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The International Chickpea and Pigeonpea Newsletter (ICPN) is published annually by ICRISAT. It is intended as a worldwide
communication link for all those who are interested in the research and development of chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.), and
pigeonpea [Cqjanus cajan (L.) Millsp.], and their wi ld relatives. Though the contributions that appear in ICPN are peer-reviewed
and edited, it is expected that the work reported wi l l be developed further and formally published later in refereed journals. It is
assumed that contributions in ICPN wi l l not be cited unless no alternative reference is available.
ICPN welcomes short contributions (not exceeding 600 words) about matters of interest to its readers.
W h a t t o c o n t r i b u t e ?
Send us the kind of information you would like to see in ICPN.
• Contributions should be current, scholarly, and their inclusion well-justified on the grounds of new information.
• Results of recently concluded experiments, newly released varieties, recent additions to germplasm collections, etc.
• Genome maps and information on probe-availability and sequences, and populations synthesized for specific traits being
mapped. Glossy black and white prints of maps should be included, if possible. Partial maps can also be submitted.
• Short reports of workshops, conferences, symposia, field days, meetings, tours, surveys, network activities, and recently
launched or concluded projects.
• Details of recent publications, with ful l bibliographic information and ' mini reviews ' whenever possible.
• Personal news (new appointments, awards, promotions, change of address, etc.)
H o w t o f o r m a t con t r ibu t ions?
• Keep the items brief — remember, ICPN is a newsletter and not a primary journal. About 600 words is the upper limit (no more
than two double-spaced pages).
• If necessary, include one or two small tables (and no more). Supply only the essential information; round of f the data-values to
just one place of decimal whenever appropriate; choose suitable units to keep the values small (e.g., use tons instead of kg).
Every table should fit within the normal typewritten area of a standard upright page (not a ' landscape ' page).
• Black-and-white photographs and drawings (prepared in dense black ink on a white card or a heavy-duty tracing paper) are
welcome — photocopies, color photographs, and 35-mrn slides are not. Please send disk-files (with all the data) whenever you
submit computer-generated illustrations.
• Keep the list of references short — not more than five references, all of which should have been seen in the original by the
author. Provide all the details including author/s, year, title of the article, ful l title of the journal, volume, issue, and page
numbers (for journal articles), and place of publication and publishers (for books and conference proceedings) for every refer
ence.
• Express all the quantities only in SI units. Spell out in full every acronym you use.
• Give the correct Latin name of every crop, pest, or pathogen at the first mention.
• Type the entire text in double spacing. Please send a file, which should match the printout, on a double-sided/high density IBM-
compatible disk using Microsoft Applications.
• Contact the Editor for detailed guidelines on how to format text and diskettes.
• Include the full address with telephone, fax, and email numbers of all authors.
The Editors wi l l carefully consider all submitted contributions and wi l l include in the Newsletter those that are of acceptable
scientific standard and conform to requirements. The language of the Newsletter is English, but where possible, articles submitted
in other languages wi l l be translated. Authors should closely follow the style of the reports in this issue. Contributions that deviate
markedly from this style wi l l be returned for revision, and could miss the publication date. Communications wi l l be edited to
preserve a uniform style throughout the Newsletter. This may shorten some contributions, but particular care wi l l be taken to
ensure that the editing wi l l not change the meaning and scientific content of the article. Wherever substantial editing is required,
a draft copy of the edited version wi l l be sent to the contributor for approval before printing.
Contributions and requests for inclusion in the mailing list should be mailed to:
ICPN Editor
c/o GREP Office
ICRISAT
Patancheru 502 324
Andhra Pradesh, India
Fax +9140 241239
Email [email protected]
Tel +91 40 3296161
International Chickpea and Pigeonpea Newsletter
N e w s
Edi to r ia l
Abou t Chickpea and Pigeonpea Scientists
A G R I T E C H '99
Bumper Harvest of Pigeonpea in Andhra Pradesh
dur ing 1998-99
V i e w s
A Proposal for a Di rectory of Recombinant Inbred Lines
for Chickpea Genome M a p p i n g
A Proposal for Chickpea Gene Nomenclature
R e s e a r c h R e p o r t s
C h i c k p e a
B r e e d i n g / G e n e t i c s
I C C X 810800—a N e w H igh -y ie ld ing , Ascochyta
Bl ight-resistant Chickpea Var ie ty for the L o w and
M i d H i l l s o f H imacha l Pradesh, India
Phenotypic Stabi l i ty among Kabu l i Chickpea Genotypes
for Three Cook ing Qual i ty At t r ibutes
Bi t ta l 98 (A 16): an Improved Form of the Predominant
Most Desi Chickpea Var ie ty C 44
CM 98 ( C M 31-1/85) : a Very H igh -y ie ld ing and
Disease-resistant Mutant Var iety of Chickpea
P a t h o l o g y
Effect o f Var ious Sowing Depths on Wi l t Incidence
of Chickpea in a Wi l t -s ick F ie ld , Pakistan
M V Reddy and C Cheralu
Jagdish Kumar and F J Muehlbauer
F J Muehlbauer and Jagdish Kumar
K S Panwar, A Singh, and A Si rohi
l S Meh la , R S Wald ia , V P Singh,
and V S Lather
Akh ta r A l i
M Ahsan ul Haq, M Sadiq,
and Mehmud ul Hassan
M Hanif , Farhat F Jami l , and
Ikramul Haq
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C o n t e n t s
I C P N 6, 1999 i
i i I C P N 6, 1999
Ident i f icat ion o f Resistance to Botryt is Gray M o l d in
Chickpea
Screening Chickpea for Resistance to W i l t Disease in
Gujarat, Ind ia
Sources of Resistance to Root -knot Nematodes in
Chickpea Germplasm
Isolat ion of Bacteria Possessing An t i f unga l Act iv i t ies
Against Ascochyta rabiei, a Chickpea Fungus
E n t o m o l o g y
Feasibi l i ty of Us ing Trichogramma chilonis Ishii
against Helicoverpa armigera (Hubner) Infest ing Chickpea
Incidence of Helicoverpa armigera (Hubner) on W i l d
and Cul t ivated Species of Chickpea
A g r o n o m y / P h y s i o l o g y
Response of Chickpea to Seed Pr im ing in the H igh
Bar ind Tract o f Bangladesh
Compar ison o f Y ie ld and Economics o f Irr igated
Chickpea Under Improved and Loca l Management
Practices
Responses of Some Tunis ian Chickpea (Cicer arietinum)
Variet ies to Sal in i ty in Nutr ient Solut ion
A Prel iminary Field Evaluat ion of Chickpea Nodula t ion
Var iants
Chickpea Root Nodu la t ion and Y i e l d as Af fec ted by
Mic ronu t r ien t App l i ca t ion and Rhizobium Inoculat ion
Studies on A l le lopa thy and Med ic ina l Weeds in Chickpea
Fie lds
B i o t e c h n o l o g y
Isolat ion of Putat ive Disease Resistance Gene Clones
f rom Chickpea and Pigeonpea
Improved Ef f i c iency in Chickpea Tissue Cul ture:
Effects o f Presoaking and A g e o f Explants on In V i t r o
Shoot Pro l i fera t ion
D P Singh and L Kant
S M Jani, M F Acharya, and V P Andan i
R G Patel, B A Patel, D J Patel,
and S B Sharma
A h m a d A l i Shahid and Sheikh Riazuddin
S S Kula t , S A N imba lkar , V Y Deotale,
and V J Tambe
Sandeep Kaur , K S Chhabra, and B S A ro ra
A M Musa, C Johansen, J Kumar ,
and D Harris
R K S Tomar, Prabhakar Sharma,
and L N Yadav
N Slei'mi, M Lachaal, and C Abde l l y
A Sheoran, A L Khurana, and S.S. Dudeja
M A H Bhu iyan , D Khanam, and M Y A l i
P Oudhia
S Sivaramakrishnan, B C Meyers , Ka thy Shen,
D 0 Lavel le , and R W Miche lmore
R Is lam, H Farooqui , and S Riazuddin
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I C P N 6, 1999 iii
P i g e o n p e a
B r e e d i n g / G e n e t i c s
A Flora l Mutan t in Pigeonpea
A K P H - 4 1 0 1 : a Short-durat ion Pigeonpea H y b r i d
for the Central Zone of India
Extent of Natura l Outcrossing in Pigeonpea in Gujarat
P a t h o l o g y
React ion of Pigeonpea Cul t ivars to a Sudden Appearance
of Macrophomina Stem Canker Disease at Pantnagar,
Ind ia
E n t o m o l o g y
A Braconidae Parasite (Braeon sp. near celer Szepligeti)
on Pigeonpea Pod F ly (Melanagromyza chalcosoma
Spencer) in Farmers ' Fields in Southern and Eastern
A f r i c a
Ad jus t i ng Pigeonpea Sowing T ime to Manage Pod
Borer Infestat ion
An Outbreak o f Mea ly B u g , [Ceroplastodes cajani
(Maskctl)] in the N i m a r Region of Madhya Pradesh,
Ind ia
Evaluat ion o f Some N e w Insecticides on
Helicoverpa armigera (Hubner) in Pigeonpea
Natura l Enemies Associated w i t h A r th ropod Pests of
Pigeonpea in Eastern A f r i c a
Solar izat ion to Protect Pigeonpea Seeds f rom Bruch id
Damage dur ing Storage
A g r o n o m y / P h y s i o l o g y
Associat ion of Plant Height and Matu r i t y Durat ion
w i t h Seed Y i e l d in Pigeonpea
Ident i f icat ion of Postrainy Pigeonpea Var ie ty Suitable
fo r the Paddy Fields of South Gujarat, Ind ia
V N Toprope, K K Zote, G V Chaven,
K D Navg i re , and S S Gosalwad
K B Wanjar i , A N Pat i l , and M C Patel
D V Savalia and P P Zaver i
G C Bajpai , D P Singh, and H S Tr ipa th i
E M M i n j a and T G Shanower
S S Dahiya, Y S Chauhan, C Johansen,
and T G Shanower
S S Shaw, 0 P Veda, A K Badaya,
and S K Parsai
Gouse M o h a m m e d and A Subba Rao
E.M. M i n j a , T G Shanower, J M Ong 'a ro ,
J Nder i tu , and J M Songa
M A Ghaffar and Y S Chauhan
A Rehman, K M a h m o o d , M Ishaq,
and A Rashid
N C Desai and C G In twala
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iv I C P N 6, 1999
Opt im iza t ion o f Sow ing T ime and Spacing in Postrainy-
season Pigeonpea G r o w n in South Gujarat
Performance o f Extra-Short -durat ion and Short-durat ion
Pigeonpea Genotypes in Paddy Fal lows under Rainfed
Condi t ions in the D r y Zones o f Sri Lanka
U t i l i z a t i o n
Study on the Use of Pigeonpea as Pig Feed in China
B i o t e c h n o l o g y
Effect o f Sucrose Concentrat ion on In V i t r o Regeneration
in Pigeonpea
Agrobacter ium-mediated Transformat ion o f Pigeonpea
(Cajanus cajan L. Millsp.) by Us ing L e a f Disks
Publ icat ions
I C R I S A T publications
S A T C R I S listings
N C Desai and C G In twa la
S N Jayawardena, Y B Iqbal ,
K Hett iarachchi , and K B Saxena
Lu Fu j i , Yuan Jie, L i Zhenghong,
Cao K u n x i a n , He Z h i y u n , L i L iann ian ,
Gong W e i , Duan Y o n g m i n g , and Feng M i n
Archana T i w a r i , Renu, N P Singh,
and A N Asthana
A Arundhat i
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I C P N 6, 1999 1
F r o m t h e E d i t o r N e w s
Welcome to the 1999 issue of the International
Chickpea and Pigeonpea Newsletter ( I C P N 6) . ICPN 6
contains near ly 40 papers cover ing al l aspects of produc-
t ion and ut i l izat ion of chickpea and pigeonpea. The report
on the s igni f icant posi t ive effect of seed p r im ing on
chickpea yields in Bangladesh is an excit ing one. In addit ion
to the w ide d isc ip l inary coverage there is also w ide geo
graphic coverage w i th authors from more than 9 countries
in As ia , A f r i ca , Amer i ca , and Europe represented in this
issue.
Dr N Said Si l im w i l l be the new editor and Dr B Richard
Jones w i l l assist h i m as coeditor for ICPN in 2000 and I
w ish both these colleagues w e l l . I k n o w that both they
and ICPN w i l l be able to count on the cont inued support
of readers and contr ibutors. Please note the changed
ma i l i ng address g iven on the cover verso. I wou ld l ike to
thank the contr ibutors for mak ing the newsletter such an
interesting publ icat ion. A lso I w o u l d l ike to acknowledge
the cont r ibut ion of the f o l l o w i n g reviewers to the current
issue of ICPN: V A n j a i a h , S Chandra , Y S Chauhan ,
C T Hash , C Johansen , Jagd ish K u m a r , P K Josh i ,
N Mal l ikar juna, G V Ranga Rao, L J Reddy, O P Rupela,
N P Saxena, K B Saxena, S D S i n g h , H C Sharma ,
K K Sharma, S B Sharma, and R P Thakur . l w o u l d
l ike to acknowledge the con t r ibu t ion o f L ib ra ry and
Documentat ion Services, 1CRISAT, fo r comp i l i ng the
list of publ icat ions on chickpea and pigeonpea based on
l C R l S A T ' s electronic bibl iographic database S A T C R I S —
the Sem i -A r i d Trop ica l Crops In format ion Service.
We we lcome contr ibut ions on chickpea and
pigeonpea in var ious product ion systems and also your
suggestions for future issues of ICPN.
J V D K K u m a r Rao
A b o u t C h i c k p e a a n d P i g e o n p e a Scient is ts
P K Mukherjee, Scientific Off icer E, Nuclear Agr icu l ture
and B io technology D i v i s i on , Bhabha A t o m i c Research
Centre, Mumba i , has been conferred w i th the prestigious
Pran Vohra A w a r d for 1998-99 by the Ind ian Science
Congress Associat ion on 5 Jan 1999 at Chennai , Ind ia .
The award, wh i ch carries a c i tat ion and a cash pr ize of
Rs 10 000 honors talented young scientists be low 35
years, who have made a signif icant research contr ibut ion
to agr icul tural sciences. Mukher jee was recognized fo r
his outstanding work in the b io log ica l cont ro l o f p lant
diseases.
K S Chhabra , w h o ret ired as Senior En tomolog is t
(Pulses), Punjab Agricultural University (PAU) , Ludh iana,
Punjab, Ind ia , after serving P A U fo r 32 years, has been
nominated by the Indian Counci l of Agr icul tural Research
( ICAR) as a Member of the Research Adv isory Committee
( R A C ) o f the Ind ian Inst i tute o f Pulses Research ( I IPR) ,
Kanpur fo r a per iod of 3 years beg inn ing October 1998.
Chhabra, who retired as Senior Entomologist (Pulses),
Punjab Agr icu l tura l Univers i ty , Ludhiana, after 20 years
of research on Pulse En tomo logy , has been reappointed
as Professor Emeritus (Entomology) to work on the project
"Advances in pest management in gra in legume c r o p s —
Vigna spp and chickpea' ' w i t h headquarters at P A U ,
Ludhiana. The project has been funded by the Depart-
ment o f Science and Technology, Government o f Ind ia,
N e w De lh i .
M M Pathak, Department of Genetics and Plant Breeding,
C S Azad Univers i ty of Agr icu l tu re and Techno logy ,
Kanpur , Uttar Pradesh, India, took over as Economic
Botanist (Legumes) ef fect ive 18 Dec 1998 in place of
M P Gupta, who expired on 13 Dec 1998.
J P Yadavendra , Research Scientist ( N A R P ) , has
moved f rom Agr icu l tu ra l Research Stat ion, Gujarat
Agr i cu l tu ra l Un ivers i ty ( G A U ) , Dero l , Gujarat , Ind ia , to
B.A. College o f Agr icul ture, G A U , Anand, Gujarat, Ind ia ,
as Professor and Head, Department of Plant Breeding
and Cytogenet ics.
2 I C P N 6, 1999
A G R I T E C H '99 - Israel
The 14th s tag ing o f the w o r l d ' s lead ing t r i -annua l
agr icu l tura l exh ib i t ion , A G R I T E C H ' 9 9 , is to be held
from 5 to 9 Sep 1999 at Ha i fa in Israel. A G R I T E C H 99
offers an established fo rum in wh ich to meet, do business,
and discuss var ious aspects of business-oriented
agroproduct ion w i t h leading agr icul tural experts f rom
al l over the w o r l d .
A G R I T E C H ' 99 w i l l cover the most comprehensive
and up-to-date agricultural exhibitions including: Irr igation
and Fert igat ion Techno logy ; Water Management—
Waste Water Recyc l ing , F i l t ra t ion, D r i n k i n g Water
Treatment ; Greenhouses—Structures, Equipment , Plas
t ic Sheeting and Au toma t i on ; Hor t icu l ture, Da i ry Farm
ing , Sheep and Goat—Computer ized M i l k i n g Systems,
Breeding, Feeding Systems; Integrated Solut ions, B i o
technology; Seeds and Propagation Mater ia ls—Plant ing,
Tissue Cul ture and Transplant ing Systems, Vegetables,
Flor icul ture, Plasticulture, Fruits and Citrus; Poultry
Farming—Breed ing Equipment , Feeding Systems and
Integrated Solutions, Field Crops; Aquacul ture—Breeding
Equipment , Feeding Systems and Integrated Solut ions;
Mach inery and Equ ipmen t—Advanced T i l lage and
M i n i m u m T i l lage Equipment ; Spraying and Harvest ing
Systems; Sorting, Packing and Transportation Equipment;
Chemica l and Organic Fert i l izer, Food Processing,
Computer ized In fo rmat ion and Management Systems—
Hardware and Software for Agr i cu l tu ra l Management
and Information Systems, Veterinary and Feeding Systems,
and Postharvest Treatment; and Plant Pro tec t ion—
Chemica l , Organic and B io log ica l Systems.
For more detai ls contact O R B I T at: ( E m a i l )
Bumper Harvest of Pigeonpea in A n d h r a
Pradesh dur ing 1 9 9 8 - 9 9
Pigeonpea is an important grain legume crop under
ra infed agricul ture in the ra iny season in Andh ra
Pradesh. Annua l l y , i t is cu l t ivated on an area of 350 000
ha. In recent years it has been also cul t ivated in the
postra iny season on a smal l scale (20 000 ha). The
product ion of the crop received a serious setback since
1985 due to the severe incidence of Helicoverpa pod
borer. Though the y i e l d potent ia l of the crop is around
2.0 t ha -1, farmers have been unable to achieve y ie lds of
more than 330 kg ha -1.
However , dur ing the 1998-99 season, pigeonpea
product iv i ty in the state was one of the best seen in the
past 25 years. As a sole crop, y ie lds ranging from 0.8 to
2.0 t ha'1 have been realized; this is close to the potential
o f the crop. The record y i e l d o f the c rop d u r i n g the
current season can be attr ibuted to four reasons:
1. We l l distr ibuted monsoon rains in the ra iny season
helped the crop achieve suf f ic ient vegetative g row th ,
even in the l ight soils. Excess rains d id not cause
much damage to the crop in black soils. Rather cotton
suffered f rom water logg ing.
2. Due to extended monsoon rains up to late October,
the crop d id not suffer f rom terminal moisture stress.
3. Helicoverpa incidence was less severe. One reason
for the low severity of Helicoverpa could be the heavy
rains in the ra iny season, no rains in the postrainy
season and the cool and pro longed w in te r seems to
have helped suppress Helicoverpa. Another reason
could be the lower level pesticide appl icat ion in cotton
due to rain damage to the crop; consequently, there
was lower resistance to pesticide in the Helicoverpa
populat ion wh i ch norma l l y move f rom cotton to
pigeonpea.
4. The intensive campaign launched by Acharya
N G Ranga Agr i cu l tu ra l Univers i ty and the Depart
ment o f A g r i c u l t u r e on I P M o f Helicoverpa
t h rough farmers t r a i n i ng p rograms and o n - f a r m
demonst ra t ions .
Submitted by: M V Reddy and C Cheralu (Regional
Agricultural Research Station, Lam, Guntur 522 034,
Andhra Pradesh, India)
I C P N 6, 1999 3
A genome map comprising important genes and associated
molecu lar markers w o u l d greatly aid the development of
h igh -y ie ld ing , stable varieties of chickpea. S imon and
Muehlbauer (1997) constructed a Cicer map and identi f ied
10 l inkage groups consist ing of 28 isozyme, 44 R A P D , 9
RFLP , 9 morpho log ica l , and 6 other markers. This map
is based on studies of F2/F3 populat ions. Since genotypes
of early generations are ephemeral, conf i rmat ion of the
results using the same populat ions is not possible. Use of
recombinant inbred l ines (R ILs ) for the development of
such maps is advantageous because data can be recorded
f rom experiments repl icated at di f ferent locations. Such
data can be analyzed and pooled to develop high-densi ty
maps. R I L populations have been developed at l C R l S A T
in Ind ia, and U S D A - A R S at Washington State
Univers i ty at Pu l lman, Washington, USA. I t wou ld be
useful i f the in format ion on the avai lable R ILs is com-
p i led for use by chickpea researchers wor ldw ide .
We propose to make these R ILs (Table 1) avai lable to
chickpea researchers for further phenotyping and molecular
marker analyses under mater ial transfer agreements, as
appl icable. The avai lable data already assembled on
these lines w i l l be prov ided electronical ly. We inv i te
chickpea workers to contr ibute and share R I L populations
they have developed, inc lud ing avai lable data, w i t h the
research commun i ty . Th is approach should expedite the
development of a saturated genome map of chickpea.
Ideal ly , the cross for developing an R I L popula t ion
should invo lve a single typ ica l p lant or a pure l ine of
each parent. Such parental plant seed should be prov ided
w i t h the R ILs for marker studies. A b o u t 100 or more
lines per populat ion may be enough, but many more may
be necessary when analyz ing for quant i tat ive trai t loc i
(QTLs ) .
A P r o p o s a l f o r C h i c k p e a G e n e
N o m e n c l a t u r e
F J Muehlbauer1 and Jagdish Kumar
2 ( 1 . USDA-
ARS, Department of Crop and Soil Sciences, Washington
State University, Pullman, Washington 99164-6434,
USA; and 2. International Crops Research Institute for
the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT), Patancheru 502 324,
Andhra Pradesh, India)
Interest in genetics and molecular markers of chickpea
(Cicer arietinum L) has increased in recent years. A l though
an integrated linkage map of Cicer was published recently
(S imon and Mueh lbauer 1997), on l y n ine genes were
actually located. M a n y genes that confer various chickpea
traits have not been assigned to the eight chromosomes
because definite linkages are yet to be established. A l le l i sm
tests fo r presumed new genes also need to be conducted
w i th type lines drawn f r om earlier studies. Further, where
attempts were made to conduct a l le l ism tests, the genetic
stocks used in the or iginal studies were either unavai lable
or showed phenotypes di f ferent from those described in
Table 1. Some examples of currently available populations of recombinant inbred lines ( R I L s ) of chickpea.
RIL population
ICCV 2 x JG 62
ICC 4958 x C. reticulatum
C 104 x WR 315
ICC 4958 x Annigeri
ICC 1069 x Syrian Local
FLIP 84-92C x C. reticulatum
ICCV 2 x ICCV 93929
Institution No. of lines
ICRISAT 116
USDA-ARS at WSU 132
USDA-ARS at WSU/ICRlSAT 184
ICRISAT 250
lCRISAT 83
USDA-ARS at WSU 215
ICRISAT 92
Major trait
Fusarium wi l t
Root volume
Fusarium wi l t
Root volume
Ascochyta blight
Ascochyta blight
Fusarium wi l t /Chi l l ing
A Proposal for a Directory of
Recombinant Inbred Lines for
Chickpea Genome M a p p i n g
V i e w s
Reference
Simon, C., and Muehlbauer , F.J. 1997. Construct ion
of a chickpea l inkage map and its compar ison w i t h maps
of pea and lent i l . Journal o f Heredi ty 88 :115 -119 .
