1. Genotype x Environment (GxE) interaction studies in hybrids and elite cultivars of pigeonpea Uttam Chand Research Scholar (M.Sc.) Pigeonpea Breeding ICRISAT, Patancheru

2. Contents. I. Introduction II. Materials and methods III. Results and discussion IV. Conclusions 3. INTRODUCTION Origin : India (van der Maesen 1980, 1991) Hybrids available at commercial level like ICPH 2671, ICPH 2740 etc. Protein content : 18-24 % Often cross pollinated crop (25-70%) Genome size : 858 Mbp Chromosome no. : 2n=22 4. Mostly use as Dal Second most important pulse crop of India Area = 4.04 Million hectare Production = 2.65 Million tonnes (IIPR, 2013) Productivity Global - 813 kg/ha India - 657 kg/ha 5. Area, production and productivity (India) Source: IIPR, 2013 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5 Area (m ha) Production (m t) Productivity(t/ha) 6. Importance of GxE interaction Wide adaption and consistent performance of released varieties/hybrids To identify the stable genotype in diverse environments Yield stability of performance across varied environments The phenotypic response to change in environment is not the same for all the genotypes leading to GxE interaction 7. Objectives To determine the environmental influence on yield and yield characters of pigeonpea hybrids To determine the flexibility in genotypes to the environment for stability of yield characters To identify the hybrids and cultivars for stability of desirable yield and yield contributing characters To identify the stable pigeonpea hybrid which can be used for cultivation over a wide range of environments 8. Experimental materials Source : ICRISAT, Patancheru CMS line (A4 cytoplasm) ICPA 2043, ICPA 2047, ICPA 2048, ICPA 2078 and ICPA 2092 Fertility restorer line ICPL 87119, ICPL 20093, ICPL 20096, ICPL 20098, ICPL 20108 and ICPL 20126 9. Experimental materials Genotypes Pedigree Standard Maturity days ICPH 3933 ICPA 2078 ICPL 87119 180-190 ICPH 2671 ICPA 2043 ICPL 87119 165-175 ICPH 2740 ICPA 2047 ICPL 87119 180-185 ICPH 3477 ICPA 2047 ICPL 20098 175-185 ICPH 4490 ICPA 2047 ICPL 20126 165-175 ICPH 3494 ICPA 2048 ICPL 20093 170-180 ICPH 2751 ICPA 2048 ICPL 87119 165-180 ICPH 3491 ICPA 2048 ICPL 20096 175-190 ICPH 3762 ICPA 2092 ICPL 20108 171-184 ICPH 3461 ICPA 2092 ICPL 87119 165-180 Maruti (check) Selection from ICP 7626 165-175 Asha (check) ICP 1-6W3W1x C11 175-180 Source : ICRISAT, Patancheru 10. Details of Three Environments Particulars Environments Location ICRISAT, Patancheru B.A.U., Ranchi R.A.K. ,Sehore Latitude 17o 53'N 23o17'N 2312 N Longitude 78o 27'E 85o 19'E 77 05 E Altitude 545.0 m 625.0 m 498.77m Soil type Medium black Sandy soil Vertisol Climatic zone Moderate rainfall zone sub-tropical sub-tropical Date of sowing 29/06/2012 11/07/2012 16/08/2012 Date of harvesting 4/01/2013 12/02/2013 4/02/2013 11. Observations recorded Days to 50% flowering Days to 75% maturity Plant height (cm) Number of primary branches/plant Number of secondary branches/plant Number of pods/plant Number of seeds/pod