy as air it constitutes a very real industrial hazard

Methyl BromideToxic effects1. On the skin – giving the rise to a vesicular irritative dermatitis and second

degree burns

2. On the respiratory system – produces bronchitis , broncho-pneumonia, pulmonary congestion and edema

3. On the alimentary system – gastro-intestinal upset and hepatic dysfunction

4. On the nervous system – both an acute and a chronic symptomatology

Methyl bromide

Human experience indicates: acute fatal intoxication can result from exposures to vapor levels

as low as 1164 to 1552 mg/cu m harmful effects can occur at 388 mg/cu m or more Systemic poisoning has been reported to occur from a two week

exposure (8 hr/day) at about 136 mg/cu m Sublethal poisoning cases a latency period of 2 to 48 hr (usually

about 4 to 6 hr) occurs between exposure and onset of symptoms.

In most instances, the onset of the symptoms is delayed and this latent period varies from 1/2 to several hrs and occasionally 12, 24, or 48 hr.

The symptoms may be fatigue, headache, dizziness, nausea and vomiting, disturbances of hearing, vision, mental confusion, muscular weakness, collapse, respiratory difficulties and coma. Death is usually due to lung damage, but damage to the CNS may accompany pulmonary damage.

High concentrations of methyl bromide can produce rapid unconsciousness during exposure, leading to a prompt "anesthetic" death.

The delay in onset usually is several hours, but a delay of only a few min & a delay of 48 hr have been observed.

In fatal cases with delayed onset, death generally occurs within 4-6 hr but sometimes after 24-48 hr.

In rare instances, death may be delayed as much as 18 days. The cause of death in these cases usually is circulatory failure.

LD50 and LC50The inhalation LC50 for rats is: 3,120 ppm/15 minutes 2,700 ppm/30 minutes, and 1,164 ppm/60 minutes.

LD50 administered in liquid is 20 mg/L for rats

TOXICOLOGICAL EFFECTSACUTE TOXICITY Methyl bromide, labeled with a DANGER signal word, is an extremely toxic vapor. In humans, methyl bromide is readily absorbed through the lungs. Most problems occur as a result of inhalation.

Inhalation of 1,600 ppm for 10-20 hours, or 7,900 ppm for 1.5 hours is lethal to humans The lowest inhalation level found to cause toxicity in humans is 35 ppm in

air.

First symptoms often are due to damage to the nervous system, and may be delayed from 48 hours to as long as several months after exposure. This delay, combined with methyl bromide's lack of odor, means that the victim may not realize that exposure is occurring until much time has passed.

Soon after inhalation of large doses, symptoms may include headache, dizziness, nausea, chest and abdominal pain, and a dry throat.

Three to 12 hours after vapor inhalation symptoms include slurred speech, blurred vision, temporary blindness, mental confusion, and sweating.

More severe symptoms may include lung swelling; congestion; hemorrhaging of the brain, heart, and spleen; severe kidney damage; and numbness.

Death may occur within 1-30 hours, usually from respiratory failure.

CHRONIC TOXICITYChronic exposures to methyl bromide can cause dizziness, vision and hearing disturbances, depression, confusion, hallucinations, euphoria, personality changes, and irritability. If exposure is severe enough, lung irritation followed by lung swelling and bronchial pneumonia may occur

Reproductive EffectsNo reproductive problems involving methyl bromide have been observed in test animals, though few experiments have been performed.

Teratogenic EffectsInhalation of methyl bromide for 6-7 hours per day during gestation was reported to cause no birth defects on rabbits and ratsMutagenic EffectsThe overall scientific evidence indicates that methyl bromide is a mutagen, but that its potential to cause genetic mutations is relatively low.

Carcinogenic EffectsMethyl bromide is considered to be a potent cell growth stimulant and is thus a potential promoter of cancerous growth.

Organ ToxicityChronic low level exposure causes depression of the central nervous system, injury to the kidneys, and may cause respiratory problems, and irritate the skin and eyes.

Prehospital Management Victims exposed only to methyl bromide gas do not pose substantial

risks of secondary contamination to personnel outside the Hot Zone; however, some methyl bromide may permeate clothing. Victims whose clothing or skin is contaminated with liquid methyl bromide (i.e., ambient temperature less than 38.5°F) can secondarily contaminate response personnel by direct contact or through off-gassing vapor.

Methyl bromide is a neurotoxic gas that may cause headaches, dizziness, visual disturbances, ventricular fibrillation, pulmonary edema, ataxia, convulsions, coma, and death.