Jagdish Kumar1 and F J Muehlbauer
2 (1 . International
Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics
(ICRISAT), Patancheru 502 324, Andhra Pradesh, India;
and 2. USDA-ARS, Department of Crop and Soil Sciences,
Washington State University, Pullman, Washington
99164-6434, USA)
4 I C P N 6, 1999
the literature (Kumar 1997). A l ready a number of studies
have al lot ted new symbols to genes w i thou t checking
their al le l ic relat ionships against those ident i f ied for the
same traits in earlier studies (Muehlbauer and Singh 1987).
M u c h w o r k is therefore st i l l needed on the genetics of
Cicer to ident i fy useful new morpho log ica l markers, to
construct accurate linkage groups, and to identify a standard
karyotype. To achieve these object ives, chickpea genet i
cists must organize and coordinate efforts on the lines of
what has been done for Pisum ( B l i x t et a l . 1977). In this
note we propose that a Chickpea Genetics Associat ion
( C G A ) be fo rmed to organize and establish rules for the
maintenance and use of genetic stocks and to develop
standard nomenclature for chickpea gene symbols.
The Pisum Genetics Associat ion (PGA) has developed
a po l i cy for the nomenclature of new ly discovered genes
(B l i x t et al . 1977). A worker w h o identi f ies a new gene
submits the evidence and the proposed symbo l to a regis
trat ion author i ty. Based on the evidence, this author i ty
registers the new gene, prov ided the symbol is not already
in use. Otherwise an alternative symbo l is mutua l ly
agreed upon. Approved symbols are then announced in
thei r annual newsletter. The Internat ional Chickpea and
Pigeonpea Newsletter cou ld per fo rm that funct ion. A
small group of knowledgeable chickpea geneticists should
act as faci l i tators to ini t iate this process.
The f o l l ow ing rules for genetic symbols, abstracted
f rom the PGA (B l i x t et al . 1977), may be considered:
a. A gene symbo l should consist of a base of one to three
letters to wh i ch superscripts may be appended.
b. Genes that are al le l ic shall be symbol ized w i t h the
same base letter(s) so that each gene locus w i l l be
designated by a characteristic symbol base.
c. A l le les der ived by separate mutat ional events at a
part icular locus, but wh ich have identical pheno-
types, should be designated by the same symbol .
d. The f irst pair of alleles reported for a gene locus shall
be di f ferent iated by capi ta l iz ing the first letter of the
symbo l for the dominant or part ia l ly dominant al lele.
e. When more than t w o alleles exist for a locus, the
addi t ional alleles, or those symbol ized subsequently
to the pair f i rst publ ished, shall be di f ferent iated by
adding one or more lower case letters as a superscript
to the base (e.g., Cry , C r y c , C r y s ) . Subscripts, either
as numbers or letters, should not be used.
f. Gene pairs w i t h the same or s imi lar effects should be
designated w i t h the same letter base di f ferent iated by
numerals (e.g. C h i - 1 , Ch i -2 , . . .) . Th is is the on ly
permi t ted use of numerals.
g. When feasible, base letters shal l be chosen so as to
indicate apparent relat ionships among traits by using
common in i t ia l letters for a l l loc i in a related group of
traits. For example, the wax genes in Pisum a l l beg in
w i t h the letter w.
h. A hyphen may be used in place of a gene symbo l to
represent any allele at the indicated locus ( for example:
A- o r A / - represent both A / A and A /a ) ,
Rules for linkage groups and chromosomes, cytoplasmic
factors, va l id i ty of symbols, type l ines, and status of
symbols are also described. Of these, type lines are of the
most immediate importance to prevent the loss of genes
and to provide interested workers w i t h part icular genes
in the appropriate genetic background to ensure expression.
The f o l l ow ing rule for type lines was adopted by the
PGA: A type l ine shall be assigned for each new ly
described allele and such lines shall be safely maintained,
preferably at two or more locations. The type l ine may be
the l ine in wh ich the character was f i rst isolated and
analyzed, but when this is not possible, an appropriate
representative line shall be designated. Authors c la iming
the discovery of a new gene and proposing a gene symbol
are expected to make available seed of the mutant to
qual i f ied researchers through w o r k i n g col lect ions ma in -
tained at national or international genetic resource centers.
A symbol w i thout the mutant i tsel f is of no value.
There is a clear need for rules concerning genetic
symbol izat ion in chickpeas. Th is can be achieved by a
work ing committee of chickpea geneticists. It is imperative
that such a committee be formed so that clear conventions
can be developed and implemented.
Blixt, S., M a r x , G.A. , and M u r f e t , I .C. 1977. Rules for
genetic symbols. Pisum Newslet ter 9 :67 -70 .
K u m a r , J . 1997. Complementat ion for f l ower co lor in
two chickpea crosses. Ind ian Journal of Pulses Research
10:227-228.
Muehlbauer , F.J. , and Singh, K.B. 1987. Genetics of
chickpea. Pages 99 -125 in The chickpea (Saxena, M.C. ,
and Singh, K.B. , eds.). Wa l l i ng fo rd , Oxon OX 10 8 D E ,
U K : C A B Internat ional .
Simon, C.J. , and Muehlbauer , F.J. 1997. Construct ion
of a chickpea l inkage map and its compar ison w i t h maps
of peas and lenti ls. Journal o f Heredi ty 88 :115 -119 .
References
I C P N 6 , 1999 5
Research Reports
C h i c k p e a
Chickpea is a major postrainy season pulse crop in the
low and m i d h i l ls o f H imachal Pradesh. Ascochyta
b l igh t caused by Ascochyta rabiei is the disease most
common ly responsible for decl ine in y ie ld (Singh and
Sood 1990). Furthermore, a w ide f luctuat ion in c l imat ic
condi t ions and poor adopt ion of exist ing varieties result
in low average y ie ld . Breeding for h igh y ie ld and disease
resistance is the most ef fect ive method to overcome
these constraints. The Pulse Research Stat ion, Ber th in ,
H imachal Pradesh Kr i sh i V ishvav idya laya ( H P K V ) , has
ident i f ied a small-seeded, ascochyta bl ight-resistant
chickpea cul t ivar , ICCX 810800, wh i ch possesses a
stable and a h igh y ie ld level . It was or ig ina l ly received
f rom I C R I S A T in 1991-92 in an Ascochyta B l igh t
Nursery ( A B N ) as ICCX 810800-3H-BW-BH-1H-1H-BH.
The yields of ICCX 810800 and two other recommended
var iet ies—C 235 and HPG 17—in experimental tr ials
conducted in a randomized b lock design at Ber th in from
1991 to 1996-97 are summarized in Table 1. (Data of
1991-92 and 1995-96 were not considered due to poor
plant stand.) In these tr ials, I C C X 810800 gave an aver-
age y ie ld of 1920 kg ha -1 as compared to 1020 kg ha -1 of
C 235 (smal l seeded) and 1590 kg ha -1 of HPG 17 (bo ld
seeded), thus ref lect ing an 8 7 % y ie ld increase over
C 235 and 2 0 % over HPG 17.
S imi la r ly in 10 on- farm tr ials conducted on farmers'
f ie lds in Zone 1 of the state dur ing 1994-95 and 1995—
96, I C C X 810800 gave a mean grain y ie ld of 1090 kg
ha -1 against 640 of C 235 and 900 kg ha -1 of H P G 17
(Table 2) . The performance of I C C X 810800 has also
been tested on farmers ' f ields under a p i lo t pro ject of
H P K V , Palampur (Zone I I ) during 1996-97 at six locations.
The data revealed that I C C X 810800 gave a mean y ie ld
of 680 kg h a 1 as compared to 500 kg ha - 1 of C 235 and
370 k g ha-1 o f HPG 17.
Over a per iod of 6 years, I C C X 810800 has exhib i ted
stable resistance to ascochyta b l igh t under ar t i f ic ia l in-
oculation (Table 3). The screening was done using a f ie ld
screening technique developed by Nene et al. (1981). C 235
and HPG 17 are the on ly recommended varieties fo r
Zone I and both are either susceptible or moderately
susceptible to Ascochyta rabiei; therefore, I C C X 810800
reported an alternative w h i c h exhib i ted resistance to
A. rabiei in this reg ion. The l ine also showed resistance
to Ascochyta bl ight at Ludhiana and moderate resistance
at Gurdaspur (Punjab), Hisar (Haryana), R.S. Pura (Jammu
and Kashmi r ) , and Sriganganagar (Rajasthan) (Haware
et al . 1994). The grain color and grain type of I C C X
810800 are very attractive type and color. Its cook ing
qual i ty is comparable to C 235. In v iew of its disease
resistance, high grain yield, and better consumer preference,
Table 1. Yield (kg ha-1
) of three chickpea varieties at Berthin, Himachal Pradesh, India , postrainy season 1992-97 .
Var ie ty
I C C X 810800
C 235
HPG 17
C D (0.05)
1991/92
2250
1780
1980
1993/94
2180
700
1660
365
1994/95
1520
610
1350
398
1996/97
1720
1010
1370
601
Mean
1920
1020
1590
Percent
increase in y ie ld over
C 235 HPG 17
87 20
1. Not estimated.
I C C X 810800—a New High-yielding,
Ascochyta Blight-resistant Chickpea
Var ie ty for the L o w and M i d Hil ls of
H imacha l Pradesh, India
K S Panwar, A Singh, and A Sirohi (Himachal Pradesh
Krishi Vishvavidyalaya, Research Sub-station, Berthin
174 029, Himachal Pradesh, India)
Breed ing /Genet ics
6 I C P N 6, 1999
References
Haware, M P . , Rao Narayan, J. , Harichand, Ghanekar ,
A . M . , and Jala i , B.L. 1994. Mu l t i l oca t ion testing of
ch ickpea fo r resistance to ascochyta b l i gh t . Inter-
nat ional Chickpea and Pigeonpea Newsletter 1:18-20.
Nene, Y . L . , H a w a r e , M.P . , and Reddy, M . V . 1981.
Chickpea diseases: resistance screening techniques.
Information Bul let in no. 10, Patancheru 502 324, Andhra
Pradesh, India: Internat ional Crops Research Insti tute
for the Semi -Ar id Tropics.
Singh, Anand , and Sood, B.C. 1990. Screening of
chickpea cult ivars against ascochyta b l igh t in H imachal
Pradesh, India. Internat ional Chickpea Newslet ter
23:24.
Table 3. Reaction of chickpea genotypes to Ascochyta rabiei under artif icial inoculation at Ber th in , H imachal
Pradesh, postrainy season 1991-97 .
Genotype
l C C X 810800
C 235
HPG 17
1991/92
R1
S
M S
1992/93
R
S
M R
1993/94
M R
S
M S
1994/95
M R
S
M S
1995/96
R
S
M S
1996/97
R
S
M S
1. Rating scale: R = resistant (<3); MR = moderately resistant (3.1-5) ; MS = moderately susceptible (5.1-7) ; and S - susceptible (7.1-9).
Table 2. Performance of I C C X 810800 in farmers ' fields in Zone I of H imachal Pradesh, India .
Dist r ic t
Postrainy season 1994/95
Bi laspur
Una
Solan
M a n d i
Postrainy season 1995/96
Bi laspur
Una
Hami rpu r
Mean
Locat ion
Ladhyan i
Auha r
Una
Nalagarh
Tatar
Sunhani
M o h i n
Bargaon
Badhera
Daberkaluon
I C C X 810800
1000
600
1025
300
1690
1425
1290
1410
1425
750
1090
Y i e l d ( kg ha-1)
C 235
640
720
725
104
-1
375
725
712
950
800
640
HPG 17
800
720
950
186
1520
700
800
770
1370
1200
900
1. Not estimated.
I C C X 810800 has proved superior to recommended
varieties C 235 and HPG 17 and is thus proposed for
release in Zone I of H imachal Pradesh,
For wider adaptation, the stabi l i ty of various parameters
of a g iven genotype is essential. Most studies on
chickpea have been conf ined to the phenotypic stabil i ty
of morpholog ica l characters in the desi types. Simi lar
studies on cook ing qual i ty attributes have not attracted
attention. Seed mass, vo lume, and cook ing t ime, wh ich
are important attributes of cook ing qual i ty in kabul i
chickpea (Wald ia et al . 1996), have been reported to be
posi t ively correlated w i th each other (Wi l l i ams et al.
1983; B a d s h a h e t a l . 1987).
F i f t y - f i ve kabul i chickpea genotypes were obtained
f rom the International Center for Agr icu l tu ra l Research
in the Dry Areas ( I C A R D A ) , 1CRISAT, chickpea centres
of India, and CCS H A U , Hisar, India. These were grown
in four di f ferent environmental condit ions generated
over two years (1993/94 and 1994/95 postrainy seasons)
and p lant ing at two sowing dates in each season. Seeds
f rom each genotype were harvested and observations
recorded on 100-seed mass (g), seed vo lume ( m L ) , and
cook ing t ime (minutes). The stabi l i ty parameters, v iz. ,
per se performance ( X ) , regression coeff ic ient (p i ) and
ind iv idua l mean square deviat ion f rom linear regression
di) of al l genotypes for the three cook ing qual i ty
attributes were computed f o l l ow ing the model suggested
by Perkins and Jinks (1968). Accord ing to this mode l a
genotype is considered to be stable if its ßi and di
values are both not statistically di f ferent f rom zero.
The results on stabil i ty parameters of selected geno-
types are presented in Table 1. For 100-seed mass, the
genotypes G N G 827, H K 92-97, H K 92-106, H K 92-
110, I C A R D A - 0 9 1 0 1 , H K 9 1 - 1 1 1 , H K 9 2 - 9 1 , and H K
92-95 possessed h igh seed mass and were stable across
the environments. A m o n g the 15 stable genotypes fo r
seed vo lume, G N G 827, I C A R D A - 0 9 1 0 1 and HK 92-
103 also had high seed vo lume. Therefore, to increase
seed mass and vo lume, G N G 827 and I C A R D A - 0 9 1 0 1
could be used in breeding programs.
For shorter cook ing t ime, the genotypes HK 93-96,
H K 92-105, G N G 827, H K 91-163, H K 92-110, H K 92-
124, and HK 92-201 were more stable. The genotype
G N G 827 seems to have a greater stabi l i ty for h igh seed
mass, seed vo lume and shorter cook ing t ime across the
environments in wh ich i t was g rown and therefore,
could be useful in crop improvement of chickpea for
qual i ty traits.
Table 1. Stability parameters of important chickpea genotypes for three cooking quality attributes in kabul i
chickpea
100-seed mass
Genotype
HK 92-91
HK 92-95
HK 92-97
HK 92-106
HK 92-110
ICARDA 09101
HK 91-111
GNG 827
SE
27.68
28.82
31.35
30.51
31.37
30.33
29.82
32.29
±1.19
ßi
0.19
-0.42
0.70**
0.24
0.79
0.87
-0.55
0.36
± 0.62
di
0.61
1.71
1.79
1.34
0.59
1.20
3.03
2.70
Seed volume
Genotype ßi di
GNG 827 12.78 0.42* 0.08
ICARDA 09101 12.72 0.34 0.09
HK 92-103 12.91 0.31 0.49
±0.82 ±0.60
Cooking time
Genotype
HK 91-163
HK 92-105
HK 92-110
HK 92-124
HK 92-201
HK 93-96
GNG 827
49.58
49.75
49.92
48.33
45.50
50.92
54.25
±2.31
ßi
0.90
0.76
2.54**
1.75*
-1.62
-3.29**
-0.31
±2.05
di
1.08
0.17
-0.27
0.50
1.76
1.23
1.47
** and * Significantly different from zero at 0.01 and 0.05 level of significance, respectively.
I C P N 6, 1999 7
I S Mehla1, R S Waldia
2, V P Singh
3, and V S Lather
4
(1 . Regional Research Station, Uchani, Karnal,
Haryana, India; 2. Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Sonipat,
Haryana, India; and 3. Chaudhury Charan Singh
Haryana Agricultural University (CCS HAU), Hisar
125 004, Haryana, India)
Phenotypic Stability among Kabuli
Chickpea Genotypes for Three Cooking
Quality Attributes
References
Badshah, A. , Ahmed, ML, Aurangzeb, Bibi , N. ,
Mohmmad, T., and Khan, I. 1987. Relationship between
physico-chemical characters and cook ing t ime in
chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.). Pakistan Journal of Scientif ic
and Industr ial Research 36 :795-798 .
Perkins, J . M . , and Jinks, J .L . 1968. Env i ronmenta l
and genotype env i ronmenta l components o f var iab l i ty
I I I . M u l t i l i n e and crosses. Heredi ty 23 :339 -356 .
W a l d i a , R.S., Singh, V . P . , Sood, D.R. , Sardana, P.K.,
and M e h l a , l .S. 1996. Associat ion and var ia t ion among
cooking quality traits in kabul i chickpea (Cier arietinum L.).
Journal o f Food Science and Techno logy 35 :397 -402 .
Wil l i ams, P . C , Nakou l , H . , and Singh, K .B . 1983.
Relat ionship between cook ing t ime and some physical
characteristics in chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.). Journal
o f Science, Food and Agr i cu l tu re 34 :492 -496 .
B i t ta l 98 or A 16 is an improvement of C44 w h i c h is a
predominant bold-seeded, h igh -y ie ld ing , b l ight- to lerant
var iety cover ing more than 7 0 % area in the pr inc ipa l
ch ickpea-growing tract o f ' T h a l ' (a ra in fed area covered
by sand dunes) in Punjab w h i c h alone contr ibutes 8 0 %
of the chickpea crop g r o w n in the country . C 44 is sus
cept ible to i ron-def ic iency chlorosis w h i c h l imi ts its
cul t ivat ion in irrigated areas where clay loam soil becomes
compact after i r r igat ion/rainfal l in the early c rop-growth
stage. Th is affects uptake of i ron from the soi l in varieties
susceptible to chlorosis. The p r imary symptoms o f ch lo
rosis are y e l l o w i n g of young leaves. Severe incidence
k i l l s the young shoots and to ta l l y destroys plants. Y i e l d
losses o f 5 2 - 1 0 0 % have been estimated in i nd i v idua l
plants affected by chlorosis ( A l i et a l . 1988c). Var iet ies
resistant to chlorosis have been ident i f ied ( A l i et a l .
1988a) and resistance has been reported to be cont ro l led
by a single dominant gene ( A l i et a l . 1988b; G o w d a and
Rao 1986) and t w o recessive genes (Gumber et a l .
1997). Since chlorosis can be genet ical ly cont ro l led, we
planned to improve C 44 by incorporat ing resistance to
chlorosis, so as to extend its cu l t i va t ion in the i r r igated
areas.
A near-isogenic l ine of C 44, A 16, resistant to chlorosis
has been deve loped by backcross ing us ing a donor
parent C 87 and C 44 as recurrent parent. The cross C 44 x
C 87 was made in 1988/89. The Fl was sown in 1989/90,
and the Fl male parent was crossed w i t h the recurrent
parent. Single plants resistant to chlorosis were selected
and crossed w i t h the recurrent parent in BCl to BC3
dur ing 1990/91 to 1992/93. Resistant plants were selected
from the B C 4 generat ion dur ing 1993/94. Single-plant
progenies were raised and un i fo rm resistant progenies
were selected and bu lked in 1994/95. The exper imenta l
material was sown on clay loam soi l at Faisalabad and
irr igated tw ice at seedling stage for f u l l expression of
chlorosis. Selections were made for C 44 types possessing
resistance to chlorosis and selection pressure was also
exerted for bo ld seeds.
The y ie ld performance of B i t ta l 98 (A 16) was tested
in Station, Multi location/Adaptation and National Un i fo rm
Y i e l d Tr ia ls conducted througout the country dur ing
1995/96 to 1997/98. B i t ta l 98 has a y ie ld potent ia l of 3.3
t ha -1 and an average y ie ld of 1.6 t ha -1. It y ie lded 9 .6%
higher than C 44 under chlorosis-free condi t ions at
Kalurkot in T h a l ' and 16.9% under chlorot ic condit ions
at Faisalabad in central Punjab (Table 1). Overa l l , B i t ta l
Table 1. Y ie ld performance of A 16 (Bi t ta l 98) in comparison with the control varieties C 44 and Pb 91 in
different yield trials conducted dur ing 1995/96 to 1997/98.
Type o f tr ials
Stat ion Y i e l d Tr ia ls
Rain fed (Ka lu rko t )
I r r igated (Faisalaad)
Nat iona l U n i f o r m Y i e l d Tr ia ls
Weighted average
Mul t i l oca t ion /Adapta t ion Y i e l d Tr ia ls
Overa l l we ighted average
Year
1995/96
1995/96
1995/96 to 1996/97
1995/96 to 1997/98
N o . o f
t r ia ls
13
10
17
14
54
Y i e l d ( k g ha -1)
A 16
995
2677
1384
1581
1565
1577
C 44
908
2289
1111
1340
1455
1370
Percent
increase
over cont ro l
+9.6
+ 16.9
+25.6
+ 18.0
+7 .6 1
+ 15.1
1. Pb 91 was used as c o n t r o l .
8 I C P N 6, 1999
Bittal 98 (A 16): an Improved Form of
the Most Predominant Desi Chickpea
Variety C 44
Akhtar Ali (Pulses Botanist, Pulses Research Institute,
Ayub Agricultural Research Institute, Faisalabad, Pakistan)
References
A l i , A. , Yousaf, M . , and Tufa i l , M. 1988a. Screening
o f des i ' and ' k a b u l i ' chickpea types for i ron-def ic iency
chlorosis. Internat ional Chickpea Newsletter 18 :5 -6 .
A l i , A . , Yousaf, M . , and T u f a i l , M. 1988b. Inheri tance
of resistance to i ron-def ic iency chlorosis in chickpea
(Cicer arietinum L.). Journal of Agr icu l tu ra l Research
(Pakistan) 2 6 ( 4 ) : 2 6 7 - 2 7 1 .
A l i , A. , R iaz -u l -Haq , ML, M o h y - u d - D i n , G . , and
Tufa i l , ML 1988c. Est imat ion of y ie ldd losses caused by
iron-deficiency chlorosis in chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.).
Journal of Agricultural Research (Pakistan) 26(4):315—318.
G o w d a , C . L . L . , and Rao, B.V. 1986. Inheritance of
suscept ib i l i ty to i ron chlorosis in chickpea. Internat ional
Chickpea Newsletter 15 :7 -8 .
Gumber , R.K., Singh, S., G i l l , J.S., and Rathore, P.K.
1997. Genetics of i r r igat ion- induced i ron chlorosis in
chickpea. Internat ional Chickpea and Pigeonpea News
letter 4 : 1 0 - 1 1 .
CM 98 ( C M 31-1/85): a Very High-
yielding, Disease-resistant Mutant
Variety of Chickpea
in Pakistan f r o m 1979/80 to 1981/82 ( P A R C 1981).
There is an acute need for varieties resistant to b l ight
and w i l t diseases. In Pakistan, in the early days, p lant
breeding for resistance to b l ight focussed ma in l y on the
introduct ion of the exot ic resistant l ine F8 and its subse-
quent use in the hybr id iza t ion program by the classical
single-cross method. Some bl ight-resistant variet ies l ike
C 12/34, C 612, and C 727 were developed but they were
useful for a l im i ted per iod of t ime and on ly in l im i ted
areas. The progress in breeding suitable h igh -y ie ld ing
bl ight resistant varieties was s low because: 1) good
sources of resistance were not avai lable among the agro-
nomica l ly better local cul t ivars, and 2) the few avai lable
exotic resistant lines were poor in p lant type and produc-
t i on , and were restricted in adaptation.
The Nuclear Institute for Agr i cu lu re and B io l ogy
( N I A B ) , in i t iated a program to induct new sources of
resistance and to improve resistance against Ascochyta
b l igh t through the use of gamma radiat ion and chemica l
mutagen. Wor thwh i le genetic var iabi l i ty has been created
both in desi- and kabul i - type chickpea. An Ascochyta
bl ight-resistant and h igh-y ie ld ing var iety , C 72, a 15 kR
gamma-ray-induced mutant of genotype 6153; was released
in 1983 (Haq et al . 1983; 1988). Ascochyta bl ight-resis-
tant, h igh-y ie ld ing mutant CM 1918, also a der ivat ive of
genotype 6153, developed at N I A B , has been approved
for commerc ia l cu l t iva t ion in the No r th West Front ier
Province ( N W F P ) as N I F A 88 ( N I A B 1992). As a result
of efforts to induce bl ight resistance in dif ferent genetic
backgrounds other than 6153 to produce alternate sources
of resistance, mutant CM 88 has been derived from C 72.