Grain yield/plant (g) 100 seeds weight (g) Grain yield/plot (g) Grain yield (kg/ha) 12. Experimental details Genotypes : 12 Locations : 03 Design : RCBD Replication : 02 Row length (m) : 04 Row to row spacing (cm) : 75 Plant to plant spacing (cm): 50 No. of rows per plot : 06 13. Genotypes were grown in RCBD with two replications at three different locations. Data were collected from five randomly selected plants for different characters. Data collection Data obtained from the multi-location trials were analyzed using GenStat software. Data analysis 14. Stability analysis Regression method (Eberhart and Russell, 1966) GGE Biplot method (Yan et al., 2000) 15. Eberhart and Russel Model The total variance is first divided into two components- genotypes and E+GxE. The second component (E+GxE) is further sub-divided into three components viz. a) environments linear, b) g x e (linear) and c) pooled deviations . The SS due to pooled deviation are further divided in to SS due to individual genotypes. The Model consist of three parameters mean yield over locations or seasons, b) regression coefficient and c) deviation from regression. 16. Mean = high Regression coefficient of unity (b=1), Minimum deviation from the regression line (S2d=0). Parameters for stable genotype 17. GGE biplot method The GGE-biplot methodology consists of two concepts: biplot and GGE It is the graphical representation of the both genotypes mean as well as environments performance More efficient stability method compare to regression method It is latest and very effective tool for the stability analysis 18. Steps in GGE biplot analysis I. Centering the data II. Partitioning the singular value into genotype and environment scores for each of the principal components (PC1 and PC2). III.Plotting the PC1 scores against the PC2 scores to generate a biplot IV.Large PC1 score represents high yielding ability and small PC2 score represents high stability 19. Results and Discussion 20. Pooled analysis of variance (ANOVA) Source of variation df Days to 50% flowering Days to 75% maturity Plant height (cm) Primary branches /plant Secondary branches /plant Genotype 11 8.62** 3.39** 480.71** 13.69** 12.46** Environment 2 1.41* 18144.3* 2201.8** 30.80** 493.79** G E 22 1.75* 2.28* 322.74** 3.53* 7.14* Error 33 1.21 1.00 83.24 2.56 2.61 Cont.. *, ** Significant at P 0.05 and P0.01, respectively 21. Source of variation df Pods /plant Seeds/ pod Grain yield / plant (g) 100 seed weight (g) Grain yield (kg/ha) Genotype 11 15.05** 0.11** 774.82** 8.62** 327560.0** Environment 2 353.09** 0.41** 384.54** 5.58** 763360.0** G E 22 5.09** 0.09** 45.34** 1.62 86227.0** Error 33 1.00 0.02 9.21 0.15 23928.0 *, ** Significant at P 0.05 and P0.01, respectively 22. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) by regression method Source of variation df Days to 50% flowering Days to 75% maturity Plant height (cm) Primary branches /plant Secondary branches /plant Genotype 11 37.86** 1.69 425.36** 31.23** 27.35** Environ.