Exposures to high concentrations of methyl bromide can cause eye, skin, and respiratory tract irritation, as well as chemical pneumonitis. Dermal absorption may contribute to systemic toxicity.

There is no antidote for methyl bromide. Treatment consists of support of respiratory and cardiovascular functions.

BROMOPROPYLATE

Bromopropylate Also known as Isopropyl 4,4'-dibromobenzilate;

Phenisobromolate A white solid compound that is almost insoluble in water but

soluble in most organic solvents An acaricide used to control mites on fruit and other crops The major crops on which it is recommended are citrus, vines,

pome and stone fruits, sugar beet, sugarcane and tea. The target mite species include European red mite, two-

spotted mite, carmine mite, apple-rust mite

Probable Routes of Human Exposure:  BROMOPROPYLATE was applied directly to some fruit crops as an

acaricide and exposure to this compound was primarily dermal and via inhalation for workers.

However, recent monitoring data indicate that consumers may be exposed to bromopropylate via ingestion of some imported fruits and vegetables.

TOXICOLOGICAL INFORMATION

Dermal Exposure: irritation Eye Exposure: irritation Inhalation: irritation to the respiratory tract Ingestion: harmful Effects for chronic exhibition: The product is belonging to low

pesticide for human; it has no reproductive, teratogenic and carcinogenic effects. But it can irritate the skin of humans, and if ingest large, can be harmful to body.

FIRST AID TREATMENT:SKIN: Wash with soap and water.

EYES: Flush with plenty of water for at least 15 minutes. See medical attention if irritation develops.

INHALATION: Move to fresh air. Do not breathe spray mist.

INGESTION: Drink 1-2 glasses of water and milk. Call physician/poison control center immediately

DERMAL EXPOSURE DECONTAMINATION:

Remove contaminated clothing and jewelry and place them in plastic bags. Wash exposed areas with soap and water for 10 to 15 minutes with gentle sponging to avoid skin breakdown. A physician may need to examine the area if irritation or pain persists.

Treat dermal irritation or burns with standard topical therapy. Patients developing dermal hypersensitivity reactions may require treatment with systemic or topical corticosteroids or antihistamines.

EYE EXPOSURE DECONTAMINATION:

Remove contact lenses and irrigate exposed eyes with copious amounts of room temperature 0.9% saline or water for at least 15 minutes. If irritation, pain, swelling, lacrimation, or photophobia persist after 15 minutes of irrigation, the patient should be seen in a healthcare facility.

INHALATION EXPOSURE DECONTAMINATION

Move patient to fresh air. Monitor for respiratory distress. If cough or difficulty breathing develops, evaluate for respiratory tract irritation, bronchitis, or pneumonitis. Administer oxygen and assist ventilation as required. Treat bronchospasm with an inhaled beta2-adrenergic agonist. Consider systemic corticosteroids in patients with significant bronchospasm.

Respiratory tract irritation, if severe, can progress to pulmonary edema which may be delayed in onset up to 24 to 72 hours after exposure in some cases.

ORAL EXPOSURE Immediate dilution with milk or water may be of benefit.

DILUTION: If no respiratory compromise is present, administer milk or water as soon as possible after ingestion. Dilution may only be helpful if performed in the first seconds to minutes after ingestion. The ideal amount is unknown; no more than 8 ounces (240 mL) in adults and 4 ounces (120 mL) in children is recommended to minimize the risk of vomiting.

EXPOSURE CONTROLS/PERSONAL PROTECTION: Personal protective equipment

Respiratory protection: Approved respirator Protective gloves: Rubber gloves Eye protection: Goggles

Industrial hygiene: Wear face shield or goggles, elbow length PVC gloves, cotton

overalls buttoned to the neck and wrist, washable hat and half face respirator with dust and vapor cartridge.

After use and before eating, drinking or smoking, wash hands, arms and face thoroughly with soap and water.

HANDLING AND STORAGE:

HANDLING: Do not apply to humans, their clothing, or bedding. Do not contaminate food or use on household tanks.

STORAGE: Store in original container only in cool, dry, well ventilated, secure area out of reach of children and animals.

DISPOSAL CONSIDERATIONS:

Do not reuse product containers.

Dispose of product containers, waste containers, and residues according to all state and local haws and regulation.

Use proper protective equipment to minimize exposure.

Take all necessary action to prevent and to remedy the adverse effect of the spill.