CM 88, a 10 kR gamma-ray-induced mutant, was released
in 1994. The cu l t i va t ion of resistant varieties has helped
greatly to stabil ize chickpea product ion in the country .
Since their release no serious b l igh t epidemic has been
reported in the country ( N I A B 97).
The breeding efforts o f the chickpea group at N I A B
have resulted in the release of yet another new h igh -
y ie ld ing and disease-resistant variety, CM 98. The Punjab
Seed Counc i l , in its 21st meeting held on 10 November
1998 at Lahore, approved this variety for general cult ivation.
CM 98 was developed by creating genetic var iabi l i ty
through the use of gamma radiat ion in a w ide ly adapted,
h igh-y ie ld ing , bl ight-suscept ible var iety, K 850. A i r -
dr ied seeds of K 850 were exposed to gamma irradiation of
300, 350 Gy to raise the Ml generation dur ing 1984/85.
Screening of M2 segregating mater ial was done in the
Ascochyta B l igh t Nursery ( A B N ) a t N I A B and disease-
resistant mutants were selected f rom among on ly those
exhib i t ing a 3-5 rat ing on a 1-9 scale, where l was no
vis ible lesion and 9 was complete death of the plant. The
I C P N 6, 1999 9
M Ahsan ul Haq, M Sadiq, and Mehmud ul Hassan
(Mutation Breeding Division, Nuclear Institute for
Agriculture and Biology (NIAB), Faisalabad, Pakisan)
Ascochyta b l ight , wh i ch causes widespread damage to
crops, is the major l im i t i ng factor to chickpea product ion
in Pakistan.. The disease caused y ie ld loss of nearly 5 0 %
98 y ie lded 18% higher than C 44 and 7 .6% higher than
Pb 91 (a chlorosis-resistant var iety released in 1991).
The agronomic requirements of B i t ta l 98 are the
same as those of C 44. It was rated as moderately resistant
to Ascochyta b l ight under ar t i f i c ia l ly created b l ight ep i -
phytot ic condi t ions in 1995/96 and moderately resistant
to Fusar ium w i l t in s imulated w i l t - s i ck p lot condi t ions,
dur ing 1997/98. Its 100-seed mass is 28.7 g, 24 .8% higher
than the 23 g of C 44 . B i t ta l 98 has the boldest seed size
among the variet ies ever released in the prov ince and
has the potent ia l to replace the predominant var iety C 44
due to its adaptabi l i ty under both i r r igated and ra infed
condi t ions in Punjab.
selected mutants were further screened for 3 years in the
A B N and u l t imate ly 13 mutants were selected. Du r i ng
1989-90 these mutants were evaluated in y ie ld t r ia l con
ducted at N 1 A B and f i ve top yielders were selected. Dur
ing 1 9 9 0 - 9 1 , p romis ing mutants were evaluated for
y i e l d and disease resistance. The y ie ld performance of
CM 98 in various tr ials conducted f r om 1991/92 to
1997/98 is summarized in Table 1. In 46 tr ials con
ducted at d i f ferent locat ions, CM 98 recorded a mean
seed y ie ld of 1885 kg ha - 1 compared w i th 1559 kg ha - 1 of
the best cont ro l varieties (Pb 91 and C 44) ref lect ing an
increase o f 20 .9%.
CM 98 is resistant to Ascochyta b l ight and Fusar ium
w i l t under ar t i f i c ia l l y created b l ight -ep iphytot ic and
wi l t - s i ck condi t ions. CM 98 is recommended for cu l t i
vat ion in i r r igated and barani areas of Punjab province.
H a q , M.a. , Sadiq, ML, and Hassan, M. 1988. Improve-
ment o f chickpea through induced mutat ions. Pages 7 5 -
88 in proceedings of the workshop on Improvement of
Grain legume Production using Induced Mutat i ions, 1-5
Jul 1986, Pu l lman, Washington, USA. ST I /PUB/766 .
Vienna, Aust r ia : Internat ional A tom ic Energy Agency .
Nuclear Institute for Agr icul ture and Biology. 1992.
Twenty years o f N I A B , Fourth Five Year Report.
Faisalabad, Pakistan: N I A B , 203 pp.
Nuclear Institute for Agr icul ture a n d Biology. 1997.
Silver Jubilee o f N I A B , F i f th Five Year Report.
Faisalabad, Pakistan: N I A B , 173 pp.
Pakistan Agr icul tura l Research Counci l . 1981. 1980 -
81 Annua l Report on Food Legumes Improvement in
Pakistan, Is lamabad, Pakistan: PARC, 176 pp.
10 I C P N 6, 1999
Table 1 . Yield performance of CM 98 in multi locational tr ials, Pakistan, 1 9 9 1 - 9 2 / 1 9 9 7 - 9 8 .
Year
1991/92
1992/93
1993/94
1994/95
1995/96
1996/97
1997/98
Mean
Type o f t r ia l
Cooperat ive Y i e l d Tr ia ls
Cooperat ive Y i e l d Tr ia ls
Cooperat ive Y i e l d Tr ia ls
Cooperat ive Y i e l d Tr ia ls
Nat iona l Y i e l d Tr ia ls
Cooperat ive Y i e l d Tr ia ls
Nat iona l Y i e l d Tr ia ls
Var ie ta l Y i e l d Tr ia ls
Cooperat ive Y ie l d Tr ia ls
Nat iona l Y ie l d Tr ia ls
Var ie ta l Y ie l d Tr ia ls
Var ieta l Y i e l d Tr ia ls
N o . o f locations
3
4
4
4
6
5
4
2
3
7
2
2
Average y ie ld ( kg ha -1)
C M 9 8
1904
1957
2352
1511
1274
1771
2041
2305
1518
1258
2278
2446
1885
Con t ro l
1727
1773
1902
1327
1243
1482
1625
1722
1388
1022
1770
1722
1559
References
H a q , M.A. , Sadiq, M. , and Hassan, M. 1983. Induct ion
of resistance to Ascochy ta b l i gh t in ch ickpea th rough
induced mutat ions. Pages 171-181 in proceedings of the
workshop on Induced Muta t ions fo r Disease Resistance
in Crop Plants. I I . V ienna, Aus t r ia : Internat ional A t o m i c
Energy Agency.
Chickpea w i l t caused by Fusarium oxysporum f. sp.
ciceri (FOC) is the second most important disease of
chickpea in Pakistan. It has reduced the share of chickpea
on i rr igated lands f rom 5 0 % in the 1950s to only 10% in
the 1990s. Deep sowing of chickpea is one of several
suggested contro l measures recommended to combat
Fusarium wi l t (Singh and Sandhu 1973). However, no sys
tematic data is avai lable to correct ly assess the impact of
this measure. The present study was carried out to inves
tigate the effect of di f ferent depths of sowing on the
incidence of w i l t on chickpea cul t ivar A u g 424 (a h igh ly
wi l t -suscept ib le cu l t ivar ) sown in a w i l t -s ick f ie ld .
Chickpea seed was sown on 25 Oct 1995 in a sandy
clay loam f ie ld (pH 7.5) at f i ve di f ferent depths; 5, 10,
15, 22.5, and 30 cm. Interrow spacing was 30 cm and
intrarow spacing was 15 cm. Up to 5 cm depth, seeds
were sown using a dibbler and at lower depths w i t h a 4.5
cm diameter soi l sampler. Soi l was taken out using the
soil sampler and placed back w i t h the m i n i m u m possible
disturbance after the seeds were sown. The number of
FOC propagules per gram soi l was measured in 10 g
representative soil samples, taken from a 1-kg composite
sample of each depth collected from f ive different locations
in the f ie ld . The soi l sample was placed in a 250 mL
Erlenmeyer flask conta in ing 90 mL dis t i l led ster i l ized
water. The flask was shaken th rough ly fo r 5 m i n and
serial d i lu t ions were made. One m i l l i l i t e r a l iquot of each
d i lu t ion was plated on Km med ium (Komada 1975).
Plates were incubated at ambient temperature (25 + 3°C)
in di f fused sunl ight and the ident i f icat ion of the isolate
as Fusarium oxysporum was conf i rmed on carnat ion leaf
agar medium (Fisher et al. 1982) wi th a slight modi f icat ion
in the technique. Instead of radio steril ization, leaf cuttings
were autoclaved at 121°C for 15 m i n in 2% p la in agar
medium. The pathogenicity of randomly selected isolates
f rom the w i l t -s ick f ie ld (10 f rom each depth) was tested
by the test-tube inoculat ion method (Nene et a l . 1981).
Soi l temperature at various depths dur ing the g r o w i n g
season at Faisalabad was recorded by bury ing the stainless
steel stem of dial scale thermometers. A i r temperature
was recorded by hanging a thermometer in a perforated
wooden box placed 3 feet above the soi l surface. Seedling
emergence was recorded up to the four th week of N o v
1995, early w i l t incidence up to the four th week of Dec
1995, and late w i l t f rom f i rst week of Jan to four th week
o f Mar 1996.
Figure 1. Effect of different sowing depths on germination and wilt incidence in chickpea cv Aug 424 sown in a wilt-sick plot
at Faisalabad, Pakistan.
I C P N 6, 1999 11
Sowing depth (cm)
Early wilt Late wilt
120
100
80
60
40
20
0
5 10 15 22.5 30
120
100
80
60
40
20
05 10 15 22.5 30
Sowing depth (cm)
M Hanif, Farhat F Jamil, and Ikramul Haq
(Biological Chemistry Division, Nuclear Institute for
Agriculture and Biology (NIAB), PO Box 128,
Faisalabad, Pakistan)
Effect of Various Sowing Depths on Wilt
Incidence of Chickpea in a Wilt-sick
Field in Pakistan
Pathology
deep sowing should have decreased even in such a
h igh ly susceptible cu l t ivar as A u g 424. Bu t in this
exper iment the w i l t incidence was 100% w i t h no y i e l d ,
and even early w i l t incidence was qui te h igh , i.e., 8 0 %
or more in a l l the depths (F ig . 1). Moreover , w i l t
appeared earlier in deep than shal low sowings.
The plausible explanat ion for such a h igh w i l t i nc i
dence in deep sowings may be due to the product ion of
fresh secondary roots f r om the col lar region ( 3 - 1 0 cm
below the soi l surface) after 6 - 7 days of seedl ing emer
gence, thus mak ing the susceptible sites avai lable in
h igh FOC inoculum zones. The earlier onset of wi l t ing in
deep sowings than in shal low sowings may have been
due to et iolyt ic g rowth , greater elongation of the epicoty le
is required ( for emergence of chickpea in deeper
sowings than in shal low sowings) wh i ch weakened the
plant tissue, and needed less fungal biomass to make the
plant w i l t .
We conclude that deep sowing had no effect on
reduct ion of FOC w i l t incidence in a susceptible var iety
o f chickpea.
Seedl ing emergence started one week after sow ing
f r o m 5 cm depth, a day later in the case of 10 and 15 cm
depths, and t w o days later in the case of 22.5 and 30 cm
depths. However , the dif ferences in t ime to emergence
f rom sowings at 10 -30 cm depths were not s igni f icant.
D iu rna l f luctuat ions in the temperature of deeper soi l
were m i n i m a l . At depths o f 10 cm and be low, the soi l
temperature remained at less than 25°C (25°C is the
o p t i m u m temperature fo r the development o f chickpea
w i l t ) throughout the g r o w i n g season, i.e., 1 N o v to Mar
end (data not shown) . The number o f FOC propagules
also decreased w i t h increasing depth (Table 1). A b o u t
6 0 - 9 0 % o f the isolates f r o m the w i l t -s ick f ie ld were
found to be pathogenic. The rat io of pathogenic isolates
recovered from the upper layer was higher and it decreased
w i t h increasing depths. Ear ly w i l t incidence was quite
h igh at al l sowing depths (almost 8 0 % or more) . I t was
comparat ive ly lower in deep sowings ( 1 0 - 3 0 cm) than
in shal low sowings (5 cm) ; however , the di f ference
among the deep sowings was not s igni f icant . The tota l
w i l t incidence (early + late) was 100% in al l the treat
ments (F ig . 1) resul t ing in a total loss of y ie ld .
We observed that at no rma l sowing depths ( 5 - 7 cm)
the secondary roots general ly or ig inate on ly f r om the
co ty l reg ion in the early stages of p lant g rowth . The
probable in fect ion sites are hypoco ty l and 4 mm above
the root tips (Beckman 1987). Therefore, at greater sowing
depths the probable in fect ion sites are exposed to fewer
FOC propagules (Table 1) and unfavorable temperature
(less than 25°C). The opt imum conditions for wilt-disease
deve lopment are reported to be: 1000 propagules of
FOC g -1 soil at 25°C (Bhatt i and Kraf t 1992). On the basis
of these facts, and according to Singh and Sandhu
(1973) , the w i l t incidence (part icular ly early w i l t ) in
Tab le 1. Presence of Fusarium oxysporum propagules
at various depths in wilt-sick and normal (cult ivated)
fields, Faisalabad, Pakistan, 1995.
Soi l depth ( cm)
0
5
10
15
22.5
30
Fungal propagules g - 1 o f soi l in
Wi l t - s i ck f ie ld
5 x 103
2 x 103
3.4 x 102
3.2 x 102
7.1 x 101
5
Norma l f ie ld 1
1.4 x 102
2 x 102
7.5 x 101
1.2 x 101
-2
-
1. Chickpea was not grown in this field for the last 25 years.
2. No fungal propagule was detected.
12 I C P N 6, 1999
References
Beckman, C . H . 1987. The nature o f w i l t diseases o f
plants. St. Paul, Minnesota, U S A : Amer ican Phyto-
pathological Society, p 7 - 9 .
Bhatt i , M.A. , and Kra f t , J . M . 1992. Effects of inoculum
density and temperature on root rot and w i l t o f chickpea.
Plant Disease 7 6 : 5 0 - 5 4 .
Fisher, N X . , Burgess, L .W. , Toussoun, T .A . , and
Nelson, P.E. 1982. Carnat ion leaves as a substrate and
preserving cultures of Fusarium species. Phytopathology
72 :151-153 .
K o m a d a , H. 1975. Development o f a selective med ium
for quanti tat ive isolat ion of Fusarium oxysporum f r om
natural so i l . Rev iew of Plant Protect ion Research 8 : 1 1 4 -
125.
Nene, Y . L . , H a w a r e , M . P . , and Reddy, M . V . 1981.
Chickpea diseases: resistance screening techniques.
In fo rmat ion Bu l le t in no. 10. Patancheru 502 324 , Ind ia :
Internat ional Crops Research Inst i tute fo r the Semi -
A r i d Tropics. 12 pp.
Singh, K.B. , and Sandhu, T .S. 1973. Cu l t i va t ion of
gram in Punjab. Ludhiana, Punjab, India: Punjab A g r i
cul ture Un ivers i ty , pp. 12 -13 .
Bot ry t is gray m o l d ( B G M ) caused by Botrytis cinerea
Pers. is an important disease of chickpea in northern India,
Nepal , Bangladesh, and Pakistan. I t has been k n o w n to
occur in Ind ia since 1915 (Shaw and A j rekar 1915) but
assumed significance after an occurrence of an epiphytotic
in Na in i ta l Tarai in 1967/68. Since then it has caused
widespread devastation in parts of northern India (Singh
1985).
There is a dearth of resistant l ines that cou ld be used
in a hybr id iza t ion program. Therefore, 419 germplasm
lines/cultivars of chickpea were screened for their reaction
to B G M dur ing the 1996/97 postrainy season at Pantnagar,
Ut tar Pradesh, Ind ia. Entries were sown on 29 N o v 1996
in a s ing le-row p lot of 2 m length. H 208 was used as
susceptible cont ro l . In terrow spacing was 60 cm and
intrarow spacing was 10 cm. Each l ine was scored for
B G M on a rat ing scale of 1-9, where 1 = h igh ly resistant,
3 = resistant, 5 = moderately resistant, 7 = susceptible,
and 9 = h igh ly susceptible. The scoring was done on 9 A p r
1997 when the disease was most severe. On ly one geno
type, GPC 14, had a score of 1, and 10 l ines/cult ivars
were moderately resistant w i t h a score of 5 (Table 1).
References
Shaw, F.J.F., and A j rekar , S.L. 1915. The genus
Rhizoctonia in Ind ia. Botanica l Series 7:77. Memo i r s of
Department o f Agr icu l tu re , N e w De lh i , Ind ia.
Singh, A. 1985, Botry t is grey m o u l d o f chickpea. Ind ian
Journal o f Plant Pathology 3 :185 -189 .
Table 1. Pedigrees, origin and B G M scores of 11 promising lines/cultivars of chickpea in 1996/97 and 1997/98
growing seasons at Pantnagar , U t ta r Pradesh, India .
L ine /cu l t i va r
GPC 14
JG 74
ICC 799
ICC 12275
I C C V 10
I C C X 790197
H I M A
No-501
P 855
P 1357
P 6223
H 208 (Cont ro l )
Pedigree/ ident i ty
-1
ICC 6098
P630-2
ICC- 11531 WR
P 1231 x P 1265
I C C 4 x ICC 506-EB
ICC 4957
ICC 4983
ICC 1025
ICC 1622
I C C 4631
(S 26 x G 24) x C 235
O r i g i n
-1
Madhya Pradesh, Ind ia
I C R I S A T , Ind ia
I C R I S A T , India
I C R I S A T , Ind ia
I C R I S A T , Ind ia
Punjab, Ind ia
Punjab, Ind ia
A lge r i a
Uttar Pradesh, Ind ia
Uttar Pradesh, India
Haryana, Ind ia
B G M score du r ing
1996/97
1.0
5.0
5.0
5.0
5.0
5.0
5.0
5.0
5.0
5.0
5.0
9.0
1997/98
2.0
4.0
6.0
7.0
4.0
5.0
3.0
4.0
5.0
7.0
3.0
7.0
1. Not known.
I C P N 6 , 1999 13
Fi f ty -one l ines/cult ivars were susceptible and 357 were
h igh ly susceptible. Twe lve genotypes, inc lud ing the
susceptible contro l H 208, GPC 14, and 10 w i t h a score
of 5 were sown on 26 N o v 1997 to be retested against
B G M . There were two repl icat ions. The disease severi ty
was recorded on 3 A p r 1998. The mean disease score
along w i t h pedigree/ ident i ty and o r ig in o f these entries
and susceptible control are given in Table 1. GPC 14, H I M A
and P 6223 were in the resistant category w i t h scores of
2, 3, and 3 respect ively. GPC 14 be ing B G M - f r e e in
1996/97, and wi th a score of 2 in 1997/98, appears to have
good level o f resistance to B G M at Pantnagar. Th is l ine
should be used to incorporate resistance into elite breeding
mater ia ls.
A c k n o w l e d g m e n t s . We are grateful to Dr N Kameswar
Rao, Genebank Curator, I C R I S A T fo r p rov id i ng the
ident i ty/pedigree and or ig in o f genotypes. The f inanc ia l
assistance f r om the Indian Counc i l o f Agr i cu l tu ra l
Research (1CAR) is also acknowledged.
Identification of Resistance to Botrytis
Gray Mold in Chickpea
D P Singh and L Kant (Department of Plant Breeding,
G B Pant University of Agriculture and Technology,
Pantnagar 263 145, Uttar Pradesh, India)
Nene, Y . L . , H a w a r e , M . P . , and Reddy, M . V . 1981.
Chickpea diseases: resistance screening techniques.
Information Bul let in no. 10. Patancheru 502 324. Andhra
Pradesh, Ind ia: Internat ional Crop Research Insti tute
for the Semi -A r id Tropics. 12 pp.
Sources of Resistance to Root-knot
Nematodes in Chickpea Germplasm
R G Patel1,B A Patel
1,D J Patel
1, and S B Sharma
2
(l. B A College of Agriculture, Gujarat Agricultural
University, Anand Campus, Anand 388 110, Gujarat, India;
and 2. International Crops Research Institute for the
Semi-Arid Tropics ( lCRlSAT), Patancheru, 502 324,
Andhra Pradesh, India)
The root -knot nematodes (Meloidogyne incognita and
M. javanica) are key nematode pests of chickpea in the
Indian subcontinent (Sharma and M c D o n a l d 1990).
Upadhyay and D w i v e d i (1987) reported a 4 0 % y ie ld loss
in chickpea due to M. incognita in Ind ia, wh i le 3 2 . 6 %
y ie ld losses were estimated due to M. incognita and
M. javanica in Gujarat (Anonymous 1997). A cost-effective
approach for the management of root -knot nematodes is
cu l t ivat ion o f nematode-resistant chickpea cul t ivars.
However , such cul t ivars have not yet been developed as
good sources of resistance to root -knot nematodes have
not been ident i f ied.
Dur ing the 1996/97 postrainy season, 1000 chickpea
genotypes received f rom l C R I S A T were screened for
resistance to root -knot nematodes (m ixed populat ion of
M. incognita and M. javanica pathotype 1) in a nematode-
sick f ield (1 juveni le g -1 soil) at the Department of Nema-
tology, Gujarat Agr icu l tura l Univers i ty, Anand . Of 1000
genotypes, 85 genotypes exhib i ted resistance or moder-
ate resistance ( rat ing of 5 for ga l l index on a 1-9 scale)
and were selected for further testing against M. incognita
(approx imate ly 2.5 juven i les g -1 soi l ) and M. javanica
(2.5 juven i les g-1 soi l ) separately in 2 m x 1 m x 0.5 m
(depth) micro-plots. The chickpea cul t ivar Dahod ye l low
was used as a nematode-susceptible contro l after every
14 l C P N 6, 1999
Of the many diseases that chickpea crop suffers f r o m ,
Fusar ium w i l t (Fusar ium oxysporum f. sp. ciceri) is the
most destructive, result ing in considerable crop loss every
year in Gujarat . Several chickpea lines were screened in
a wi l t -s ick plot to identify wilt-resistant lines at Junagadh.
M o r e than 60 diverse chickpea lines developed at Pulses
Research Stat ion, Junagadh were tested in a w i l t -s ick
p lo t for 3 years ( 1 9 9 4 - 9 6 ) . Each genotype was sown in a
2 m- long plot w i t h interrow spacing of 30 cm and plant-
to-plant spacing of 10 cm. There were t w o repl icat ions.
JG 62 was used as the susceptible cont ro l . The resistance
screening technique described by Nene et a l . (1981) was
used. Observations on seedling emergence were recorded
2 weeks after sowing. W i l t incidence was recorded at
mon th l y intervals t i l l crop matur i ty .
In al l three seasons, average w i l t incidence was less
than 3 0 % in GCP 9302, GCP 9310, and GCP 9313 (Table
1). The popular varieties Chaffa and Dahod ye l low showed
98.3 and 53.2% wi l t incidence, respectively. Other varieties
developed more than 3 0 % average w i l t incidence in al l
the years. The susceptible check, JG 62 showed 100%
w i l t in al l the 3 years. One of the promis ing genotypes,
GCP 9313, is a desi-type w i th reddish to b rown seeds. Its
100-seed mass is 18.2 g, w h i c h is h igher than Chaf fa
Tab le 1. W i l t incidence in selected desi chickpea
genotypes in a wilt-sick plot at Junagadh, G u j a r a t ,
1 9 9 4 - 9 6 .
En t r y
GCP 9302
GCP 9310
GCP 9313
Chaf fa
Dahod ye l l ow
JG 62
Mean w i l t incidence1
(Percentage mor ta l i t y )
1994
26.0
25.7
26.1
100.0
57.8
100.0
1995
26.4
28.8
28.1
100.0
50.7
100.0
1996
32.2
29.2
28.1
94.9
5 1 2
100.0
Mean
28.2
27.9
27.4
98.3
53.2
100.0
1. Average of two replications.
Screening Chickpea for Resistance to
Wilt Disease in Gujarat, India
S M Jani1, M F Acharya, and V P Andani (Pulses
Research Station, Gujarat Agricultural University
(GAU), Junagadh 362 001, Gujarat, India. 1. Present
address: Department of Plant Pathology, College of
Agriculture, GAU, Junagadh 362 001, Gujarat, India)
(12.8 g) and Dahod ye l l ow (15.9 g) . Th is cu l t ivar has
been recommended for cu l t iva t ion in Gujarat state dur-
ing 1998 by the Research Counc i l o f the Gujarat A g r i -
cul tural Univers i ty .
References
Table 1. Reaction of chickpea germ plasm lines to root-knot nematodes at the G u j a r a t Agr icul tura l University
research f a r m , A n a n d , G u j a r a t , Ind ia .