+ (G E) 24 6.8 757.05 239.66 15.05 23.84 Environment (linear) 1 14.22 18144.3** 2201.8** 176.45** 493.79** GE (linear) 11 25.58* 1.10 412.53** 28.36** 34.36** Pooled deviation 12 5.41* 1.10 99.44** 6.69* 4.46* Pooled error 33 2.34 0.5 4.61 2.16 1.30 Cont. *, ** Significant at P 0.05 and P0.01, respectively 23. Source of variation df Pods / plant Seeds /pod Grain yield /plant (g) 100 seed weight (g) Grain yield (kg/ha) Genotype 11 17.69** 0.15* 387.41** 1.51** 163779.7** Environ.+ (G E) 24 7.57 0.06 36.80 0.34 71327.4 Environment (linear) 1 353.0** 0.48** 384.53** 0.01 76335.1 GE(linear) 11 15.36** 0.20* 175.20* 0.26 97589.0* Pooled deviation 12 3.23** 0.04* 26.70* 0.28 26251.5* Pooled error 33 0.50 0.01 11.37 0.15 11963.9 *, ** Significant at P 0.05 and P0.01, respectively 24. Stability parameters Genotypes Days to 50% flowering Days to 75% maturity Plant Height (cm) Mean Bi S2di mean bi S2di mean Bi S2di ICPH 3933 117 0.88 -0.23 181.66 1.00 0.12 192.61 1.55 -0.55 ICPH 2671 120 0.98 0.03 185.50 0.97 -0.42 190.80 1.41 2.38 ICPH 2740 122 0.75 4.73 183.83 1.03 -0.49 193.18 1.31 -1.26 ICPH 3477 118 5.21* 2.23 187.33 1.00 -0.35 211.06 0.98 -1.29 ICPH 4490 123 -1.50 4.73 189.66 0.97 2.53* 206.26 1.51 -1.30 ICPH 3494 122 0.87 0.07 192.83 0.96 4.76** 200.70 -0.65 -0.99 ICPH 2751 120 0.37 2.23 187.16 1.02 -0.49 192.73 -0.45 -0.04 ICPH 3491 119 1.87 -6.23 186.33 1.01 -0.48 201.28 1.55 0.68 ICPH 3762 117 1.62 3.47 184.66 1.04 -0.28 197.65 1.17 -1.29 ICPH 3461 124 -1.87* 5.77 188.66 1.01 1.91 202.10 -0.31 26.69* Maruti 117 1.52 -2.35 180.16 0.96 -0.33 186.36 2.54* 3.65 Asha 121 0.37 0.25 185.66 0.96 -0.43 178.41 1.33 10.39* Mean 120 1.00 - 186.12 0.99 - 196.09 1.00 - S.E.(m) 2.13 0.19 - 4.95 0.12 - 7.05 0.73 - *, ** Significant at P 0.05 and P0.01, respectively 25. Stability parameters Genotypes Primary branches /plant Secondary branches/ plant Pods per plant mean bi S2di mean bi S2di mean Bi S2di ICPH 3933 21.40 1.85* -4.62 90.53 0.88 -0.55 255.38 0.90 -0.18 ICPH 2671 28.79 1.02 0.75 130.20 1.43 2.31 404.86 1.33 1.89 ICPH 2740 25.30 1.64 -8.62 106.56 1.01 -1.26 303.80 0.70 12.53** ICPH 3477 24.00 1.36 3.88 95.66 0.93 -1.29 258.26 1.31 4.92** ICPH 4490 22.80 0.97 1.10 97.21 0.93 -1.30 264.71 0.99 2.49 ICPH 3494 25.23 0.33 2.15 96.66 0.88 -0.09 223.61 0.95 -0.48 ICPH 2751 22.70 0.37 1.96 92.43 0.70 -0.04 281.28 1.22 -0.50 ICPH 3491 21.16 0.63 6.60 96.56 1.02 0.68 224.16 0.95 -0.21 ICPH 3762 24.28 1.30 2.60 90.28 0.80 -1.29 300.61 1.12 -0.05 ICPH 3461 25.81 0.32 -16.03* 112.56 1.48 26.69** 299.40 1.09 0.63 Maruti 18.04 0.96 7.92 91.90 0.85 3.65 230.80 0.62 -0.47 Asha 20.57 2.57 0.53 101.10 1.05 10.39** 224.43 0.77 0.10 Mean 23.34 0.99 - 100.14 1.00 - 272.61 0.99 - S.E.