ETHYLENE OXIDE

ETHYLENE OXIDE

Properly called OXIRANE Colorless and flammable gas at room temperature and pressure Toxic gaseous cyclic ether with a sweet ether-like smell Bactericidal, fungicidal and sporocidal disinfectant Fumigant and insecticide Sterilant for food and cosmetic A chemical intermediate in industry

Ethylene oxide

EXPOSURE ROUTES AND SYMPTOMS-INHALATION/INGESTION: cough, drowsiness, headache, nausea, sore throat, vomiting, weakness -SKIN(ABSORBED): frostbite, redness, pain -EYE SYMPTOMS: redness, pain, blurred vision TARGET ORGANS -liver, kidney,CNS, reproductive system, respiratory system

Ethylene oxide

ACUTE EFFECTS -nausea, vomiting, bronchitis, neurological disorders -irritation of the eyes and mucous membranes CHRONIC EFFECTS-Irritation of the eyes, skin and mucous membrane -problems in functioning of the brains and nerves. -leukemia, stomach cancer, pancreatic cancer, Hodgkin’s disease OTHER EFFECTS -increase rate of miscarriage in female workers

Ethylene oxide

ANTIDOTE AND EMERGENCY TREATMENT (IMMEDIATE FIRST AID) -ensure adequate decontamination -perform CPR if necessary -immediately flush contaminated eyes with flowing water -do not induce vomiting -if vomiting, lean patient forward or place on left side -keep patient quiet and maintain normal body temperature

Ethylene oxide MINIMUM/ POTENTIAL FATAL HUMAN DOSE - 5-15g/kg, between 1pt and 1qt for 70kg person(150 Lb) -12500 ppm/10 seconds ANTIDOTE AND EMERGENCY TREATMENT (BASIC TREATMENT) - patent airway, suction if necessary -administer oxygen by nonbreather mask 10-15L/min -anticipate seizures and treat if necessary - for eye: flush eyes immediately with water, irrigate with 0.9% saline during transport -administer activated charcoal -for ingestion: rinse mouth, administer 5ml/kg up to200ml of water for dilution -cover burns with dry sterile dressings -treat frostbite by rewarming

Ethylene oxide

ANTIDOTE AND EMERGENCY TREATMENT ( ADVANCE TREATMENT) -orotracheal/nasotracheal intubation for airway control -lactated ringer’s if signs of hypovolemia are present -diazepam( Valium) or lorazepam (Ativan) to treat seizures -proparacaine hydrochloride to assist eye irrigation

ETHYLENE DIBROMIDE

ETHYLENE DIBROMIDE

Also known as 1,2-DIBROMOETHANE Clear, colorless, volatile liquid Mild, sweet, chloroform like odor that emits corrosive and toxic fumes

when heated to decomposition Effective soil fumigant, insecticide, and nematocide Chemical intermediate in the synthesis of resins, waxes, gums, dyes Used in gasoline

Ethylene dibromide

EXPOSURE ROUTES AND SYMPTOMS -INHALATION: burning sensation, cough, laboured breathing, shortness of breath, vomiting, drowsiness, unconsciousness -SKIN(ABSORBED)/ EYE: redness, pain -INGESTION: abdominal pain, vomiting, drowsiness TARGET ORGANS - liver, kidneys, CNS, respiratory and reproductive system

Ethylene dibromide

ACUTE EFFECTS -severe burning of skin, BLISTERS -irritation of the eyes and respiratory tract CHRONIC EFFECTS -prolonged inhalation may cause liver necrosis -impair reproduction in males by damaging sperm cells in the testicles long term -bronchitis and depression REFERENCE DOSE -0.OO2MG PER CUBIC METER, BASED ON THE REPRODUCTIVE EFFETCS IN HUMANS

ANTIDOTE AND EMERGENCY TREATMENT (BASIC TREATMENT) - patent airway, suction if necessary -administer oxygen by nonbreather mask 10-15L/min -anticipate seizures and shock and treat if necessary - for eye: flush eyes immediately with water, irrigate with normal saline during transport -for ingestion: rinse mouth, administer 5ml/kg up to200ml of water for dilution -administer activated charcoal -cover burns with dry sterile dressings

Ethylene dibromide

ANTIDOTE AND EMERGENCY TREATMENT ( ADVANCE TREATMENT) -orotracheal/nasotracheal intubation for airway control -lactated ringer’s if signs of hypovolemia are present -diazepam(valium) to treat seizures -proparacaine hydrochloride to assist eye irrigation