React ion1
Moderate ly resistant
Susceptible
H igh l y susceptible
Germplasm l ine response to
Meloidogyne incognita
ICC 2 4007, 4237
ICC 4059, 4060, 4105, 4120, 4 1 2 1 ,
4122, 4 1 4 1 , 4169, 4 1 8 1 , 4187, 4 1 9 1 ,
4192, 4204, 4210, 4212, 4214, 4229,
4 2 3 1 , 4232, 4233, 4234, 4249, 4 2 5 1 ,
4252 , 4254 , 4259, 4269, 4283, 4348,
4 3 5 2 , 4 4 1 8 , 4 4 1 9 , 4 4 3 4 , 4 6 4 9 ,
4653, 4770, 4844, 4862, 4959
ICC 4005, 4006, 4008, 4123, 4125,
4133, 4134, 4140 , 4142, 4 1 5 1 , 4153,
4154, 4155, 4172, 4173, 4175, 4182,
4185, 4186, 4188, 4189, 4190 , 4 2 0 1 ,
4203, 4208, 4216, 4 2 2 1 , 4 2 3 1 , 4 2 6 1 ,
4262, 4264, 4266, 4270, 4 2 7 1 , 4273,
4274, 4275, 4292, 4293, 4339, 4473,
4537, 4586, 4834, Dahod ye l l ow
(Cont ro l )
Meloidogyne javanica
ICC 4254, 4331
ICC 4007, 4 1 4 1 , 4154, 4187,
4 1 9 0 , 4 1 9 1 , 4 2 0 4 , 4 2 1 2 , 4 2 2 9 ,
4249, 4259, 4 2 6 1 , 4262, 4264 ,
4 2 6 9 , 4 2 7 4 , 4 4 1 8 , 4 6 4 9
ICC 4005, 4006, 4008, 4059,
4 0 6 0 , 4 1 0 5 , 4 1 2 0 , 4 1 2 1 , 4 1 2 2 ,
4 1 2 3 , 4 1 2 5 , 4 1 3 3 , 4 1 3 4 , 4 1 4 0 ,
4 1 4 2 , 4 1 5 1 , 4 1 5 3 , 4 1 5 5 , 4 1 6 9 ,
4 1 7 2 , 4 1 7 3 , 4 1 7 5 , 4 1 8 1 , 4 1 8 2 ,
4 1 8 5 , 4 1 8 6 , 4 1 8 8 , 4 1 8 9 , 4 1 9 2 ,
4 2 0 1 , 4 2 0 3 , 4 2 0 8 , 4 2 1 0 , 4 2 1 4 ,
4 2 1 6 , 4 2 2 1 , 4 2 3 1 , 4 2 3 2 , 4 2 3 3 ,
4234, 4237, 4 2 5 1 , 4252 , 4266 ,
4 2 7 0 , 4 2 7 1 , 4 2 7 3 , 4 2 7 5 , 4 2 8 3 ,
4292, 4293, 4339, 4348, 4352,
4 4 1 9 , 4 4 3 4 , 4 4 7 3 , 4 5 3 7 , 4 5 8 6 ,
4653, 4770, 4834, 4844, 4862 ,
4959, Dahod ye l l ow (Cont ro l )
1. Resistance was measured on a scale of 1-9 where 1 = 0 galls, highly resistant; 9 = 1 0 0 galls per plant, highly susceptible.
2. ICC = ICRlSAT chickpea germplasm accession number.
10 entries in 1997-98. Data were recorded on the number
of galls on roots of f i ve randomly selected plants of each
genotype at 60 days after sowing . The gal l number was
rated on a 1-9 scale (1 = no galls on roots and 9 = more
than 100 galls root -1). The 85 lines were also tested
against an M. javanica Race 1 populat ion at A z i z Nagar
v i l lage, Ranga Reddy distr ict , Andhra Pradesh.
None of the tested lines were h igh ly resistant or resis
tant to the root-knot nematodes. T w o lines, ICC 4007 and
ICC 4237 , were ident i f ied as moderate ly resistant to
M. incognita, and ICC 4254 and ICC 4331 as moderately
resistant to M. javanica (Table 1). However , these geno
types were found to be susceptible to an M. javanica
Race 1 popula t ion in a farmer 's f ie ld at A z i z Nagar. The
results indicate that resistance to root -knot nematode
populat ions in the four genotypes is probably specif ic to
a l im i t ed nematode popu la t ion . We propose fur ther
screening of chickpea germplasm lines to ident i fy sources
that are h igh ly resistant to the root -knot nematodes.
References
Anonymous. 1997. B iennia l Report 1995-97 ; A I C R P
o n Nematodes . A n a n d , Gu ja ra t , I n d i a : G u j a r a t A g r i -
cu l t u ra l Univers i ty . 25 pp.
Sharma, S.B., and M c D o n a l d , D. 1990. G loba l status
o f nematode problems o f groundnut , pigeonpea,
chickpea, sorghum, and pearl mi l le t , and suggestions for
future work . Crop Protection 9 :453-58 .
Upadhyay, K.D. , and Dwivedi , K. 1987. Ana lys is o f
crop losses in pea and gram due to Meloidogyne incognita.
Internat ional Nemato logy Ne two rk Newsletter 4 : 6 - 7 .
l C P N 6 , 1 9 9 9 15
Isolation of Bacteria Possessing
Antifungal Activities Against
Ascochyta rabiei, a Chickpea
Fungus
Chickpea is an important legume crop in the Indo-Pakistan
subcontinent and in many other countr ies. However , its
y ie ld per uni t area has remained very low. There are
many factors wh i ch account for the d ismal ly low y ie ld .
One very important factor is chickpea's suscept ibi l i ty to
a devastating disease caused by the fungus Ascochyta
rabiei (Nene 1982). The commercia l ly available cult ivars
lack genetic resistance against the fungus A. rabiei.
Thus, there is a great need to protect the crop by using
novel strategies to complement convent ional cont ro l
measures involv ing agrochemical treatments. In b io logical
contro l studies the bacterium Bacillus subtilis has
proved effect ive against bean rust (Baker et a l . 1983)
and early b l ight of potato (Vasudeva and Chakravar th i
1954) caused by Vromyces phaseoli and Alternaria solani
respectively. The purpose of the present communica t ion
is to describe a method for the isolat ion of ant i fungal
bacteria that can be used, either as m ic rob ia l sprays or
through genetic engineering techniques, to control chickpea
bl ight caused by A. rabiei.
Soi l , water, decaying leaves, and grain dust samples
were col lected f rom di f ferent ecological envi ronments.
To isolate ant i fungal bacteria, 1 g of the sample was
added to 50 mL sterile saline solut ion (0 .85% NaCl , pH
7) in a 250ml-con ica l f lask, and incubated w i t h shaking
at 30°C. A f te r 4 hours, a 1 mL sample was aseptical ly
transferred to 50 mL LB broth (D lFCO) in a 250 ml conical
f lask and incubated overnight at 30°C w i th shaking.
Serial d i lut ions of the g row ing culture were streaked on
LB agar plates and incubated at 30°C fo r 48 hours.
D i f f e ren t types of colonies appeared on these plates.
One co lony f rom each plate was transferred aseptically
to the 5 mL LB broth in a test tube and incubated w i th
Ahmad Ali Shahid and Sheikh Riazuddin (National
Centre of Excellence in Molecular Biology, Punjab
University, Thokar Niaz Baig, Canal Bank Road, Lahore
53700, Pakistan)
Figure 1. Growth inhibition of Ascochyta rabiei in response to crude extract of Bacillus cereus protein. A. Control (well
contains only sterile distilled water). B. Experimental (well contains 1.5 mg crude protein extract).
16 I C P N 6, 1999
shaking overn ight at 30°C. Then the cul ture was m u l t i
p l ied overnight in a 2- l i ter conical f lask conta in ing 500
ml LB broth by leaving i t w i t h a shaker at 30°C. The
cul ture broth was centr i fuged and the pel let was washed
by norma l saline solut ion and resuspended in 4 ml ster
i le d is t i l led water. The material was sonicated, f i l ter steril
ized and the protein concentrat ion was measured w i t h a
spectrophotometer at 595 nm w i th B io rad dye reagent
according to the method described by Brad fo rd (1976) .
A spore suspension (measur ing 200µ1 ) of Ascochyta
rabiei ( C A M B 5) containing 104 spores mL -1 was spread
on Czapek dox agar plates ( M E R C K ) and incubated at
22+2 o C for 24 hours. Smal l wel ls were punched into the
agar layer of each plate and 1.5 mg crude protein extract
in 5 0 µ 1 was added to each we l l . The plates were incu
bated at 22+2°C and were moni tored dai ly for 3 -5 days.
By this method, we obtained three bacterial isolates
which inhibited the growth of A. rabiei. These were ident i
fied as Bacillus cereus, Enterobacter agglomeranse and
Klebsiella ozaenae. Ident i f icat ion of the strains was'
done according to Sneath (1986).
The crude protein was tested for heat tolerance at
37°C, 55°C, 70°C, and 100°C for 10 m in and it was inact i
vated at 70°C and 100°C. A comparison of ant i fungal
act iv i ty , as j udged by the size of the clear inh ib i t ion zone
(16 cm) in m idd le of the plate, revealed that B. cereus
was most active against A. rabiei (F ig . 1). The zones of
inh ib i t ion remained we l l def ined even after weeks of i n
cubat ion. The observed inh ib i to ry act ion of the isolates
was attr ibuted to its effect on spore germinat ion. This
agrees w i t h observat ion of Pusey and Wi l son (1984) who
reported that the pr imary antibiotic action of B. subtilis
was inh ib i t ion of spore germinat ion rather than hyphal
g row th .
References
Baker, C .J . , Stavely, J.R. , Thomas, C.A. , Sasser, ML,
and M a c F a l l , J.S. 1983. Inh ib i to ry effect of Bacillus
suhtilis on Uromyces phaseoli and on development of
rust pustules on bean leaves. Phytopathology 73: 1 1 4 8 -
1152.
Brad ford , ML ML 1976. A rapid and sensitive method
for the quant i tat ion o f m ic rogram quantit ies o f protein
u t i l i z ing the pr inc ip le o f prote in-dye b ind ing . Annals o f
B iochemis t ry 72 :248 -254 .
Nene, Y . L . 1982. A rev iew of Ascochyta b l ight o f
chickpea. Trop ica l Pest Management 2 8 : 6 1 - 7 0 .
Pusey, P. l . , and Wi lson, C I . 1984. Post harvest b io -
logical cont ro l of stone f ru i te b rown rot by Bacillus
subtilis. Plant Disease 68: 7 5 3 - 7 5 6 .
Sneath, P.H.A. (ed.) 1986. Bergey 's manual of system-
atic bacter io logy. Ba l t imore, U S A . W i l l i ams & W i l k i n s .
Vasudeva, R.S., and C h a k r a v a r t h i , B.P. 1954. The
ant ib iot ic action of Bacillus subtilis in relat ion to certain
parasitic fungi , w i th special reference to Alternaria solani.
Annals o f App l i ed B io logy 41 :612-618 .
Entomology
Amongst the important natural enemies of insect pests,
Trichogramma chilonis (Hymenoptera: T r i chog rammi -
tidae), an egg parasitoid, has h igh potential in the contro l
of Helicoverpa armigera in such crops as maize, cot ton,
sorghum. It also parasitizes some borer pests of r ice and
sugarcane; but it has on ly rarely been seen to parasit ize
eggs on chickpea and pigeonpea (Romeis et a l . 1996).
The present investigation was undertaken to evaluate the
feasibi l i ty of using T. chilonis by the mass-release method
to contro l H. armigera.
Fie ld trai ls were conducted dur ing 1994-96 at the
Col lege of Agr icu l ture, Nagpur, on a chickpea crop sown
on 0.1 ha f ie ld . Trichogramma chilonis produced at
Biocontrol Laboratory, Department of Entomology, College
of Agr icu l tu re , Nagpur, was released at week ly intervals
th roughou t the f i e l d . Four releases of 1.0 lakh ha - 1
(Ba lasubramanian 1993) were under taken, the f i rs t
release co inc id ing w i t h egg in i t ia t ion by the pes t
To evaluate the feasibil ity of the parasitoid, H. armigera
eggs were col lected twice a week f rom the released f ie ld
l C P N 6, 1999 17
S S Kulat1, S A Nimbalkar
2, V Y Deotale
1, and
V J Tambe3 ( 1 . Department of Entomology, College of
Agriculture, Nagpur 440 010, Maharashtra, India;
2. Department of Entomology, Dr Punjabrao Deshmukh
Krishi Vidyalaya, Akola 444 104, Maharashtra, India;
and 3. A l l India Coordinated Rice Improvement Project
(AICRIP), Agricultural Research Station, Sakoli,
Bhandara district, Maharashtra, India)
Feasibility of Using Trichogramma
chilonis Ishii against Helicoverpa
armigera (Hubner) Infesting Chickpea
References
Balasubramanian, S., A r o r a , R.S., and Pawar , M . D .
1989. B io log ica l cont ro l of Heliothis armigera (Hubn.)
using Trichogramma pretiosm R i ley and nuclear po ly -
hedrosis v i rus in Shriganganagar distr ict o f Rajasthan.
Plant Protect ion Bu l l e t i n , Ind ia 4 1 : 1 - 3 .
Balasubramanian, G. 1993. Technologies for preparation
of Trichogramma spp. for f i e ld use and evaluat ion of
them. Na t iona l T r a i n i n g Programme on Mass M u l t i
p l i ca t ion o f B io -con t ro l agents, 2 4 - 3 1 A u g 1993. T a m i l
N a d u Agr i cu l tu ra l Un ivers i ty , Co imbatore , Ind ia
[Book le t . ] 45 pp.
Romeis, J . , and Shanower, T . G . 1996. A r th ropod
natural enemies of Helicoverpa armigera (Hubner)
(Lepidoptera: Noctu idae) in India. B iocon t ro l and Tech
no logy 6 :481 -508 .
act iv i ty (Chhabra and Kooner 1993). Peak H. armigera
populat ions coincide w i t h the peak per iod o f f ru i t ing
bodies of pulse crops. The f i rst peak is in M a r c h / A p r i l
wh i ch coincides w i t h the peak o f pod fo rmat ion in
chickpea, the other peak in October co inc id ing w i th the
peak of pigeonpea f ru i t i ng . In the present invest igat ion,
larval incidence was studied on d i f ferent w i l d species
and cul t ivated genotypes of chickpea in order to ident i fy
a genotype resistant to H. armigera.
The studies were conducted on the exper imenta l
f ie lds o f the Department o f Plant Breed ing , Punjab A g r i -
cul tural Univers i ty , Ludhiana dur ing the 1993/94 and
1994/95 crop seasons. Four w i l d species of chickpea:
Cicer echinospermum, C. judaicum, C. pinnatifidum, and
C. reticulatum, and f i ve cul t ivated genotypes: GG 830,
GL 1014, GL 1302, GL 90133, and ICC 5264 E 10
(kabul i ) were studied along w i t h standards PBG 1 and
L 550 (kabu l i ) and susceptible cont ro l K P G 173-4. The
test mater ial was sown in the f i rst week of November in
randomized b lock design w i th three repl icat ions. A l l the
test entries were surrounded by rows of susceptible control
and kept free from insecticides throughout the crop season.
Five plants of each genotype in each repl icat ion were
tagged at random to per iod ica l ly assess the larval popu-
lat ion. The observations were recorded from standard
weeks 1 to 15, in i t ia l ly once a week (up to standard week
7) and later on tw ice a week when the larval populat ion
started increasing.
The larval populat ion was quite low dur ing 1993/94
compared to the populat ion in 1994/95. The peak larval
populat ion in the f irst year was observed dur ing stan-
dard weeks 11 to 14. The larval popula t ion was low on
w i l d species as compared to the cul t ivated genotypes.
The larval population on the cult ivated genotypes GL 104,
GG 830, and GL 90133 was s ign i f icant ly lower than on
the test variety L 550 and the susceptible control (Table 1).
Dur ing the second year of f ie ld testing, the populat ion
level in the w i l d species was again s ign i f icant ly lower
than in the cult ivated genotypes. It was 0.53 to 0.81 larvae
plant - 1 on the w i l d species and 1.03 to 1.54 larvae p lant 1
on the cul t ivated genotypes. However , the peaks in both
the w i l d species and cul t ivated genotypes were recorded
at 14 -16 standard weeks. D u r i n g the second year of
testing, GL 1014 maintained its superiority over the others
(Table 1).
From the mean larval popula t ion dur ing both years i t
is evident that w i l d species (except C. reticulatum) had a
s ign i f icant ly lower larval populat ion compared to the
cul t ivated genotypes except GL 1014 wh ich was at par
w i t h C. pinnatifidum and C. judaicum. However , among
the cult ivated genotypes GL 1014 harboured s igni f icant ly
18 I C P N 6, 1999
and kept i nd iv idua l l y in the laboratory to observe the
emergence of the parasi to id. I t was revealed that none of
the 1763 eggs col lected dur ing the g row ing seasons of
1994 -96 f rom chickpea was parasit ized. However ,
Balasubramanian et a l . (1989) reported a h igh level of
parasi t ism by d i f ferent species on Helicoverpa armigera
eggs on chickpea after on l y one release of the exot ic
T. pretiosm R i ley .
The negl ig ib le parasitism may be because the parasite
either fa i led to surv ive in the dry env i ronment that per-
sisted in the chickpea f ie ld or was k i l l ed by the acidic
secretions of the leaves of the chickpea plant. Therefore,
fu ture invest igat ions should focus on the plant parts/
secretions in chickpea responsible for the negl ig ib le
effect o f th is potent ia l parasi toid.
I n c i d e n c e of Helicoverpa armigera
( H u b n e r ) o n W i l d a n d C u l t i v a t e d
Species o f C h i c k p e a
Sandeep Kaur1, K S Chhabra
1, and B S Arora
2
( 1 . Department of Plant Breeding, and 2. Department of
Soil Science, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana
141 001, Punjab, India)
Chickpea, an important postrainy season pulse crop in
Punjab, suffers considerable damage from the pod borer
Helicoverpa armigera (Hub.) (S ingh et a l . 1990). The
pest is act ive throughout the year and completes 7 - 8
generations in Punjab, w i t h t w o per iods o f peak larval
lower larval population compared to the susceptible control
(Table 1).
Th is study indicates that w i l d species have greater
resistance to Hel icoverpa than the cul t ivated genotypes,
as evidenced by the larval popula t ion. These f ind ings
c o n f i r m the observat ions o f Pundi r e t a l . (1992) ,
w h e r e the t w o w i l d species, C. reticulatum and
C. echinospermum were seen to possess resistance
against such insect pests as bruchids and leaf miners. In
this invest igat ion it was observed that the standard
variety L 550 (kabul i ) was preferred over the desi varieties,
w h i c h agreed w i t h the studies conducted by Kaushik and
Naresh (1984) where in they recorded that the average
popula t ion density of H. armigera was higher on the
kabu l i var iety L 414 compared to the desi var iety H 208.
In the present invest igat ion GL 1014 was found to be
superior to the other test genotypes and was on par w i t h
the w i l d species. The f ind ings con f i rm the w o r k o f
Chhabra and Kooner (1994) where GL 1014 was ident i -
f ied as a resistant genotype on the basis of 8 years of f ield
test ing.
A m o n g the w i l d species C. echinospermum and
C. reticulatum are very s imi lar to the cul t ivated species
(C. arietinum) in terms of pod and seed size. Thus these
species cou ld be used in the breeding program for the
development of chickpea cultivars resistant to H armigera.
References
C h h a b r a , K.S., and Kooner , B.S. 1993. Assessment of
Heliothis armigera (Hubner) population through pheromone
trap at Ludhiana, India. German Journal o f A p p l i e d
Zoo logy 79 :309-317 .
Chhabra , K.S., and Kooner, B.S. 1994. A l l India Coor
dinated Pulses Improvement Project - Annua l Progress
Report , Rab i : 1993 -94 . 5-21 pp.
Kaushik , S.K., and Naresh, J.S. 1984. Populat ion
dynamics, d is t r ibut ion pattern and damage of Heliothis
armigera (Hubner) on chickpea. Ind ian Journal of A g r i
cul tural Sciences 5 4 : 3 2 5 - 3 2 8 .
Pundir , R.P.S., Mengesha, M . H . , and Reddy, G , V .
1992. Interspecif ic hybr id izat ion in Cicer. Internat ional
Chickpea Newslet ter 2 6 : 6 - 8 .
Singh, J . , Sandhu, S.S., and Singla, M X . 1990. Eco logy
of Heliothis armigera (Hub.) on chickpea in Punjab.
Journal o f Insect Science 3 :47 -52 .
I C P N 6, 1999 19
Table 1. M e a n larval population of Helicoverpa armigera (Hubner) on different wi ld and cultivated species of
chickpea at Punjab Agr icu l tura l University Exper imental F a r m , Punjab, Ind ia , 1993/94 and 1994/95.
Specie55/Genotype
Wi ld species
Cicer judaicum
C. pinnatifidum
C. echinospermum
C. reticulatum
Cultivated species (C. arietinum)
GG 830
GL 1014
GL 1302
GL 90133
ICC 5264 E 10 (kabuli)
PBG l
L 550 (kabuli)
Susceptible control (KPG 173-4)
CD (5%)
Mean larval population plant-1
1993/941
0.16 (1.08)3
0.14 (1.07)
0.11 (1.05)
0.11 (1.05)
0.17 (1.08)
0.15 (1.07)
0.19 (1.09)
0.17 (1.08)
0.20 (1.09)
0.20 (1.09)
0.26 (1.12)
0.29 (1.14)
(0.04)
1994/952
0.62 (1.27)
0.70 (1.30)
0.53 (1.23)
0.81 (1.34)
1.17 (1.47)
1.03 (1.42)
1.14 (1.46)
1.21 (1.48)
1.23 (1.49)
1.47 (1.57)
1.42 (1.55)
1.54 (1.59)
(0.14)
Mean
0.39 (1.18)
0.42 (1.19)
0.32 (1.14)
0.46 (1.20)
0.67 (1.28)
0.59 (1.25)
0.67 (1.28)
0.69 (1.28)
0.71 (1.29)
0.83 (1.33)
0.84 (1.34)
0.92 (1.36)
(0.09)
1. Mean of 22 observations on 15 plants.
2. Mean of 29 observations on 15 plants.
3. Figures in parentheses are transformations.
Acknowledgments . The authors are g ra te fu l to
Dr M H Mengesha, former Director, Germplam D iv i s i on ,
l C R I S A T , Patancheru, Andh ra Pradesh, fo r p rov id i ng
the seed mater ia l of w i l d species for these studies.
The Bar ind Tract comprises upl i f ted weathered a l luv ium
of h igh c lay content, w h i c h is not subject to annual
f l ood ing by the ma jo r r i ver systems in northwestern
Bangladesh. The undulat ing or H igh Bar ind Tract ( H B T )
covers some 2200 k m 2 to the west of this region (Edr is
1990). The t rad i t ional c ropp ing system of this area is
predominant ly ra iny season ra in fed transplanted aman
(t. aman) r ice, wh ich is transplanted in July and harvested
in October-November. The bunded fields were invar iably
left fa l low for the remainder of the year. However, on- farm
research in i t iated in the 1980s by the On-Farm Research
Divis ion of the Bangladesh Agricultural Research Institute,
and carr ied f o rwa rd by them, has developed and demon-
strated technology that permi ts cu l t iva t ion of w in ter
(postra iny season) crops to f o l l ow r ice ( K u m a r et a l .
1994). Essential ly, this involves seed bed preparat ion
and s o w i n g o f the pos t ra iny season c rop soon after
harvest of r ice w h i l e the soi l surface retains suf f ic ient
moisture to ensure adequate crop establishment. Seed
l i ng roots penetrate the then mois t p low-pan layer and
can then extract residual soi l moisture f rom deeper layers
after the surface soi l and p low-pan layer dries out. I f
shorter-durat ion variet ies of postrainy season crops are
used they can reach matur i ty before the residual subsoi l
moisture is exhausted. A l s o , if shorter durat ion t. aman
r ice variet ies are used, or the r ice is transplanted earl ier
than normal or directly seeded, rice maturity can be reached
at an o p t i m u m sow ing t ime f o r postrainy crops (their
late sowing, in late November or early December, retards
1. This document is an output from a collaborative project wi th funding
support f rom the UK Department for International Development
(DFID) and administered by the Centre for A r id Zone Studies (Plant
Sciences Research Programme R6395) for the benefit of developing
countries. The views expressed are not necessarily those of DFID.
vegetative g rowth and root penetrat ion and hence they
face a greater degree of terminal drought stress).
Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) has proven to be part icu-
lar ly suited to g row ing after r ice in this system because
of its strong root ing characteristics and because of the
avai lab i l i ty of shorter-durat ion improved variet ies, as
compared to t radi t ional local landraces n o w used. The
area of chickpea in the H B T in the 1984/85 season was
around 1200 ha but in 1997/98 it was estimated to be
9 0 0 0 - 1 0 000 ha (Musa et a l . 1998). Chickpea y ie lds in
the H B T are usual ly more than the nat ional average due
to low incidence of bot ry t is gray m o l d disease in this
region. However , y ie lds in most farmers ' f ie lds norma l l y
remain be low 1 t ha -1 due ma in ly to crop establishment
problems and terminal drought and heat stress.
In on-farm trials in western India, it has been reported
that seed p r i m i n g increases yie lds of chickpea and other
ra in fed crops (Harr is et a l . 1999). The p r i m i n g process
s imply involves soaking the seeds overn ight ( fo r about
8 h) , surface d ry ing them, and then sowing w i t h i n the
fo l l ow ing day. This treatment hastens germinat ion , en-
hances crop establishment and promotes seedl ing v igo r
(Harris et al. 1999). It was therefore considered wor thwh i le
to evaluate seed p r im ing for its ef f icacy for chickpea
g r o w n in the harsh condi t ions o f the H B T .
On-farm trials were conducted under dryland conditions
at 30 locations in the Ataher, A m n u r a and Nachole soi l
series of the H B T . Abou t 0.13 ha of land at each locat ion
was d iv ided equal ly fo r the f o l l o w i n g t w o treatments:
1) non-pr imed, where normal dry seeds were sown ; and
2) p r imed , where seeds were soaked in water overn ight ,
surface dr ied, and then sown w i t h i n that day. Farmers
were appropr iately trained in this methodo logy . The
chickpea var iety Bar icho la-2, recent ly released for cu l t i -
vat ion in Bangladesh was used as the test crop and sown
at the seed rate of 50 kg ha -1. Several pa r t i c ipa t ing
farmers appl ied P2O5 at 40 kg ha -1, as t r ip le superphos-
phate, and K2O at 20 kg ha -1, as mur iate of potash. No
fung ic ida l seed dressing or Rhizobium inoculat ion was
used. Fertil izer was applied at the t ime of land preparation,
b y powe r t i l l e r o r b u l l o c k - d r a w n p l o w f o l l o w e d b y
ladder ing ( leve l ing) . Seed was hand broadcast in each
treatment p lo t at the same t ime fo l l owed by a f ina l
ladder ing. The sowing date fo r the d i f ferent locat ions
ranged from 19 N o v to 13 Dec 1998, Intercul tura l opera-
t ions for weed contro l were done as needed and some
farmers applied need-based sprays of insecticide to control
Helicoverpa armigera pod borer.
D u r i n g the crop g row th per iod, observat ions were
made on such parameters as emergence, ear ly g rowth
vigor and pest and disease incidence. Plots w i th the p r i m i n g
20 I C P N 6, 1999
A M Musa1, C Johansen
2, J Kumar
2, and D Harris
3
(1 . Peoples' Resources Oriented Voluntary Association,
204/A, Uposhahar, Sopura, Rajshahi, Bangladesh;
2. International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-
Ar id Tropics ( lCRISAT), Patancheru 502 324, Andhra
Pradesh, India; and 3. Centre for Ar id Zone Studies,
University of Wales, Bangor, Gwynedd LL57 2UW,
United Kingdom)
A g r o n o m y / P h y s i o l o g y
Response of Chickpea to Seed Priming
in the High Barind Tract of Bangladesh1
treatment were harvested dur ing 20 M a r to 4 A p r for the
di f ferent locat ions, and plots w i thou t p r imed seed were
harvested dur ing 25 Mar to 7 A p r 1999. The pr imed seed
plots were harvested 3 - 7 days before their respective
non-pr imed ones, but dates of phys io log ica l matur i ty for
each p lo t were not recorded. Data on y ie ld and y ie ld
components for each p lot were col lected and analyzed,
init ial ly by a paired two-tailed "t" - test using all 30 locations.
Ra in fa l l cont inued unt i l m id -November in 1998,
thus de lay ing matur i ty and harvest of r ice and conse-
quently sowing of chickpea crops. However, f r om 22 N o v ,
there was no ef fect ive ra in fa l l recorded for the entire
chickpea g rowth per iod. Thus the chickpea crops in this
study grew ent i rely on residual stored soi l moisture.
Seed pr iming resulted in earlier emergence of seedlings,
by 1-3 days, and s ign i f icant ly increased (mean across 30
locat ions) plant stand and in i t ia l g rowth v igor (Table 1).
There was much less incidence of soi l -borne disease,
ma in l y caused by col lar rot (Sclerot ium rolfsii) and
Fusarium spp. in p r imed plots than in non-pr imed plots
(Table 1). There also appeared to be less pod borer damage
and fewer un f i l l ed pods in p r imed plots, but the effect
was not s igni f icant when al l 30 locations were considered
(Table 1). A l t h o u g h not a l l plots were examined, p r imed
plots general ly seemed to have better nodu la t ion , by
natural rh izob ia . Nodu le number per plant ranged f r o m
7 to 51 in pr imed plots and f rom 6 to 18 in non-pr imed
plots. I t was also noted that nodulat ion was general ly
better in plots in lower catena soils (Nachole soi l series)
than soils higher in the catena (Ataher and Amnura series);
biomass and grain y ie lds f o l l owed a s imi lar t rend.
Pr iming of seeds resulted in an overal l 4 7 % grain y ie ld
advantage, w i t h al l y ie ld cont r ibut ing factors measured
showing posi t ive effects o f p r im ing (s ign i f icant ly for a l l
parameters except 1000 grain mass) (Table 1). Th is is
only the f irst year of the seed p r im ing study in this region
but the results indicate dramatic effects on grain y i e l d
f rom such a s imple and low-cost technology. Con f i rma-
t ion of the effect is required in subsequent years, when
the weather pattern w i l l inev i tably d i f fer . The present
season was characterized by an in i t ia l f u l l y charged soi l
prof i le , w i t h no replenishment f rom winter rain. I t w o u l d
be of interest to determine p r im ing effects when there
would be less surface soil moisture init ial ly and when win ter
rains make a s igni f icant contr ibut ion to crop g row th .
The effect of seed p r im ing on gra in y i e l d and its com-
ponents appears to have its or ig ins in the better and
faster seedling establishment, perhaps f ina l ly a l l ow ing
some escape of terminal drought and heat stress, and of
pod borer damage to some extent. The posi t ive effects of
seed p r i m i n g on disease contro l and nodula t ion are
int r igu ing and deserve more in-depth study to understand
I C P N 6 , 1999 21
Table 1. Summary of data f rom 30 locations on effect of seed pr iming on chickpea performance in the High
Bar ind T r a c t of Bangladesh, 1998/99 season.
Var iab le
Emergence, plants m - 2
Ear ly g row th , plant height (cm)
Plant height at harvest (cm)
N o . o f diseased plants m - 2
Pod borer damage, damaged pods m - 2
N o . o f un f i l l ed pods plant - 1
N o . of plants at harvest m - 2
N o . o f pods m - 2
1000 gra in mass (g)
Gra in y ie ld ( t ha-1)
Residue y ie ld (t ha-1)
Mean
pr imed
36.7
10.5
36.4
1.1
3.6
3.4
30.6
1493
117.7
1.63
2.0
Mean
non-pr imed
30.2
8.6
33
2.0
4.1
4.4
25.0
1074
111.3
1.11
1.53
Increase
associated w i t h
p r im ing (%)
21
22
10
- 4 5
- 1 3
- 2 1
22
39
6
47
31
Probabi l i ty
(paired t-test,
2- ta i led)
1.51E-08
1.47E- 12
1.17E-07
2.87E-05
0.366
0.1287
2.56E-07
4.09E-05
0.0734
1.96E-05
2.94E-05
Signi f icance1
* * *
* * *
* * *
* * *
ns
ns
* * *
* * *
ns
* * *
* * *
1. * * * = Significant difference at P<0.001; ns = difference not significant.
the mechanisms invo lved . Soi l -borne diseases are l i ke ly
to assume greater importance as chickpea cu l t iva t ion in
the Bar ind increases and knowledge of mechanisms to
al leviate them w o u l d be valuable.
Possible synergist ic effects of seed p r im ing w i t h other
easily appl ied seed treatments need to be examined.
Such treatments w o u l d include fungic ide appl icat ion fo r
soi l -borne disease con t ro l , Rhizobium inoculat ion to
enhance low populat ions of nat ive rh izobia, and l ime/
phosphate/trace element pel le t ing to al leviate effects of
the ac id surface soi l and nutr ient def iciencies.
No tw i ths tand ing further studies on mechanisms of
p r i m i n g effects and possible synergies w i t h other seed
treatments, after one more year of conf i rmat ion of the
p r i m i n g effect i t should be possible to recommend and
demonstrate the effect on a large scale in the Bar ind re-
g i o n , and perhaps elsewhere on d i f f i cu l t post-r ice soils
in Bangladesh and adjacent areas of India. The effect of
p r i m i n g on other post-r ice crops besides chickpea also
needs to be ascertained.
Edris, K . M . 1990. Barina tract: problems and potentials.
Publ icat ion no. 33, Soi l Resources Development Institute
(SRD l ) , Rajshahi. Rajshahi, Bangladesh: S R D I , Min is t ry
of Ag r i cu l tu re , Government o f Bangladesh. 7 pp.
H a r r i s , D. , Joshi, A . , K h a n , P.A., Gothkar , P., and
Sodhi, P.S. 1999. On- fa rm seed p r i m i n g in semi-ar id
agr icu l ture: development and evaluat ion in maize, r ice
and chickpea in India using part ic ipatory methods.
Exper imenta l Agr i cu l tu re 35 :15 -29 .
K u m a r , J . , R a h m a n , M . , Musa , A . M . , and Is lam, S .
1994. Potent ial for expansion of chickpea in the Bar ind
region of Bangladesh. Internat ional Chickpea and
Pigeonpea Newslet ter no. 1. pp. 11-13.
M u s a , A . M . , Shahjahan, M . , K u m a r , J . , and
Johansen, C. 1998. Farming systems in the Bar ind
Tract of Bangladesh. Paper presented at the Farming
Systems Sympos ium at the Internat ional Congress on
A g r o n o m y , Env i ronment and Food Securi ty for the 21st
Century , 2 3 - 2 7 N o v 1998, N e w D e l h i , India. N e w
De lh i , Ind ia: Ind ian Society o f A g r o n o m y .
Chickpea is the ma in postrainy-season crop of the
Bundelkhand agroclimatic zone in Madhya Pradesh, India
cover ing 2 8 % of the total cul t ivated area (132 400 ha).
Trad i t iona l ly , chickpea is g rown as a ra infed crop under
monocropp ing systems. In recent years, i t has been i n
troduced into mu l t ip le -c ropp ing systems under l im i ted
i r r igat ion. The area and product ion of chickpea under
l im i ted i r r igat ion is gradual ly increasing. However , the
product iv i ty of chickpea continues to be low (1.3 t ha-1).
Of the several reasons for low produc t iv i t y , a major one
is nonadopt ion of improved technology, i.e., suitable va-
rieties, recommended balanced fer t i l izer use, contro l of
pod borer, and i r r igat ion. The results of several f ie ld
experiments at the Zonal Agr i cu l tu ra l Research Stat ion,
T ikamgarh have clearly shown that w i t h improved
management the grain y ie ld of chickpea is 3.0-3.5 t ha -1 .
There is obviously large gap between the y ie ld (1.3 t ha-1)
in farmers ' f ie lds and the product iv i ty at the research
station. Therefore, we decided to demonstrate the available
improved chickpea technology to farmers in the
Bundelkhand Zone of Madhya Pradesh.
Fie ld demonstrat ions were conducted under a f ront -
l ine demonstrat ion program o f the Indian Counc i l o f
Agr icu l tura l Research ( l C A R ) dur ing 1990/91, 1992/93,
1995/96, 1996/97, and 1997/98. A total of 124 field
demonstrat ions were conducted on farmers ' f ields in
T ikamgarh distr ict of Madhya Pradesh in sandy loam to
clayey soils. The plot size ranged between 0.4 to 2.0 ha-1.
Local practices include sowing seed by the broadcast
method, use of the local var iety , and the appl icat ion of
50 kg ha -1 d iammonium phosphate (DAP) alone as a basal.
The recommended package of practices in demonstrat ion
plots is described be low. The chickpea var iety , JG 315
was sown in rows 30 cm apart w i th a seed rate of 75 kg
ha -1. The seeds were treated w i t h th i ram at the rate of 3 g
kg-1 seed and Rhizobium cul ture at 10 g kg-1 seed. The
22 I C P N 6, 1999
References
Comparison of Yield and Economics of
Irrigated Chickpea Under Improved and
Local Management Practices
R K S Tomar, Prabhakar Sharma, and L N Yadav
(Jawaharlal Nehru Krishi Vishwa Vidyalaya, Krishi
Vigyan Kendra, Tikamgarh 472 001, Madhya Pradesh,
India)
basal dose of fer t i l izer consisted of 20 kg ha - 1 N in the
f o r m of D A P , 60 kg ha - 1 o f P in the f o rm of single super
phosphate (SSP), and 20 kg ha -1 K as muriate of potash.
Chickpea was sown between 19 Oct and 8 N o v and was
harvested 10-17 March. The f ields were irr igated prior to
sowing, followed by irrigation at the pre f lower ing and
gra in - f i l l i ng stages. T w o sprays of monocrotophos at a
concentration of 1.5 ml L -1 water were given to control pod
borer 20 days after incidence of pest.
Table 1 shows the y ie ld of chickpea under improved
and local practices. In comparison to local practices,
there was an increase of 68, 149, 59, 58, and 60 percent
in p roduc t i v i t y of the demonstrat ion plots in the corre
sponding years. The higher comparative y ie ld in chickpea
was attr ibuted to the use of improved varieties, proper
fer t i l izer management, and plant protect ion measures.
The economic analyses of results were worked out on
the basis of p reva i l ing market rates (Table 1). The data
indicate that demonstrat ion plots of chickpea gave net
returns of Rs 7143, 13217, 9730, 13336, and 12050 ha -1
compared to Rs 3830, 4245, 5980, 8257, and 7300 ha
under local pract ice in the same seasons (1 US$ =
Rs 42) . There was an increase of 8 5 % in the net return
in 1990/91 , 2 1 8 % in 1992/93, 6 2 % in 1995/96, 6 1 % in
1996/97, and 6 0 % in 1997/98,
We conclude that g row ing the chickpea variety JG 315
under improved management practices inc lud ing proper
seed rate, better method of sowing, recommended ferti l izer,
plant protection measures, and irr igation proved more
product ive and remunerat ive than that g rown under
t radi t ional practices.
Chickpea is the most important food legume in Tunis ia .
I t is cu l t iva ted on near ly 30 000 ha, account ing fo r
3 3 % of the total cropped area under legumes. Average
y ie l ds are a round 0.7 t ha - 1 . Reasons f o r l o w y i e l d
include environmental stresses (drought, salinity, mineral
def iciencies), improper agronomic management (no
fer t i l izer appl icat ions, and b iot ic factors (var ious d is
eases and insect pests).
Chickpea is sensitive to sal in i ty (Maas and H o f f m a n
1977). Screening for salt tolerance in 160 chickpea
genotypes showed that on ly one cul t ivar (cv L-550) was
able to tolerate a concentrat ion of 50 mM N a C l (Lauter
and Munns 1986). Previous studies by Ash ra f and
Waheed (1993) on several chickpea accessions have
conf i rmed this sensi t iv i ty and showed that h igher con
centrations (80 m M ) , were lethal to this species. In spite
of the known salt sensit ivity of chickpea, i t may be useful
to screen local germplasm in order to ident i fy some salt-
tolerant varieties to improve adaptation of th is c rop to
areas w i th moderate levels of sal in i ty.
I C P N 6, 1999 23
Table 1. Yie ld (t ha- 1
) , cost of cultivation (Rs ha-1
), and net return (Rs ha-1
)1 of chickpea grown using improved
and local management practices, T ikamgarh District, M a d h y a Pradesh, India, 1990/91-1997/98 postrainy seasons.
No. of
Year farmers
1990/91 23
1992/93 27
1995/96 24
1996/97 25
1997/98 25
Yield in
farmers' field
Highest
1.95
2.75
2.05
2.50
2.60
Lowest
1.40
1.90
1.45
1.60
1.60
Average
1.67
2.35
1.67
1.87
2.16
Local
practices
1.00
0.95
1.05
1.18
1.35
District
average
0.98
1.03
1.09
1.15
1.39
Cost of
cultivation2
Demon-
stration
3295
4446
6870
7300
7390
Local
practices
2670
2980
4920
4800
4850
Net
ruturn
Demon
stration
7143
13217
9730
13336
12050
Local
practices
3830
4145
5480
8257
7300
1. Sale rate (Rs t-1) of chickpea: Rs 6250 (1990-91) , Rs 7500 (1991-92) , Rs 10 000 (1995-96) , Rs 10 000 (1996-97) , Rs 9000 (1997-98) .
2. 1 US$ = Rs 42.
N Sleimi, M Lachaal, and C Abdelly (Nutrition
minerale, Institut national de recherche scientifique et
technique (INRAT), BP 95, 2050 Hammam lif, Tunis,
Tunisie)
Responses of Some Tunisian Chickpea
(Cicer arietinum) Varieties to Salinity
in Nutrient Solution
Figure 1. Dry mass ( D M ) at final harvest (39-day-old plants). DM at salt application is presented in the inset (initial harvest,
18-day-old plants). The treatments zero (T) and 35 mM (S) are means of 10 replications. Bars indicate + SE of mean;
differences between varieties are significant at the P = 0.05 level.
24 I C P N 6, 1999
1 . A m d o u n 1 2 . I L C 4 8 2 3 . I N R A T 8 8 4 . K e s s e b 5 . V . F . 6 . C h e t t o u i
8 0 0
6 0 0
4 0 0
2 0 0
0
L e a v e s
S t e m s
R o o t s
1 2 3 4 5 6
200
100
0
T
S
T
S
T
S
TT
S
S
s
T
Table 1. Change in water content (mL g- 1
dry mass of leaves) and in shoot/root (S /R) ratio with plant age and salt
concentration, means of 10 replications.
Var ie ty
A m d o u n 1
I L C 482
I N R A T 88
Kesseb
V . F .
Che t tou i
A t 18 D A S 1
S/R H2O
1.5 ± 0.2 5.0 ± 0.1
1.9 ± 0.2 5.4 ± 0.2
1.6 ± 0.1 4.8 ± 0.1
2.1 ± 0.2 5.1 ± 0.2
1.5 ± 0.3 5.1 ± 0.4
1.7 ± 0.1 6.2 ± 0.2
Cont ro l
S/R H2O
6.7 ± 1.4 4.9 ± 1.2
5.0 ± 0.3 5.3 ± 0.1
4.5 ± 0.5 4.8 ± 1.0
4.7 ± 0.6 5.1 ± 0.4
5.0 ± 0.5 4.6 ± 2.1
4.4 ± 0.5 5.7 ± 0.3
A t 39 D A S
Salt
S/R H2O
6.1 ± 1.1 3.7 ± 1.2
4.2 ± 0.2 3.0 ± 0.6
4.8 ± 0.2 1.8 ± 1.1
4.9 ± 0.7 2.1 ± 1.1
5.8 ± 1.1 1.0 ± 0.5
4.3 ± 0.5 2.3 ± 0.8
DAS = Days after sowing.
A t 3 9 D A S
At 18 DAS
Figure 2. Dry mass (DM) of plants expressed as percentage of control at final harvest. Values are means of 10 replications.
Bars indicate ± SE of mean; differences between varieties are significant at the P = 0.05 level.
Five Tunisian chickpea varieties and one French variety
(contro l ) were used in this study. The seeds were prov ided
by the I N R A T Laboratory o f Food Legumes and were
designated as A m d o u n 1, Chet tou i , Kesseb, I N R A T 88,
I L C 482 , and V .F . (French Var ie ty) .
The exper iment was conducted under contro l led
condi t ions (photoper iod 12 h, ef f ic ient radiance 250
µ m o l m - 2 s - 1 , d iurnal temperature of 26°C and n ight
temperature o f 18°C, mean relat ive humid i t y o f 6 5 %
dur ing the day, and 9 5 % in the n ight ) . The seedlings
were transplanted on perforated l ids that f i t ted w e l l on
pots f i l l ed w i t h d is t i l led water. A f te r 11 days, the seed
l ings-were transferred to 220 -mL pots containing Long
Ashton nutrient solution (Hamza 1977) which was di luted
f i ve t imes (T /5 ) .
When the plants were 18 days o ld , they were grouped
into three lots: the f irst one was harvested at the t ime of
transfer to nutr ient solut ion ( in i t ia l harvest), the second
was maintained on T/5 med ium, and the th i rd one was
maintained on the same med ium to wh ich was added
NaC l , 35 m M . The f ina l harvest was made 3 weeks after
the plants were transfered to saline med ium, i.e., 39
days after sowing ( D A S ) . The number of repl icat ions
was 10 plants per treatment and per var iety.
At 18 D A S ( in i t ia l harvest on T/5 med ium) , the
A m d o u n 1 variety produced more dry matter whereas
Chettoui produced the least (frame in Fig. 1). At the f inal
harvest, A m d o u n 1 and I L C 482 proved to be the best
developed on contro l med ium fo l l owed by Chet tou i ,
Kesseb, V .F . , and I N R A T 88 (F ig . 1).
I C P N 6, 1999 25
L e a v e s
W h o l e P l a n t
1 0 0
0
A m d o u n 1 I L C 4 8 2 I N R A T 8 8 K e s s e b V .F C h e t t o u i
The growth of Amdoun 1 was stimulated in the presence
of N a C l , 35 m M , as indicated by the increase in leaf
mass (F ig . 1). However , in other varieties g rowth was
inhib i ted, Chettoui being the most affected. The dry mass
of salt-treated plants was expressed as a percentage of
control (F ig . 2) , to compare varietal differences in response
to salt. A m d o u n 1 was the most tolerant ( 1 2 0 % of con
trol) and Chettoui the most sensitive (about 5 0 % of control).
The water content of the leaves was s imi lar in a l l
var iet ies, and var ied l i t t le dur ing the treatment per iod
(Table 1). In the presence of salt, water content was
reduced in a l l varieties but to a re lat ively lower extent in
A m d o u n l and lLC 482.
For the six chickpea varieties, shoot/root rat io (S/R)
increased w i t h t ime. There were large di f ferences among
the cult ivars: in the presence of salt, S/R decreased on ly for
the t w o most tolerant varieties (Amdoun l and I L C 482) .
Our results agree w i t h those of Ku iper et al. (1988) .
The superior performance of the Tunis ian var iety
A m d o u n 1 w o u l d be attr ibuted to the v igo r of its roo t ing
system (decreased S/R in presence of salt) and to an
appropriate water supply to its aerial parts (the water
content in the leaves was higher than in other variet ies).
The effect on leaf g rowth was affected in the behavior of
the plant as a whole . In fact, the effect on leaves appeared
to be the ma in reason for the sensi t iv i ty of Chet toui .
Our results con f i rmed chickpea sensit iv i ty reported
by other authors (Lauter and Munns 1986; Ash ra f and
Waheed 1993) and showed an impor tant intraspecif ic
var iab i l i t y fo r this character. In presence o f 35 mM o f
N a C l , A m d o u n l showed a h igh level o f tolerance wh i l e
Chet toui was very sensit ive. These results suggest that
the genotype A m d o u n l cou ld be t r ied in those areas of
Tunis ia w i t h moderate levels o f sal in i ty.
References
Ashraf , M. and Waheed , A. 1993. Responses of some
genetical ly diverse lines of chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.)
to salt. Plant and Soi l 154 :257-266.