(m) 1.35 0.28 - 5.26 0.32 - 17.15 0.35 - 26. Stability parameters Genotypes Seeds/pod Grain yield/plant(g) Grain yield (kg/ha) mean bi S2di mean bi S2di mean bi S2di ICPH 3933 3.50 -0.43 -0.01 62.78 1.52 -3.62 1561.16 1.46 113660.1** ICPH 2671 3.62 0.99 0.00 72.80 0.97 -10.44 1634.90 0.95 -9242.7 ICPH 2740 3.63 1.12 0.04 64.30 1.30 34.94 1674.08 1.22 -2249.0 ICPH 3477 3.55 0.33 0.14* 60.00 1.25 -2.31 1396.93 -0.25 -10256.6 ICPH 4490 3.54 0.60 -0.00 65.48 2.27* 68.89* 1629.46 0.91 6453.2 ICPH 3494 3.83 0.98 0.08* 49.29 0.86 0.90 1215.61 0.81 63648.0* ICPH 2751 3.53 0.98 -0.00 63.77 0.01 0.45 1289.53 -0.08* -5078.3 ICPH 3491 3.93 0.99 -0.01 47.69 0.53 17.11 1328.55 1.36 -11955.9 ICPH 3762 3.50 0.93 -0.00 62.58 0.61 -70.52 1509.90 1.54 25249.1 ICPH 3461 3.58 1.57* 0.00 65.39 0.53 114.0* 1486.20 0.03 -11208.8 Maruti 3.66 3.57 0.01 37.17 0.72 -8.79 953.75 1.03 11372.2 Asha 3.47 -0.20 0.07* 39.11 0.57 -8.85 1050.66 0.08 1059.7 Mean 3.64 0.95 - 57.53 0.92 - 1394.23 1.00 - S.E.(m) 0.40 0.14 - 5.65 0.91 - 114.56 0.64 - *, ** Significant at P 0.05 and P0.01, respectively 27. GGE biplot figures Days to 50% flowering Days to maturity 28. GGE biplot figures Plant height Primary branches/plant 29. GGE biplot figures Secondary branches/plant Pods/plant 30. GGE biplot figures Seeds/pod Grain yield/plant (g) 31. 0 500 1000 1500 2000 Patancheru Grainyield(kg/ha) 0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 Ranchi Grainyield(kg/ha) 0 500 1000 1500 2000 Sehore 0.0 500.0 1000.0 1500.0 2000.0 Grainyield(kg/ha) Pooled Grainyield(kg/ha) Standard heterosis over the checks 32. 0.0 200.0 400.0 600.0 800.0 1000.0 1200.0 1400.0 1600.0 1800.0 Grainyield(kg/ha) Standard heterosis over the checks Genotypes 33. Stable Hybrids Traits Stable genotypes Grain yield (kg/ha) ICPH 2671, ICPH 2740, ICPH 3762, ICPH 4490, ICPH 3491 Days to 50% flowering ICPH 2671, ICPH 3933, ICPH 3494, Days to maturity ICPH 2671, ICPH 3933, ICPH 3762, ICPH 2740, ICPH 3477, ICPH 2751, ICPH 3491, ICPH 3461, Maruti and Asha Plant height (cm) ICPH 2671, ICPH 3933, ICPH 2740, ICPH 3762 ICPH 3477, ICPH 4490, ICPH 3491, Primary branches/plant ICPH 2671, ICPH 4490 Secondary branches /plant ICPH 2740, ICPH 3477, ICPH 4490, ICPH 3494, ICPH 3491 Pods/plant ICPH 2671, ICPH 3933, ICPH 3762, ICPH 2751, ICPH 3461 Seeds/pod ICPH 2671, ICPH 2751, ICPH 3491, ICPH 3762 Grain yield /plant (g) ICPH 2671, ICPH 3933, ICPH 3762, ICPH 2740, ICPH 3477 34. Conclusions In Ranchi, most of the hybrids showed high yield compared to other two locations Patancheru location was suitable for early maturity than the other locations Cont. 35. Stable hybrids Yield traits ICPH 2671 (8) grain yield (kg/ha), days to 50% flowering, days to 75% maturity, plant height, primary branches, pods/plant, seeds / pod, grain yield/plant ICPH 2740, ICPH 3933 and ICPH 3762 (5) grain yield (kg/ha), days to 75% maturity, plant height, pods/plant, grain yield/plant 36. Acknowledgements Dr. K.B. Saxena & team, Pigeonpea Breeding, ICRISAT, Patancheru. Dr. A. N. Tikle, R.A.K. College of Agriculture, Sehore, R.V.S.K.V.V., Gwalior, (Madhya Pradesh). Dr. Abhishek Rathore & team, Biometrics, department, ICRISAT, Patancheru. Dr. Rosana Mula & team, LSU, ICRISAT, Patancheru. Housing & Food serving Committee, ICRISAT, Patancheru. 37. ICRISAT is a member of the CGIAR Consortium Everything else can wait but not agriculture Thank you !