H a m z a M. 1977. A c t i o n de di f ferents regimes d 'appor t
de ch lorure de sod ium sur la phys io log ie de deux
legumineuses: Phaseolus vulgaris (sensible) et Hedysarum
carnosum ( tolerante). Relations hydr iques et relations
ioniques. ( In Fr.) These Doctarat d 'Etat , Univers i te de
Paris, France. 252 pp.
Kuiper P.J.C., Ku iper , D., and Schiut, J. 1988. Root
func t ion ing under stress condi t ions: an in t roduct ion.
Plant and Soi l 111 :249-253 .
Lauter , D.J. , and Munns , D . N . 1986. Salt resistance of
chickpea genotypes in solut ions sal in ized w i t h N a C l or
Na2SO4 . Plant and Soi l 95: 2 7 1 - 2 7 9 .
Maas, E.V., and Hoffman, G.J. 1977. Crop salt tolerance—
current assessment. Journal of I r r igat ion and Drainage
D iv i s ion . A S C E 103 ( IR2) : 115-134 .
A Pre l iminary Field Evaluat ion of
Chickpea Nodulation Var iants
A Sheoran, A L Khurana, and S S Dudeja (Department
of Microbiology, Chaudhury Charan Singh Haryana
Agricultural University (CCS HAU), Hisar 125 004,
Haryana, India)
Legume product iv i ty can be max im ized by select ing
host plants wh ich have enhanced symbio t ic N2 f i xa t ion .
Such h igh-nodu la t ing ( H N ) lines have been reported in
chickpea (Rupela 1994) and pigeonpea (Rupela and
Johansen 1995; Dudeja and Khurana 1996). W h i l e it is
pert inent to take in to account the agronomic evaluat ion
of such host-plant selections, the super ior i ty o f HN
selections over unselected bulk cul t ivar (UC) of chickpea
cou ld not be established at Hisar due to the suscept ib i l i ty
o f the nodulat ion variants o f chickpea to fusar ium w i l t
(Khurana and Dudeja 1996; Dudeja et al. 1997). Therefore
in the present study HN selections of chickpea cul t ivars
ICC 5003 and ICC 4948 were evaluated in the f i e ld ,
at tempt ing to avo id the occurrence of w i l t disease by
sowing later than normal (m id -Oc t to m i d - N o v ) , w i t h
deep seed placement (15 c m , compared w i t h the normal
depth of 7 .5 -10 cm). The exper iment was sown on 4
Dec 1995 at CCS Haryana Agr icu l tura l Universi ty Farm.
The soi l was sandy loam of pH 7.5 (H2O 1:2) and con-
tained 4.2 mg g - 1 organic carbon, 10 mg g - 1 P (Olsen)
and 0.65 mg g - 1 total N. One set of seeds was sown w i t h
N wh i le in the other set, 100 kg N ha -1 in the fo rm of
urea was added a month pr ior to sow ing , so that the soi l
was complete ly minera l ized by the t ime the exper iment
was sown. The mineral ni t rogen content at the t ime of
sowing was 14-16 mg g - 1 in plots w i thou t exogenous
ni t rogen and 29 -30 mg g - 1 in the urea-applied plots. The
experiment was conducted in t r ip l icate in 7.2 m2 p lots
arranged in factor ia l complete randomized design w i t h
plant-to-plant spacing of 8 -10 cm and row-to- row spacing
of 30 c m . The tr ia l was completed on residual mois ture.
Nodu la t ion was observed in 5 plants p lo t - 1 60 days after
26 I C P N 6 , 1999
sowing and grain y ie ld was recorded at harvest. Plants
were also mon i to red fo r w i l t occurrence.
Nodu le biomass was highest in the HN selections o f
both the cult ivars as compared to the UC or low-nodulat ing
( L N ) selection (Table 1). The LN selection fo rmed fewer
nodules and thereby produced less nodule biomass than
the unselected bu lk cul t ivar , ind icat ing the stabi l i ty of
the selections. W i t h the increase in soi l n i t rogen level
after the addi t ion of 100 kg N ha-1, nodulat ion and nodule
biomass were remarkably reduced in ai l the nodula t ion
variants. Under norma l fe r t i l i t y level , where no fer t i l izer
N was added, an increase of 12 .3% in y ie ld was observed
in ICC 5003 HN selection over its unselected bulk cult ivar.
S im i la r l y , another HN selection o f ICC 4948 y ie lded
16.4% more grains than the unselected parent cu l t ivar
but these increases were stat ist ical ly nonsigni f icant .
However , the overa l l mean y ie ld o f LN selections o f ICC
4948 y ie lded 1.3% and and ICC 5003 y ie lded 7 .4% less
than the unselected cul t ivars. Gra in y ie ld of a l l the
nodula t ion variants was observed to increase w i th the
increase in the soi l N- fe r t i l i t y level . The HN selections
of I C C 5003 and ICC 4948 y ie lded 8 .9% and 13.2%
higher than the respective bu lk cul t ivars under h igh N-
fe r t i l i t y level . The y i e l d o f ICC 4948 LN selection was
on par w i t h its HN selection wh i l e the LN selection o f
ICC 5003 y ie lded almost the same as its unselected bu lk
cul t ivar under h igh N- fer t i l i ty level. This was also evident
f r om the percentage increase in grain y ie ld at the N2
level as compared to N1 level as shown in Table 1. The
increase was m a x i m u m in the LN selections (17.7 and
27.7%) and m i n i m u m in HN selections (8.9 and 8.8%)
of both cult ivars. The overal l mean y ie ld o f the HN selec-
t ions of ICC 5003 and ICC 4948 was 10.5% and 13.2%
higher than the respective unselected bu lk cul t ivars.
W i l t was not observed in any of the nodulat ion variants.
Thus, i f there is no incidence of w i l t , the HN selections
are superior over the unselected bu lk and LN selections.
This is contrary to the earlier report where HN selections
were found not superior to UC due to their suscept ib i l i ty
to w i l t (Khurana and Dudeja 1996; Dudeja et a l . 1997).
Therefore wh i le mak ing selections for h igh nodu la t ion ,
wi l t -resistant/ tolerant cul t ivars should be used as a base.
These HN selections could f i x more nitrogen, and enhance
soil fer t i l i ty , thereby possibly benef i t t ing the succeeding
crop.
Acknowledgment. The senior research fe l lowsh ip
awarded to A Sheoran by the Counc i l of Scient i f ic and
Industr ia l Research, N e w De lh i is acknowledged.
I C P N 6 , 1999 27
Tab le 1 . Nodule biomass and grain yield of chickpea nodulation variants of cultivars I C C 5003 and I C C 4948
under two N-fert i l i ty levels at H A U , Hisar , Ind ia , postrainy season 1995.
Cul t i vars Nodu la t ion variants
ICC 5003 UC 2
L N
H N
CD at 5% for nodulat ion variants
N i t rogen level
Interact ion between nodulat ion
variants and ni t rogen level
ICC4948 UC
L N
H N
CD at 5% fo r nodula t ion variants
N i t rogen level
Interact ion between nodulat ion
variants and n i t rogen level
Nodu le biomass1
( m g plant -1)
Nl
1219
1152
1450
103
84
145
1123
626
1273
N 2
974
819
997
879
532
1075
Mean
1096
986
1223
1001
579
1174
Gra in y ie ld
( k g ha-1)
N l
1309
1212
1470
1564
1543
1821
35
28
49
N 2
1471
1427
1601
1794
1970
1981
Mean
1390
1319
1536
85
70
121
1679
1757
1901
102
84
146
1. Nl = no added nitrogen; N2 = exogenous 100 kg N ha-1.
2. UC = unselected bulk cult ivar; LN =low nodulating; HN = high nodulating.
References
Dude ja , S.S., and K h u r a n a , A . L . 1996. Genetic
improvement o f pigeonpea host for better nodula t ion.
Pages 162 -165 in Perspectives in M i c rob i o l ogy
(Kah lon , R.S., ed.). Ludh iana, Punjab, Ind ia : Nat iona l
Ag r i cu l t u ra l Techno logy In fo rmat ion Centre.
Dude ja , S.S., Potdukhe, S.R., Namdeo, S.L., Da ta r ,
V . V . , K u m a r , V . , T i l ak , K .V .B .R . , K h u r a n a , A . L . ,
and Rupela , O . P . 1997. Mu l t i l oca t iona l evaluat ion o f
some selected chickpea nodulat ion variants in Ind ia.
Pages 2 6 1 - 2 7 6 in Manag ing Legume N i t rogen F ixa t ion
in the C r o p p i n g Systems o f As ia : Proceedings o f an
Internat ional Workshop (Rupela, O.P., Johansen, C.,
and Herr idge D.F., eds), 2 0 - 2 4 A u g 1996, he ld at
I C R I S A T As ia Center, Ind ia . Patancheru 502 324,
Andh ra Pradesh, Ind ia : Internat ional Crops Research
Inst i tute for the Sem i -A r i d Tropics.
K h u r a n a , A . L . , and Dudeja , S.S. 1996. Selection o f
h igh nodu la t ing l ines o f chickpea. Crop Improvement
2 3 : 2 0 8 - 2 1 2 .
Rupela, O.P. 1994. Screening for intracultivaral var iabi l i ty
of nodu la t ion in chickpea and pigeonpea. Pages 7 5 - 8 3
in L i n k i n g B io log ica l N i t rogen F ixat ion Research in
As ia : report of a meeting of the Asia work ing group on
bio log ica l n i t rogen f i xa t ion in legumes (Rupela, O.P.,
K u m a r Rao, J .V .D.K . , W a n i , S.P., and Johansen, C. ,
eds.), 6 - 8 Dec 1993, I C R I S A T Asia Center, Ind ia.
Patancheru 502 324, Andh ra Pradesh, Ind ia : Interna-
t iona l Crops Research Inst i tute fo r the S e m i - A r i d
Trop ics .
Rupela , O .P . , and Johansen, C. 1995. Ident i f icat ion o f
non-nodu la t ing and l ow and h igh nodula t ing plants in
pigeonpea. Soi l B i o l ogy and B iochemis t ry 2 7 : 5 3 9 - 5 4 4 .
Chickpea Root Nodulat ion and Yield as
Affected by Micronut r ient Application
and Rhizobium Inoculat ion
M A H Bhuiyan1, D Khanam
1, and M Y Ali
2 (1. Soil
Microbiology Laboratory, Bangladesh Agricultural
Research Institute, Joydebpur, Gazipur 1701, Bangladesh;
and 2. Tobacco Research Centre, Burirhat, Rangpur,
Bangladesh)
M i n e r a l nutr ient def ic iencies l im i t n i t rogen f i xa t ion by
the legume -Rhizobium symbiosis in many agr icu l tura l
soils and as a result seriously depress legume yields be low
their m a x i m u m potent ia l ( O ' H a r a et a l . 1988). Nu t r ien t
l imi tat ions to legume product ion result not on ly f rom
deficiencies o f the more common macronutr ients such
as phosphorus, potassium, and sulphur but also of
micronutr ients such as mo lybdenum, boron , i ron , etc.
(O 'Hara et al . 1988). In a ni trogen-deficient soi l , legume
grow th and symb io t i c n i t rogen f i xa t i on are s t rong ly
inter-dependent. M o l y b d e n u m , and, par t icu lar ly boron
def ic ienc ies, af fect the p roduc t ion o f ch ickpea, cereal ,
oi lseed, and vegetable crops in some agroecological
zones especial ly in the l ight- textured soils of Rangpur,
Bangladesh ( M i a h et a l . 1992).
An exper iment was conducted in the l igh t so i l o f
Tobacco Research Stat ion, Rangpur, Bangladesh dur ing
the postrainy season of 1993/94 to study the effect of
rh izob ia l inocu lum and micronutr ients ( M o and B) on
the growth, y ie ld , and economic performance of chickpea.
The exper iment was la id out in randomized complete
b lock design in four repl icat ions w i t h eight treatments:
1. C o n t r o l , 2. Phosphorus (P) + Potass ium ( K ) +
M o l y b d e n u m ( M o ) , 3. Phosphorus + Potassium + Boron
(B ) , 4. I nocu lum, 5. Phosphorus + Potassium + M o l y b -
denum + Inocu lum, 6. Phosphorus + Potassium + Boron
+ Inocu lum, 7. N i t rogen ( N ) + Phosphorus + Potassium +
Mo lybdenum + Boron, 8. Phosphorus + Potassium + Mo-
lybdenum + Boron + Inocu lum. The soi l of the exper i -
mental site was col lected before sowing f r om 0 - 1 5 cm
depth. The soi l was sandy loam in texture, w i th pH 7.7,
organic matter 1.8%, exchangeable Ca (12.2), Mg (0.43) ,
K (0.38) , me 100 g-1, N H 4 - N (37) , avai lable P (21) , S
(23) , B (0.1) , Cu (4) , Fe (47) , Mn (2) , Zn (2) mg g - 1 .
N i t rogen (50 kg N ha 1 ) as urea, phosphorus (50 kg P2O5
ha-1) as tr ip le superphosphate, potassium (50 kg K20 ha-1)
as mur ia te of potash, m o l y b d e n u m (1 kg Mo ha -1) as
sod ium molybdate, boron (1 kg B ha-1) as solubor were
appl ied at sowing. The in i t ia l Rhizobium popu la t ion of
the soi l was 3.1 in - log 1 0 g - 1 of so i l . Peat-based inoculant
(Strain RCa-220) was appl ied at the rate of 70 g kg - 1 of
seed dur ing sowing. The Rhizobium populat ion of the
inoculant was 7.10 cells in log1 0 g - 1 of inoculant and
each seed contained 1.15 x 105 rh izob ia . The p lo t size
was 4 m x 3 m at an interrow spacing of 30 cm and
int rarow spacing of 10 c m . The chickpea var iety N a b i n
was sown 25 N o v 1993 and harvested 31 M a r 1994. The
plants were sampled for inoculat ion 60 days after sowing.
Table I shows that there was a s igni f icant increase
over control in nodule number, nodule mass, shoot mass,
stover y ie ld , and seed y i e l d due to rh izob ia l inocu la t ion
in the presence of phosphorus, potassium, mo l ybdenum
and boron . M o l y b d e n u m or boron app l i ca t ion w i t h
28 I C P N 6 , 1999
phosphorus, potassium and Rhizobium also resulted in
h igher nodule number, nodule mass, stover y ie ld , and
seed y ie ld than al l the other treatments except P K M o B +
Inocu lum. Rhizobium w i thou t any chemical fert i l izers
also gave a s ign i f icant ly h igher nodule number and
mass than the uninoculated control . Inoculat ion s ign i f i
cantly increased nodulat ion and seed y ie ld of chickpea.
The highest seed y ie ld (1.52 t ha-1) was recorded in the
treatment P K M o B + Inocu lum where the percentage
seed increase was 204 over the cont ro l . S imi lar f ind ings
were also observed by Bhu iyan et al . (1996) . The ben
ef i t -cost rat io ( B C R ) for only Inoculum treatment was
higher (details not presented). The highest BCR (23.00)
was achieved w i th the Inocu lum on ly treatment f o l l owed
by P K M o B + Inocu lum (7.10), P K B + Inocu lum (6.49) ,
P K M o + Inoculum (3.53), and N P K M o B (1.20), indicating
that better economic performance results f rom inoculation
w i t h m ic ron utrients in chickpea.
References
Bhuiyan, M . A . H . , K h a n a m , D., R a h m a n , M . H . H . ,
R a h m a n , A . K . M . H . , and K h a t u n , MLR. 1996. Effect
o f mo l ybdenum, boron and rh izob ia l i nocu lum on nodu-
lat ion and y ie ld o f groundnut . Bangladesh Journal o f
Ag r i cu l t u ra l Research 2 1 ( 1 ) : 6 4 - 7 4 .
M i a h , M . M . U . , Hossain, K . M . , and Habibu l lah ,
A . K . M . 1992. Boron def ic iency in cereals and vegetables
in some soils of Bangladesh. Pages 9 3 - 9 9 in I m p r o v i n g
soi l management fo r intensive c ropp ing the tropics and
sub-tropics: proceedings of the inter-congress confer
ence of commiss ion I V , 1-3 Dec, Dhaka, Bangladesh.
O ' H a r a , G . W . , Boonkerd, N. , and D i l w o r t h , M . J .
1988. M inera l constraints to n i t rogen f i xa t ion . Plant
and Soi l 108 :93-110.
Studies on Allelopathy and Medic ina l
Weeds in Chickpea Fields
P Oudhia (Department of Agronomy, Indira Gandhi
Agricultural University, Raipur 492 012, Madhya Pradesh,
India)
Studies on a l l e l o p a t h y
The term "al lelopathy" includes all biochemical interactions
( inh ib i to ry and s t imula tory) among plants, i nc lud ing
microorganisms (Narwa l 1994). W i t h a l le lopathy, the
factors responsible for the ha rmfu l effects of any weed
on crops can be easily expla ined. Weeds compete w i t h
crops for moisture and nutr ients and also suppress the
growth of crops by secreting specific lethal al lelochemicals.
Chickpea is an important postrainy crop in the Chhattisgarh
region of India. The allelopathic effects of some weeds on
I C P N 6 , 1999 29
Table 1. Effect of rhizobial inoculum and micronutr ient ( M o and B) on nodulation, dry matter mass at 60 days
after sowing and f inal yields of chickpea at R a n g p u r , Bangladesh, 1994.
Treatment
Con t ro l
P K M o
P K B
Inocu lant
P K M o + Inoculant
P K B + Inoculant
N P K M o B
P K M o B + Inoculant
SE
C V (%)
A t 60 D A S
Nodu le
number
p l a n t - 1
1
2
2
5
8
8
1
9
±0.152
6.8
Nodu le
mass
( m g plant -1)
2
6
6
17
24
23
4
31
± 1.58
22.7
Shoot
mass
( m g plant -1)
0.94
1.06
0.98
1.08
1.22
1.08
1.20
1.32
±0.056
10.1
A t matur i ty
Stover
y ie ld
(t ha-1)
1.08
1.19
1.44
1.82
2.22
2.42
1.59
2.75
±0.099
11.0
Seed
y ie ld
( t ha-1)
0.50
0.52
0.53
0.65
1.00
1.21
0.82
1.52
±0.068
10.2
Seed increase
over cont ro l
(%)
-
4.4
5.6
30.2
100.6
141.4
64.6
204.0
germinat ion and seedl ing v igo r of chickpea have been
reported (Oudhia et al 1998). Abutilon indicum, Euphorbia
h i r ta , Ageratum conyzoides, Parthenium hysterophorus,
Lantana camara, and Aeschynomene americana are
some c o m m o n f ie ld and roadside weeds found in this
ch ickpea-g row ing reg ion. A pot study was conducted at
the Department o f A g r o n o m y , Ind i ra Gandhi A g r i c u l -
tura l Un ivers i ty ( I G A U ) , Raipur ( Ind ia) to evaluate the
al le lopathic potent ia l of these weeds on germinat ion and
seedl ing v igor o f chickpea.
Fresh samples of leaves of selected weeds were collected
at random at the vegetative stage in the winter. To prepare
extracts, the crushed leaves were a l lowed to decay for
24 h in d is t i l led water in the rat io of 1:10 w /v (weed
m a t e r i a l : water) . The extracts were a l lowed to decay at
r o o m temperature (28±2°C) f o l l o w i n g wh ich the extract
was taken using a sieve (2 mm mesh). The bioassay
exper iment was done in earthen pots f i l l ed w i t h neutral
c lay loam so i l . Chickpea seeds were soaked in di f ferent
extracts fo r 24 h. As a cont ro l , chickpea seeds were also
soaked in d is t i l led water fo r the same durat ion. A f t e r
soaking, 15 seeds of chickpea var iety JG 74 were sown
in each pot. The experiment was laid out in a randomized
block design w i t h four repl icat ions; the exper iment was
repeated tw ice. Germinat ion was recorded at 3,5,7,9,
and 11 days after sow ing ( D A S ) and root and shoot
lengths were noted at 11 and 22 D A S .
The extracts of different weed leaves produced different
al le lopathic effects on the germinat ion and seedl ing
v igor o f chickpea (Table 1). At 3 D A S , m a x i m u m ger-
minat ion was noted under the cont ro l (water) that was at
par w i t h the germinat ion produced by leaf extracts o f
Abutilon, Lantana and Euphorbia. L e a f extracts of
Aeschynomene lowered the germinat ion to the m i n i -
m u m . At 5,7,9, and 11 D A S , al l extracts exc lud ing that
of Parthenium resulted in comparable germinat ion .
Parthenium leaf extract lowered the germinat ion to a
m i n i m u m and resulted in rates of 10.6% at 5 D A S ,
Tab le 1. Evaluat ion of allelopathic effects of some problematic weeds on the germinat ion and seedling vigor of
chickpea.
Treatment1
T1
T2
T3
T4
T5
T6
T7
LSD (0.05)
Germination1
(%)
3 DAS
45.0
(42.1)
7.7
(16.6)
30.4
(33.2)
39.5
(38.9)
2.9
(9.8)
0.2
(0.0)
51.7
(45.9)
29.8
5 DAS
72.3
(58.2)
10.6
(19.0)
51.9
(46.0)
81.0
(64.1)
32.0
(34.4)
33.4
(35.3)
73.7
(59.1)
33.5
7DAS
75.6
(60.4)
13.3
(21.3)
62.0
(51.9)
90.7
(72.2)
50.2
(45.1)
49.9
(44.9)
76.9
(61.2)
27.0
9DAS
77.1
(61.3)
27.4
(31.5)
70.8
(57.2)
96.9
(79.8)
72.9
(58.6)
72.4
(58.3)
84.1
(66.5)
27.7
11 DAS
77.1
(61.3)
27.4
(31.5)
70.8
(57.2)
96.9
(79.8)
72.9
(58.6)
72.4
(58.3)
84.1
(66.5)
27.7
Root length2
(cm pl-1)
11 DAS
12.7
(-8.5)
6.6
(-52.6)
11.4
(-17.9)
11.7
H 6 . 1 )
14.1
(+1.2)
13.6
(-2.3)
13.9
5.4
22 DAS
18.6
(-10.3)
0.0
(-100.0)
16.9
(-18.5)
21.0
(+1.4)
16..8
(-19.0)
17.5
(-29.7)
20.7
13.7
Shoot length2
(cm pl-1)
11 DAS
9.7
(+15.7)
4.3
(-48.8)
5.4
(-35.4)
6.2
(-25.5)
7.5
(-10.4)
6.9
(-18.1)
8.4
4.2
22 DAS
12.2
(-5.5)
0.0
(-100.0)
9.3
(-28.3)
12.9
(-0.1)
12.6
(-2.4)
12.3
(-4.7)
13.0
8.8
1. Figures in parentheses indicate angular value.
2. Figures in parentheses indicate % stimulation/inhibit ion over control.
Tl Abutilon leaf extract; T2 Parthenium leaf extract; T3 Lantana leaf extract; T4 Euphorbia leaf extract; T5 Ageratum leaf extract; T6 Aeschynomene
leaf extract; T7 Control (water).
30 I C P N 6 , 1999
Tab le 2. Medic ina l weeds in chickpea fields of Chhatt isgarh region of M a d h y a Pradesh, Ind ia .
Scientific name
Melilotus alba
and M. indica2
Spilanthes acmella
Vicia sativa
Chenopodium album
Sphaeranthus indicus1
Cynodon dactylon
Cyperus rotundus2
Medicago denticulata
Parthenium hysterophorus
Vicoa vestata
Angallis arvensis
Euphorbia heterophylla
Gomnphrena decumbens
Lathyrus sp.
Launea sp.
Oxalis corniculata
Sonchus arvensis
Vernonia baldwini
Tridax procumbens
Blumea lacera2
Cirsium arvense
Common
Senji
Akarkara
Zi l lo
Bhathua
Mundi
Doobi
Motha
-u
Gajar ghas
Takla
Krishna neel
Duddhi
-u
Khesary
Jangli palak
Khatti-buti
-n
-n
Bhengra
Kukurmutta
Kama van
Family name
Leguminoseae
Compositeae
Leguminoseae
Chenopodiaceae
Compositeae
Gramineae
Cyperaceae
Leguminoseae
Compositeae
Compositeae
Primulaceae
Euphorbiaceae
Amaranthaceae
Leguminoaceae
Compositeae
Oxalidaceae
Compositeae
Compositeae
Compositeae
Compositeae
Compositeae
Medicinal uses
Discutient and emollient, externally as
fomentation, poultice, or plaster for swelling
For diseases of the mouth
Emollient used as a poultice
For hook worm, leucoderma and skin problems
For respiratory diseases
Whole plant juice as astringent,
decoction of root as diuretic
Root is useful in leprosy, thirst, fever, diseases
of the blood, billouseness, dysentry, intense
itching, epilepsy, ophthalmia
As antidote to venom
Root decoction useful in dysentry
-n
For diseases of respiratory organs
and genitals, also in hydrophobia
For respiratory diseases
_n
A reputed drug in homeopathic systems
of medicine; oil from the seed is a
powerful but dangerous cathartic
Used as lactagogue
For skin diseases
Used as laxative and diuretic, root and leaves
used as a tonic and febrifuge
Useful in treatment of asthma,
bronchitis and constipation
For all types of bleeding
For bronchitis, fevers, thirst
and burning sensation
-n
Remarks1
M,m
M
M
M,m
M,m
M,m
M,m
M
M
-
M
M,m
-
M
M
M,m
M
M
M,m
M,m
-
1. M = weeds with medicinal properties; m = weeds used in Chhattisgarh as medicinal plants.
2. weeds wi th heavy demand in national and international drug markets.
a = not known.
I C P N 6, 1999 31
13.3% at 7 D A S , 2 7 . 4 % at 9 D A S , and 2 7 . 4 % at 11 D A S .
The inh ib i to ry al le lopathic effects of Parthenium leaf
extract m igh t be due to the presence of lethal
allelochemicals such as parthenin, coronpil l in, caffeic acid,
p-coumar ic ac id, a lka lo ids, and sesquiterpenes in the
extracts. The lethal effects of these al le lochemicals have
already been reported (Narwa l 1994) in other crops.
W i t h regard to root e longat ion, d i f ferent extracts pro
duced inh ib i to ry al le lopathic effects except Ageratum
lea f extract at 11 D A S and Lantana leaf extract at 22
D A S . The lowest root e longat ion was noted under
Parthenium leaf extract at 11 D A S , whereas at 22 D A S ,
al l the plants died. In case of shoot elongat ion, a l l extracts
(except Abuti lon leaf extract at 11 D A S ) produced
inh ib i tory al lelopathic effects at 11 and 22 D A S but these
results were at par w i t h the contro l (except Parthenium
leaf extract). The al le lopathic effects of Lantana leaf
extract have been reported on many crop (Narwa l 1994).
In most ear ly studies, the al le lopathic effects of Lantana
were studied on ly up to 11 D A S and i t was concluded
that Lantana is ha rmfu l to crops. Th is study revealed
that at 11 D A S , Lantana leaf extract inh ib i ted root and
shoot e longat ion but at 22 D A S , a recovery in seedling
g r o w t h was observed. The recovery may be due to a
react ion of the plant defence system in response to
al le lochemicals. This recovery was not observed in case
of Parthenium leaf extract and the plants d ied. The study
therefore suggested that to expla in the al le lopathy of any
weed on a specif ic crop, exper iments on germinat ion
should be extended up to at least 20-25 D A S for greater
accuracy. The study also revealed that chickpea fanners
must be made aware of lethal al le lopathic effects of the
obnox ious weed, Parthenium hysterophorus.
Stud ies o n m e d i c i n a l weeds
Weeds compete w i t h crops fo r l i gh t , mo is tu re , and
nut r ients . Since the incept ion of agr icul ture, weeds have
been recognized as potent ia l pests. Weeds in general
reduce crop y ie lds by 31 .5% ( 2 2 . 7 % in w in ter and
3 6 . 5 % in summer and ra iny season) (Bhan et a l . 1998).
Anc ien t Ind ian l i terature cites evidence that every plant
on this earth inc lud ing weeds is useful fo r human beings,
animals and also fo r other plants (Oudh ia and Tr ipath i
1999a). The med ic ina l potent ia l o f many c o m m o n
problemat ic weeds have been reported (Oudh ia and
T r i p a t h i 1999b) . Second studies conduc ted by the
Department o f Ag ronomy , I G A U , Raipur, India, revealed
that weeds w i t h med ic ina l and industr ia l uses are a boon
to farmers (Oudh ia and Tr ipa th i 1999a). Farmers can
earn addi t ional income by se l l ing di f ferent plant parts
of weeds through cooperatives to nat ional and interna
t ional d rug retailers (Oudh ia and Tr ipa th i 1999b and
1999c). Up roo t i ng product ive use of weeds w i l l not on ly
serve the interests of ecof r iendly management but also
a l low farmers to recover the cost o f weeding. To achieve
these targets, it is essential to survey crop f ields to ident i fy
al l the medic ina l f lora. Due the lack of any in fo rmat ion
regarding med ic ina l weed f lo ra in the chickpea f ie lds in
Chhatt isgarh, a survey was conducted by the Department
o f A g r o n o m y , I G A U , Raipur, i n 1996/98.
A detailed ethnobotanical survey was done in the entire
Chhattisgarh region. The study was conducted in selected
distr icts: Raipur, Bi laspur, D u r g , Rajanadgaon, Bastar,
and Sarguja. F rom each selected distr ict , t w o b locks and
from each selected block, a random sample of four vi l lages
was taken. A proport ionate sample of v i l lagers from
each selected v i l lage was taken to make a total sample
size of 100 respondents. The data were collected through
personal interv iews f o l l o w i n g a we l l prepared in terv iew
schedule. To determine the recorded medic ina l uses of
common weeds in chickpea f ie lds, reference literatures
of ayurveda, homoeopathy, unani , a l lopathy, and other
systems of medicine were used. The weeds were col lected
through intensive visi ts to the target vi l lages every 15
days. V isua l observations were made both on crop f ields
and wastelands.
The survey revealed that out of 21 problemat ic weeds
in chickpea fields of Chhattisgarh, 18 were weeds possess
ing valuable medicinal properties. The medicinal properties
of these 18 weeds have been w e l l documented in the
l i terature. Some of the important medic ina l propert ies of
these weeds are g iven in Table 2. The study also revealed
that of these 18 medicinal weeds, the vi l lagers were using
9 weeds to treat health problems. Of a total of 21 weeds,
5 weeds were idendif ied as having the potential to provide
addi t ional income to the farmers. These weeds were
Chenopodium album, Sphaeranthus indicus, Cyperus
rotundus, Melilotus alba/indica, and Blumea lacera. It
was noted that there is a heavy demand for the d i f ferent
plant parts of these weeds in nat ional and internat ional
drug markets. The study suggested that there is a strong
need for: a. documentat ion of valuable knowledge about
medic ina l weeds in chickpea f ie lds; b. ident i f icat ion of
suitable market; and c. format ion of cooperative societies.
These targets can be achieved by the j o i n t ef for ts of
governmenta l , nongovernmenta l agencies and local
people.
Acknowledgment The author is thank fu l to Drs R S
Tr ipath i , N Pandey, and Banwar i la l fo r their cooperat ion
dur ing the wo rk .
32 I C P N 6 , 1999
References Biotechnology
Bhan, V . M . , Singh, V .P . , Sushil, K., and Dix i t , A .
1998. Weed management. Page 155 in F i f t y years of
agronomic research in Ind ia. N e w D e l h i , India: Ind ian
Society o f A g r o n o m y ,
N a r w a l , S.S. 1994, A l l e lopa thy in crop product ion ,
Jodhpur, Rajasthan, Ind ia : Indian Scient i f ic Publishers.
288 pp.
O u d h i a , P., Ko lhe , S.S., and T r i p a t h i , R.S. 1998.
Germina t ion and seedl ing v igo r of chickpea as affected
by al le lopathy of Datura stramonium L. Internat ional
Chickpea and Pigeonpea Newslet ter 5 :22-24 .
Oudh i a , P., and T r i p a t h i , R.S. 1999a. Med ic ina l
weeds : a boon for the farmers of Chhatt isgarh. Page 152
in Abstracts V I I I B iennia l Conference of Indian Society
of Weed Science, Banaras H indu Univers i ty , 5 -7 Feb
1999, Varanasi , Ut tar Pradesh, India.
Oudhia , P., and T r i p a t h i , R.S. 1999b. Med ic ina l
weeds of Raipur and D u r g (Madhya Pradesh) region.
Pages 7 1 - 7 8 in Proceedings of the Nat ional Conference
on Heal th Care and Development of Herbal Medic ines,
Indira Gandhi Agr i cu l tu ra l Un ivers i ty , 2 9 - 3 0 A u g
1997, Raipur, India. Raipur, India: I G A U .
Oudh i a , P. and T r i p a t h i , R.S. 1999c. Scope of cu l t iva
t ion of medic ina l plants in Chhatt isgarh plains. Pages
2 1 5 - 2 2 2 in Proceedings of the Nat ional Conference of
Health Care and Development of Herbal Medic ines,
Indi ra Gandhi Agr i cu l tu ra l Un ivers i ty , 2 9 - 3 0 A u g
1997, Raipur, India. Raipur, India: I G A U .
Isolation of Putative Disease
Resistance Gene Clones f rom
Chickpea and Pigeonpea
S Sivaramakrishnan1, B C Meyers
2, Kathy Shen
3,
D O Lavelle3, and R W Michelmore
3 (l. International
Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics
(ICRISAT), Patanchcru 502 324, Andhra Pradesh, India;
2. Du Pont Agricultural Biotechnology, Delaware
Technology Park, Newark, Delaware 19714, USA; and
3. Department of Vegetable Crops, University of California-
Davis, Davis, California 95616, USA)
One of the major b iot ic constraints to crop y ie lds is plant
disease. It is essential to understand the development of
disease and to implement control measures, irrespective of
whether the causative agent is a fungus, bacter ium or
v i rus. Of the several disease-control measures avai lable,
mak ing use of the genetic basis of disease resistance is
the most important. Recent advances in molecular b io logy
have paved the way for the genetic dissection of disease
resistance.
The basis for the plant recogni t ion system has been
the classic genetic wo rk of Flor (1971), according to wh i ch
a single disease-resistance gene [R] in the plant recognizes
the b iotype of the pathogen w i t h the corresponding
complementary avirulence gene (Av r ) . Resistance genes
are often present as gene clusters of di f ferent specif ici t ies
in the plant genome. Recently several of these disease-
resistance genes have been c loned. The ava i lab i l i t y of
c loned disease-resistance genes permits studies of resis-
tance-gene structure and funct ion. The molecular c lon ing
of disease-resistance genes w i l l also have a ma jo r impact
on agr icul tura l practice. The t w o most c o m m o n methods
used fo r c lon ing have been chromosome w a l k i n g (map-
based c lon ing) and transposon tagging. Several recent
reviews describe the developments in the study of disease-
resistance genes (Baker et a l . 1997; Hammond-Kosack
and Jones 1997).
The major i t y of R genes c loned so far share D N A
sequences encoding conserved amino acid mot i fs irrespec-
t ive of whether they confer resistance to bacterial, funga l ,
v i ra l , or nematode pathogens. In general, R genes can be
grouped into f ive major classes based on their structural
features (Baker et al . 1997) wh ich are leucine-rich repeats
( L R R ) , nucleot ide b ind ing site ( N B S ) , and a serine/
threonine protein kinase. These are considered to be
I C P N 6 , 1 9 9 9 3 3
components of a signal t ransduct ion pathway. The f i rst
class encodes cytoplasmic receptor-like proteins that contain
L R R domain and a nucleot ide b ind ing site ( N B S ) , e.g.,
RPS2 and RPM1 from Arabidopsis thaliana confer r ing
resistance to the bacter ial pathogen Pseudomonas
syringae, wh ich has the A v r genes AvrRps2 and AvrRpml.
In this class are inc luded others l ike the N gene from
tobacco, L6 and M from flax whose amino-terminal domain
shows homo logy to the Drosophila developmental gene
T o l l and the mammal ian immune-response gene encoding
the in te r leuk in -1 receptor ( I L - l R ) . The second class
contains only a serine-threonine kinase, e.g., Pto , wh ich
confers resistance to the bacterial pathogen P. syringae
pv. tomato conta in ing Avr Pto. The th i rd class encodes a
putat ive transmembrane receptor w i t h large extra cyto-
plasmic L R R domains, e.g., includes Cf-2 and Cf-9 from
tomato wh i ch confer resistance to d i f ferent races of
Cladosporium fulvum. The fourth class encodes a putative
transmembrane receptor w i th an extracellular LRR domain
and an intracellular serine-threonine kinase domain, e.g.,
the rice Xa 21 gene, which confers resistance to the bacterial
pathogen Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae. The f i f th class
does not f i t in to any of the above classes and has an
enzymat ic func t ion w h i c h is carr ied out w i thou t the
invo lvement of the Avr component, e.g., the HM1, which
confers resistance to the fungal pathogen Cochliobolus
carbonum race 1. HM1 encodes a reduced fo rm of n ico-
t inamide adenine d inucleot ide phosphate ( N A D P H ) -
dependent reductase that inactivates t ox i n produced by
C. carbonum.
The sequence s imi la r i ty among the resistance genes
f rom di f ferent plant species has made it possible to isolate
such resistance-gene candidates (RGCs) f r om any plant
species of interest us ing polymerase chain reaction
(PCR) w i t h o l igonuc leo t ide pr imers to the conserved
domains of the resistance-gene classes ment ioned above.
Th is method has been successful ly used to ident i fy
resistance-gene candidates in a variety of species including
soybean, potato, and lettuce (Leister et al . 1996; Kanaz in
et al 1996; Shen et a l . 1998).
We used the degenerate o l igonucleot ide pr imers
designed to the conserved mot i f s in the N B S region to
amp l i f y D N A fragments f r o m chickpea and pigeonpea.
These fragments were c loned, sequenced, and screened
for homo logy in the database. We report here the iden-
tif ication of several such disease-resistance gene candidates.
D N A was isolated from chickpea (cultivars - Ann ige r i ,
and JG 62) and pigeonpea (cul t ivars ICP 7119 and ICP
2376) by the standard p ro toco l us ing a l ky l t r ime thy l
ammonium bromide (CTAB) . The degenerate primers used
were designed from the mot i fs w i t h i n sequence encoding
34 I G P N 6 , 1999
the N B S as described (Shen et a l . 1998). PCR was per-
fo rmed w i t h the di f ferent p r imer combinat ions us ing the
cyclesµ described (Shen et a l . 1998) in a tota l vo lume of
3 5 µ l . PCR products f rom dif ferent genotypes of a species
were pooled and cloned in to p G E M vector (Promega).
Abou t 12-16 clones were sequenced from each successful
ampl i f i ca t ion consist ing of about 80 clones using the
App l i ed Biosystems mode l 377 P R I S M automated se-
quencer. D N A homology searches were performed v ia the
National Centre for Biotechnology In fo rmat ion web site
(www.ncb i .n lm .n ih .gov ) using the B L A S T a lgor i thm.
Of the 13 combinat ions o f pairs o f pr imers tested on
templates f r o m pigeonpea and chickpea genomic D N A
samples, on ly six y ie lded ampl i f i ca t ion products. The
fragments obtained were approximately the expected size
of 0.5kb w i t h mu l t ip le templates and these products
were cloned and sequenced. The B L A S T search indicated
that many of the isolated clones had D N A sequence
s imi la r i ty to the NBSs of k n o w n resistance genes. The
m a x i m u m number o f clones were obtained using the
p r ime rs des igned by Shen e t a l . ( 1 9 9 8 ) . The D N A
sequence h o m o l o g y o f the d i f f e ren t f am i l i es o f R G C
sequences was classif ied a t 8 5 % and 6 0 % levels o f D N A
sequence s imi lar i ty . Sequences w i t h greater than 6 0 %
simi lar i ty were considered to be long to the same fam i l y .
Based on similarity in nucleotide sequence these resistance-
gene candidate clones cou ld be put into 14 classes or
fami l ies of RGCs, 8 in pigeonpea (RGCPP) and 6 in
chickpea (RGCCP) (Table 1). Comparison of the deduced
amino acid sequences of the RGC sequences to products
of known resistance genes revealed that the RGC sequences
are as s imi lar to each other as they are to resistance
Table 1. Resistance-gene candidates ( R G C s ) isolated
from chickpea and pigeonpea.
Primer combinat ion
G L P L 3 - A A 2
G L P L 3 - A G 2
G L P L 4 - A G 2
G L P L 4 - G A 2
s l - as l 3
s2 - as 33
L M 6 3 7 - L M 6384
Number o f RGCs isolated1
Chickpea
5/20
-
-
1/8
-
-
-
Pigeonpea
-
-
1/6
-
4/5
2/8
1/1
1. No. of families based on less than 60% DNA sequence homology
per total number of RGC clones isolated.
2. Shen e ta l . 1998.
3. Leister e ta l . 1996.
4. Kanazin et al. 1996.
Figure 2. Phylogenetic relationship of RGCPP genes based on the amino-acid sequence.
genes from other species. A phylogenetic tree constructed
based on the amino acid sequence revealed the homology
among the different RGCs (Figs. 1 and 2). In both
chickpea and pigeonpea the ma jo r i t y of the RGCs
showed h igher homo logy to N and L6 resistance genes
than RPS2 and RPM (data not shown) . In pigeonpea,
one o f the RGCs (RGCPP5) showed h igh homo logy to
Prf f r o m tomato. T w o of the RGCs (RGCPP4 and
RGCPP8) showed both amino acid and nucleotide se-
quences quite di f ferent f r o m the others. A l l the RGCs
isolated f rom chickpea gave on l y monomorph ic bands
when hybr id i zed w i t h D N A f r o m 10 o f the el i te cul t ivars
on a Southern b lot w i t h EcoRl (data not shown). Definite
proof that these sequences are resistance genes requires
the isolat ion of fu l l - length resistance gene clones and
transgenic complementat ion. These also can be mapped
to determine their relat ive pos i t ion but at present no
l inkage map is avai lable for these t w o legumes. W i t h the
availabi l i ty of N I L s or RILs d i f fer ing for disease resistance
the u t i l i t y of these clones as markers fo r resistance w i l l
be revealed.
This PCR approach w i t h degenerate o l igonuc leot ide
primers has great potential to ampl i fy numerous resistance
genes f r o m diverse species. W i t h the isolat ion of more
l C P N 6 , 1999 35
45 40 35 30 25 20 15 10 5 0
RGCPP 1
RGCPP 5
RGCPP 2
RGCPP 8
RGCPP 6
RGCPP 3
RGCPP 7
RGCPP 4
Figure 1. Phlyogenetic relationship of RGCCP genes based on the amino-acid sequence.
30 25 20 15 10 5 0
RGCCP 1
RGCCP 2
RGCCP 3
RGCCP 6
RGCCP 4
RGCCP 5
resistance genes, i t is becoming possible to design
p r i m e r s tha t w i l l b e h i g h l y se lec t ive i n a m p l i f y i n g
resistance genes.
References
Baker , B., Z a m b r y s k i P., Staskawicz, B., and
Dinesh-Kumar , S.P. 1997. S igna l ing in p lant -microbe
interact ions. Science 2 7 6 : 7 2 6 - 7 3 3 .
Flor , H . H . 1971. Current status o f the gene-for-gene
concept. Annua l Rev iew o f Phytopatho logy 9 :275 -296 .
Hammond-Kosack , K .E . , and Jones, J . D . G . 1997.
Plant disease resistance genes. Annua l Reviews of Plant
Phys io logy and Plant Mo lecu la r B i o l o g y 4 8 : 5 7 5 - 6 0 7 .
Leister, D., Ballvora, A. , Salamini, F., and Gebhardt , C.
1996. A PCR-based approach fo r iso lat ing pathogen
resistance genes f rom potato w i t h potent ia l fo r w ide
appl icat ion in plants. Nature-Genet ics 14 :421-429 .
K a n a z i n , V . , M a r e k , L .F . , and Shoemaker, R .C.
1996. Resistance gene analogs are conserved and clustered
in soybean. Proceedings o f the Nat iona l Academy o f
Sciences, U S A . 93 :11746 -11750 .
Shen, K.A. , Meyers , B.C., I s lam-Far id i , N . M . ,
C h i n , D.B., Stelly D . M . , and Miche lmore R . W . 1998.
Resistance gene candidates ident i f ied by PCR w i t h
degenerate o l igonuc leot ide pr imers map to clusters of
resistance genes in lettuce. Mo lecu la r and Plant M i c robe
Interact ions 11 :815-823 .
I m p r o v e d Efficiency in Chickpea Tissue
Cul tu re : Effects of Presoaking and Age of
Explants on In V i t r o Shoot Prol i ferat ion
R Islam1, H Farooqui
2, and S Riazuddin
2 (1 . Department
of Botany, University of Rajshahi, Rajshahi, Bangladesh;
and 2. Centre for Advanced Molecular Biology
(CAMB), University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan)
Genetic t ransformat ion and creat ion of el i te germplasm
require an ef f ic ient plant regeneration system. Chickpea
(Cicer arietinum L.), a major grain legume, is susceptible
to v i ru lent strains of Agrobacterium (Mohapat ra and
Sharma 1991 ; Is lam et ah 1994), but the lack of h i gh -
f requency regenerat ion has deterred the product ion of
transgenic plants. I n -v i t ro regenerat ion o f plant lets f rom
shoot meristems, immature cotyledons, and leaflet-derived
callus has been reported in chickpea (Suhasini et a l .
1994). We have found that benzyladenine ( B A ) w i t h
indoleacetic acid ( I A A ) or naphthaleneacetic acid ( N A A )
are ef fect ive g row th regulators for shoot organogenesis
from hypoco ty l explants ( Is lam et a l . 1994). However ,
on ly 6 - 8 shoots were obtained for each regenerat ing
explant. This report describes the benefits of presoaking the
hypocoty l explants in l iqu id B5 basal med ium conta in ing
5 - 1 5 µ M BA fo r 2 4 - 6 0 h durat ion on their regenerat ive
ab i l i ty .
Table 1. M a i n effects of various treatments on percent
cultures showing regeneration and average number
of shoots per regenerating explant.1
Treatment
Effect of BA concentrations2
BA 5 µM
BA 10 µM
BA 15 µM
Effect of presoaking3
Un soaked
24 h soaking
36 h soaking
48 h soaking
60 h soaking
Effect of age of explants4
7-day-old
14-day-old
21-day-old
Cultures
showing
shoot
formation
(%)
60 a5
79 b
81 b
55 b
60 b
58 b
85 a
80 a
85 a
75 b
60 c
Average
number
of shoot
per
explant
6.3 c
14.7 a
10.6 b
6.4 b
6.8 b
7.7 b
12.8 a
13.2
22.0 a
6.8 b
2.8 c
1. The experiment was repeated twice and each treatment consisted of
12-15 explants.
2. Values for BA (benzyladenine) are the means of two sets of experi-
ments, five presoaking periods and three ages of explants.
3. Values for presoaking are the means of two sets of experiments, three
BA concentrations and three ages of explants.
4. Values for age of explants are the means of two sets of experiments,
three BA concentrations and f ive presoaking periods.
5. Mean separation in groups w i th in columns by Duncan's Mu l t ip le
Range Test, 5% level.
36 I C P N 6, 1999
Seeds of chickpea cul t ivar Nab in were col lected f rom
the Bangladesh Agr i cu l tu ra l Research Inst i tute, Ishrud i .
Seedlings were raised in v i t ro f r o m surface-steri l ized
seeds on hormone-free B5 (Gamborg et al . 1965) basal
med ium. Hypoco ty l explants (0 .5 -0 .6 cm) excised f rom
these seedlings of three di f ferent ages (7, 14, and 21
days o ld ) were soaked in l i qu id B5 basal med ium con-
ta in ing 5, 10, or 15 µM BA and 3% sucrose for 24 , 36,
48 and 60 h. The soaked explants were cultured on stan-
dard shoot-inducing medium B5+5 µM B A + 1 µM N A A
(Islam et al. 1994). A l l cultures were incubated at 26 ± 1°C
under a l ight intensity of 6 0 - 7 0 m mo l m -2 S -1 and were
provided 16 h i l luminat ion per day by warm whi te fluores-
cent tubes.
The advent i t ious shoot regeneration ab i l i ty for var i -
ous treatments is presented in Table 1. Such factors as
BA concentrat ion, length o f the presoaking per iod, and
age of explants s igni f icant ly affected the regeneration
abi l i ty . The results clearly demonstrated that presoaking
of explants pr io r to cul ture on shoot- inducing med ium is
h igh ly beneficial . The unsoaked explants produced fewer
shoots than the presoaked explants. Concentrat ion of
BA affected shoot fo rmat ion ab i l i ty and 10 µM BA was
h igh ly ef fect ive. Presoaking for 24 and 36 h d id not af-
fect the explants s ign i f icant ly and a m i n i m u m of 4 8 - 6 0
h presoaking was found to be benef ic ia l . Mos t (85%) of
the explants produced mul t ip le shoots and the highest
number of shoots (12.8 per explant) was produced by
explants presoaked for 48 h. An average of 22 shoots
developed f rom 7-day-old hypoco ty l , whereas reduced or
poor regeneration was observed f rom 14- and 21-day
explants.
Other reports support the f ind ings of the present
study that presoaking of explants in BA pr ior to culture
is benef ic ia l and even essential in mu lber ry (Jian and
Datta 1992). The present study demonstrated that it is
possible to enhance the shoot-regeneration ab i l i t y of
chickpea by presoaking hypocoty l explants. The degree
of morphogenetic potential depends upon the BA concen-
trat ion, length of presoaking per iod , and age of explants
at the t ime of p lacement in the cul ture-regenerat ion
med ium.
References
G a m b o r g , O .L . , M i l l e r , R.A., and O j i m a , K. 1968.
Nutr ient requirements o f suspension cultures of soybean
root cells. Exper imenta l Cel l Research 5 0 : 1 4 8 - 1 5 1 .
Is lam, R., M a l i k , T . , Husnain , T . , and R iazuddin , S.
1994, Strain and cult ivar specificity in the Agrobacterium-
chickpea interact ion. Plant Ce l l Report 13 :561-563.
Ja in , A . K . , and Dat ta , R .K. 1992. Shoot organogenesis
and plant regeneration in mulber ry (Morus bombycis):
factors in f luenc ing morphogenet ic potent ia l in cal lus
cultures. Plant Ce i l Tissue Organ Cul ture 2 9 : 4 2 - 5 0 .
Mohapatra, S.T., and Sharma, R P . 1991. Agrobacter ium
mediated genetic t ransformat ion of chickpea, Cicer
arietinum L. Ind ian Journal Exper imenta l B io logy
2 9 : 7 5 8 - 7 6 1 .
Suhasini, K., Sagare, A .P . , and Kr ishnamur thy , K .V .
1994. Direct somatic embryogenesis f rom mature embryo
axes in chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.). Plant Science
102 :189-194 .
I C P N 6, 1999 37
References
Singh, D .N . , Bansal, R.K. , and M i t a l , S.P, 1942.
Cajanus obcordifolia S ingh—a new species of Cajanus.
Indian Journal o f Agr i cu l tu ra l Science 12 :779-784 .
Venkateswarlu, S., Reddy, A.R. , N a n d a n , R., Singh,
O . N . , and Singh, R . M . 1981. Ma le ster i l i ty associated
w i th obcordate leaf shape in pigeonpea. Internat ional
Pigeonpea Newslet ter 1:16.
Pigeonpea
Breed ing /Genet ics
A Flora l M u t a n t in Pigeonpea
V N Toprope, K K Zote, G V Chaven, K D Navgire,
and S S Gosalwad (Marathwada Agricultural University,
Agricultural Research Station, Badnapur 431 202,
Maharashtra, India)
A typ ica l pigeonpea f lower has a papi l ionaeous corol la
w i t h standard, w ings , and boat-shaped keel petals and a
superior subsessile ovary w i t h a single p is t i l . In 1997, a
floral mutant was observed in an open-pollinated population
of var iety B D N 1 at the Agr i cu l tu ra l Research Stat ion,
Badnapur. This mutant has obcordate leaves. The f lowers
have zygomorph ic papi l ionaeous corol la. The standard
petal is erect and spreading, b iaur icu la te , w i t h t w o
cal losi t ies. W i n g petals are l ight ye l l ow , symmetr ica l ,
w i t h a cal los i ty . Keel petals are more greenish than
other petals, w ide l y open, free, and thread l ike ; thus the
gynoec ium is w e l l exposed to pol l inators. The mutant
f l ower structure therefore may encourage cross po l l ina
t ion and pod sett ing (F ig . 1). These observations concur
w i t h those reported earl ier by Singh et a l . (1942) . The
f lower structure of the mutant plant varies f rom mono to
b i - or sometimes tr icarpel late subsessile ovaries w i t h 10
diadelphous stamens (F ig . 2) .
The pol len grain of the mutant f lowers when tested in
2% acetocarmine solut ion was found fer t i le. Bu t the pod
set on these plants was very poor and occurred on ly on
the monocarpel late f lower . Mos t b i - and tr icarpel late
f lowers dropped. These observations were di f ferent f rom
those reported by Venkateswar lu et a l . (1981) .
The mutant may be of some value in hybr id iza t ion as
the gynoec ium is w ide l y exposed. F lower buds f rom the
mutant were emasculated and pol l inated w i th B D N 2,
B S M R 175, B S M R 736, and Daithana local , and hyb r id
seed were obtained. The reciprocal crosses were also
successful. Crosses w i t h b i - or t r icarpel late f l ower ' vere
unsuccessful. An inheri tance study of the mutant is
p lanned.
38 l C P N 6, 1999
Figure 1. Normal and mutant flowers of BDN 1.
Figure 2. Flower structure of mutant plant.
I C P N 6 , 1999 39
A K P H - 4 1 0 1 : a Short-durat ion
Pigeonpea H y b r i d for the Cent ra l
Zone of Ind ia
K B Wanjari , A N Patil, and M C Patel (Pulses
Research U n i t Dr Panjabrao Deshmukh Krishi
Vidyapeeth, Akola, Maharashtra, India)
Though pigeonpea is general ly regarded as a self-
pol l inated crop, i t exhibits outcrossing up to 7 0 % (Saxena
et a l . 1990). H y b r i d pigeonpea has become a real i ty w i t h
the discovery of stable genetic male ster i l i ty (Reddy et al.
1978) coupled w i th the reports of the presence of non-
addi t ive genetic var iat ion, and suff ic ient heterosis for
y ie ld (So loman et a l . 1957, Patel and Patel 1992).
The f i rst short-durat ion pigeonpea hyb r id I C P H 8
was released in 1991 (Saxena et al . 1992).
Tab le 1 . Yie ld ( t ha-1
) o f A K P H 4101 in the A l l Ind ia
Coordinated Tr ia ls , Cent ra l Zone, 1 9 9 3 - 9 6 .
Entries
AKPH-4101
UPAS 120
ICPH 8 (Control)
% Increase over
UPAS 120
ICPH 8
Grain yield (t ha-1)
AVT1-2
95-96
(6)3
1.95
1.23
1.69
64
25
AVT-1
94-95
(1)
1.10
0.90
-
IET2
93-94 Weighted
(2) mean
1.21 1.69(9)
0.49 1.76(8)
0.57 1.41(8)
1. A V T = Advanced varietal t r ia l .
2. IET = Init ial evaluation tr ial .
3. Figures in parentheses represent number of trials.
Source: AICPIP Plant Breeding Report, Kharif, 1995/96.
Work on developing pigeonpea hybr ids has been go ing
on at A k o l a since 1988 w i t h the object ive of exp lo i t i ng
heterosis in short- and med ium-dura t ion pigeonpeas.
A K P H - 4 1 0 1 is an F1 hyb r id of A k m s - 4 x A K - 1 0 1 . I t has
been ident i f ied fo r rainy-season cu l t i va t ion in the Cen-
tral Zone o f Ind ia by the A l l Ind ia Coord inated
Research Project on Pigeonpea o f the Ind ian Counc i l o f
Agr i cu l tu ra l Research ( I C A R ) in its annual g roup meet
held in M a y 1997 at Sardar Kr ish inagar , Gujarat . The
hyb r id has been found to be 6 4 % superior in gra in y ie ld
over UPAS-120 and 2 5 % over ICPH 8 (Table 1). A K P H -
4101 has indeterminate f l o w e r i n g , semi-spreading
branches, m e d i u m b o l d , redd ish b r o w n seeds, and
matures in 140 to 145 days. It is also suitable fo r inter-
cropp ing w i t h ear ly-matur ing (65 to 75 days) legumes
l ike mung bean cult ivars K-851 or Kopergaon in the
Central Zone o f India.
The disease reaction of A K P H - 4 1 0 1 against fusar ium
w i l t , ster i l i ty mosaic and Phytophthora stem b l igh t in
di f ferent coordinated tr ials observed dur ing 1995/96 is
g iven in Table 2. A K P H - 4 1 0 1 expressed better tolerance
against fusar ium w i l t at Badnapur and Sehore. It is
susceptible to ster i l i ty mosaic disease. A K P H - 4 1 0 1
expressed better f ie ld react ion against Phytophthora
than the cont ro l ICP 7119. Be ing an ea r l y -ma tu r ing
hybr id, it escapes drought stress at flowering and matur i ty .
The seeds o f this hybr id conta in 2 1 . 2 % prote in w i t h
70 .8% dhal recovery. The t ime required to cook who le
kernels was 24 minutes. Its average 100-seed mass is 8.3 g.
References
Patel , J.A. , and Patel , D.B. 1992. Heterosis for y i e l d
and y ie ld components in pigeonpea. Indian Journal o f
Pulses Research 5 :15 -20 .
Reddy, B.V.S., Green , J . M . , and Bisen, S.C. 1978.
Genetic male ster i l i ty in pigeonpea. Crop Science
18:362-364.
Table 2. Percentage incidence of fusarium wil t , sterility mosaic, and Phytophthora stem blight in pigeonpea
hybr id A K P H - 4 1 0 1 , Cent ra l Zone, Ind ia , 1993 -96 .
Locat ion
Badnapur
Rahur i
Sehore
Fusar ium w i l t
A K P H 4101
34
100
21
ICP 2376
100
100
81
Ster i l i ty mosaic
A K P H 4101
91
100
ICP 8863
71
100
Phytopthora b l igh t
A K P H 4101 ICP 7119
45 64
8 90
Source: AICPIP consolidated report on pigeonpea, postrainy-season pulses group, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore, 11-13 May 1996.
pp. 23, 42 and 66.
- -
- -
Extent of Na tura l Outcrossing in
Pigeonpea in G u j a r a t
D V Savalia1 and P P Zaveri
2 (Pulses Research Station,
Gujarat Agricultural University, Sardar Krushinagar
385 506, Gujarat, India; Present address: 1. Officer
(SCO), MAHYCO, Silver Spring, 1st Floor, Behind
Xavier's Ladies Hostel, Swastic Society, Navrangpura,
Ahmedabad 380 009, Gujarat, India; and 2. Director of
Research, Avani Seeds Ltd., Ashoka Chamber, 2nd
Floor, Near Lions Hall, Mithakhali Six Road,
Eliisbridge, Ahmedabad 380 006, Gujarat, India)
In pigeonpea, on ly a part of the f l ower ' s l i fe cycle is
cleistogamous. This condi t ion is k n o w n as preanthesis
c le is togamy. Consequent ly, a considerable degree of
natural cross-pol l inat ion due to insects has been reported
in Ind ia and other countr ies. The outcrossing ranges
from 5 - 7 0 % depending upon the abundance of bee species
act ing as po l len vectors and other locat ion-speci f ic env i -
ronmenta l factors (W i l l i ams 1977, Bhatia et al . 1981,
Saxena et a l . 1990). The outcrossing mechanism helps
in the product ion of large-scale hybr id seed but constrains
the development of pure l ines and the maintenance of
the pur i t y o f released cul t ivars.
An exper iment was conducted to study the extent of
natural outcrossing at three locations: Sardar Krushinagar
and Aseda in No r th Gujarat , and Junagadh in the
Saurashtra region du r ing the 1991/92 ra iny season. The
rectangular and hexagonal layouts used by Bhat ia et a l .
(1981) were f o l l owed to sow pure seeds of ICPL 9175
w i t h dominant purp le stem marker and T-15-15 w i t h
recessive green stem marker at each locat ion. In the
rectangular layout , w i t h i n each th i rd row , every s ixth
plant was green-stemmed (T-15-15) and the remain ing
were purple-stemmed ( I C P L 9175) .
In the hexagonal layout, w i t h i n each th i rd row every
third plant was green-stemmed (T-15-15) and the remain-
ing were purple-stemmed ( I C P L 9175) . The in ter row
and int rarow spacing was 1.0 m and the exper imental
p lo t was located at least 250 m away f r o m other
Table 1. Percent natura l outcrossing in individual
plant progenies at three locations under two sowing
methods in G u j a r a t , Ind ia , 1991/92 ra iny season.
Plant
no.
12
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
Mean
Hexagonal layout
at location
1
19.6
21.3
8.2
12.3
17.7
21.2
19.5
10.7
11.3
30.0
32.6
14.0
6.0
17.7
22.2
27.8
13.7
9.4
12.5
20.0
9.4
10.3
20.4
19.2
16.1
21.1
13.9
34.2
16.7
25.0
26.0
8.7
23.5
25.0
20.0
17.9
2
10.0
17.9
21.6
9.4
30.3
15.6
7.3
8.3
18.1
0.0
41.0
8.6
0.0
28.6
27.0
0.0
23.4
26.7
0.0
9.4
10.9
6.8
8.3
18.9
23,7
15.6
18.4
6.9
35.7
18.7
4.7
14.5
4.3
5.7
25.7
14.7
3
5.1
10.0
14.0
7.8
15.8
0.0
10.6
17.9
17.0
7.8
17.2
8.6
14.7
18.7
23.1
4.4
13.5
5.9
15.9
13.9
34.4
2.3
30.2
28.9
29.7
4.0
16.3
20.0
14.3
26.3
25.0
28.3
12.9
20.0
17.9
15.8
Mean1
11.6
16.4
14.6
9.8
21.2
12.2
12.5
12.3
15.5
12.9
30.3
10.7
6.9
21.7
24.1
10.9
16.4
14.0
9.5
14.4
18.1
6.5
19.6
22.3
23.2
13.6
16.2
20.4
22.2
23.4
18.6
17.2
13.6
16.9
21.2
16.3
Rectangular layout
at location
1
5.9
0.0
15.2
15.0
11.1
14.3
18.8
5.8
23.1
9.7
19.3
13.8
21.0
16.7
35.0
17.2
23.8
21.4
7.1
13.2
36.4
16.7
19.6
21.0
11.8
12.8
17.5
15.7
2
14.3
15.0
16.7
14.6
21.4
7.9
10.5
15.2
19.2
8.0
5.1
5.1
23.3
8.3
11.1
2.4
15.4
5.4
9.3
8.9
15.9
13.1
26.3
13.9
14.5
6.9
4.9
12.1
3
3.3
16.7
7.8
8.2
22.9
11.1
14.6
24.3
7.0
21.7
5.3
9.5
9.8
11.1
10.9
2.2
14.3
6.0
3.3
1.7
1.7
8.2
4.9
8.3
11.1
3.5
7.8
8.9
Mean
7.8
10.6
13.2
12.6
18.5
11.1
13.0
15.1
16.4
13.1
9.9
9.5
18.0
12.0
19.0
7.3
17.8
10.9
6.6
7.9
18.0
12.6
16.9
14.4
12.5
7.7
10.1
12.7
1. 1. Sardar Krushinagar, 2. Aseda, 3. Junagadh; Mean = Pooled over
locations.
40 I C P N 6, 1999
Saxena, K.B. , Chauhan , Y .S . , Johansen, C. , and
Singh, L. 1992. Recent developments in hyb r i d
pigeonpea research. N e w front iers in pulses research
and developments. Pages 5 8 - 6 9 in the proceedings of
Nat ional Symposium (Sachan, J.N., ed.), 10-12 N o v 1989,
Kanpur 208 024, Uttar Pradesh, India. India: Directorate
of Pulses Research ( I C A R ) .
Saxena, K.B., Singh, L., and Reddy, L.J. 1990. Var iat ion
Soloman, S., A r g i k a r , G.P. , Solanki , M.S. , and
M o r b a d , L R . 1957. A study of heterosis in Cajanus
cajan (L.) Millsp. Ind ian Journal of Genetics and Plant
Breed ing 17 :90-95 .
for natural outcrossing in pigeonpea. Euphytica 46: 143 148
pigeonpea f ie lds. At the three locations, open-pol l inated
seeds were col lected f rom an ind iv idua l green-stemmed
plant, T -15-15 , in both the sowing methods. The green-
stemmed plant progenies were sown dur ing the 1992-93
rainy season at Sardar Krushinagar and were scored for
green- and purple-stem plants after 6 to 7 weeks of p lant ing.
The average frequency of purple-stemmed plants among
the ind iv idua l green-stemmed progeny gave an estimate
of the percentage of natural outcrossing (Table 1).
At Sardar Krushinagar the extent of natural outcrossing
var ied from 6.0 to 34 .2% w i th an average of 17.9% in
the hexagonal design whereas in the rectangular design
i t var ied f r om 0 to 3 6 . 4 % w i th 15.7% mean outcrossing.
At the Aseda centre, the range was 0.0 to 4 1 . 0 % w i th
14.7% average natural outcrossing in the hexagonal lay-
out. In the rectangular design, these f igures var ied from
2.38 to 2 6 . 3 % w i t h 1 2 . 1 % average at this centre. At the
Junagadh locat ion in the Saurashtra region the amount
of natural cross-pol l inat ion ranged f r om 0.0 to 34 .4%
w i t h an average of 15.78% in the hexagonal layout.
In the rectangular design at Junagadh it var ied f rom
1.7% to 2 4 . 3 % w i th an average of 8.9%. The pooled
data over locations for the hexagonal layout gave a
range of 6 .5% to 30 .3% w i th a mean of 16.3%. The
pooled f igures in the rectangular layout ranged from
6 .6% to 19.0% w i th a mean of 12.7% for natural cross-
po l l i na t ion . The results revealed that a l though the pro-
port ion of purple-stemmed plants in the rectangular layout
was more than double those in the hexagonal layout, the
extent of natural outcrossing was more pronounced in
the latter. Further, it could be noticed that crossing by
bees on normal fert i le f lowers is neither constant f r om
location to location nor from plant to plant, thus indicating
randomness of bee act iv i ty . The procedure adopted d id
not permi t ident i f icat ion of any hybr ids that may have
resulted from natural intercrossing among the recessive
green-stemmed plants. If it is assumed that an equal
amount of outcrossing was undetected, the total amount
of outcrossing w o u l d be considerably greater. Our
exper ience o f w o r k i n g w i t h isolated sowings o f genetic
male-ster i le pigeonpea at Sardar Krushinagar indicates
that suf f ic ient pod load on the male-steri le plant is
obtained at the present rate of natural outcrossing. The
observed degree of natural outcrossing seems to be suf f i -
c ient to support large-scale hyb r id seed product ion in
Gujarat using the male-ster i l i ty system.
A c k n o w l e d g m e n t . We grateful ly acknowledge the senior
research fe l lowsh ip p rov ided to the senior author under
the " P r o m o t i o n of Research and Development Effor ts on
H y b r i d Pigeonpea" Project o f the Indian Counc i l o f
Ag r i cu l t u ra l Research ( I C A R ) .
References
Bhatia, G.K. , Gupta, S.C., Green, J . M . , and Sharma, D.
1981. Estimates of natural cross po l l ina t ion in Cajanus
cajan (L.) Millsp. Several exper imental approaches. Pages
129-136 in proceedings of the Internat ional Workshop
on Pigeonpea, V o l . 2 , 15 -19 Dec 1980, l C R l S A T Cen-
ter, Patancheru 502 324, Andh ra Pradesh, Ind ia : Inter-
nat ional Crops Research Inst i tute fo r the S e m i - A r i d
Trop ics .
Saxena, K.B. , Singh, L., and G u p t a , M . D . 1990.
Var ia t ion for natural out-crossing in pigeonpea.
Euphyt ica 46 :143 -148 .
Wil l iams, I . H . 1977. Behaviour o f insects fo rag ing on
pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp.) in Ind ia. T rop ica l
Agr icu l tu re 54 :353 -363 .
Pathology
Reaction of Pigeonpea Cult ivars to a
Sudden Appearance of Macrophomina
Stem Canker Disease at Pantnagar ,
India
G C Bajpai1, D P Singh
1, and H S Tripathi
2 ( 1 . Depart-
ment of Genetics and Plant Breeding, and 2. Department
of Plant Pathology, G B Pant University of Agriculture
and Technology, Pantnagar 263 145, Uttar Pradesh,
India)
Pigeonpea is attacked by several diseases. A m o n g them,
Phytophthora b l ight , fusar ium w i l t , and ster i l i ty mosaic
are the most important, whi le others such as Macrophomina
stem canker (Macrophomina phaseolina) are re la t ive ly
less important. However, stem canker can cause consider-
able loss in years of its epiphytotic occurrence. The sudden
appearance of this disease dur ing the 1997/98 rainy season
cou ld be attr ibuted to the low temperature and pro longed
foggy weather dur ing November and December, factors
wh ich adversely affected pod development. W i t h the in-
crease in temperature in February, the severity of disease
decreased in late-maturing genotypes, wh ich thus escaped
the disease. This outbreak of stem canker was studied to
assess the reaction of d i f ferent pigeonpea l ines sown in
I C P N 6, 1999 41
the f i e l d at G B Pant Un ivers i ty of Agr icu l tu re and
Techno logy , Pantnagar, Na in i ta l , Uttar Pradesh, India.
The stems of diseased plants showed spindle-shaped
lesions w i t h l ight gray centres and b rown margins at the
point o f in fect ion. Droop ing o f the pod-loaded secondary
branches was c o m m o n in the upper part of the affected
plants. Scor ing fo r disease was done at podd ing on the
basis of severi ty o f symptoms on stem and branches
( A n o n y m o u s 1982). The l ines were grouped as: h igh ly
resistant (1 ) , resistant (38) , moderately resistant (33) ,
moderate ly susceptible (27) , and susceptible (15) (Table
1). It was observed that, in general , the late-matur ing
cult ivars/ l ines were more resistant to this disease than
ear ly -matur ing l ines. However , these lines require some
more test ing across seasons and locations to ident i fy
lines w i t h stable resistance to this disease.
Reference
Anonymous. 1982. A l l India Coord inated Pulses
Improvement Project, Ind ian Counc i l o f Ag r i cu l t u ra l
Research ( ICAR) , Kanpur, India. India: Project Directorate,
Pulses.
42 l C P N 6 , 1999
Tab le 1. Reaction of pigeonpea genotypes to Macrophomina stem canker at Pantnagar , U t t a r Pradesh, Ind ia ,
ra iny season, 1997/98.
Pigeonpea genotypes
K E - 108
Pusa 9 4 1 , Pusa 945, Pusa 962, Pusa 608, Pusa 610, D P H 95-7 , IPA 94-4 ,
A L 259, A L 344, A L 587, A L 600, P H H - 9 , G A U T 104, G A U T 9 0 0 1 ,
G A U T 9004 , Manak , M E T H 121, T A T 97-69, W R G E - 5 , M E T H 103,
P A - 3 , H 90-10, I C P L 87047, -87154, -86220, -86024, -87098, -87105,
-87115, -87154, -88003, -88009, -88023, -89002, - 8 9 0 1 1 , -90035,
- 8 7 0 8 9 , - 8 7
G A U T 97-3E, Pusa 9 5 1 , D P H 93-4 , T A T 14, P H H - 7 , D P P A 85-7,
Pusa 9 7 1 , H 91-7 , T A T 97-48, H 91-19, H 8 6 - 1 , H 86-4, H 91-7 ,
H 87-24, P A - 2 1 1 , -116 , -106, -215, -226 , -128 , -142 , ICPL 84023,
-84060, -85024, -85045, -87109, -88027, -88039, -84-4 , -288, - 1 ,
I M S - 1 , Pusa 33 (s)
A R G 102, AL 1313, H 8 2 - 1 , AL 1333, H 8 3 - 1 , BVVR-22, lPH 732,
A F 286 , B W R - 1 0 , G A U T 92-4, U P A S 120, PA-228 , -163, -134 ,
-218 , -108 , -217, -169, -104, I C P L 84031 , -84052, -85010, -86012,
- 8 6 0 2 9 , - 8 7 1 1 9 , - 8 8 0 0 1 , - 4
S - 3 1 , AF 345, H 86-14, Pusa 33, Pusa 855, P H H - 3 , T - 2 1 , P A - 1 1 1 ,
- 1 5 1 , -227 , -229, I C P L 83024, ICPL 332
I C P L 85030, -86005
Disease
score ( 0 - 5 ) 1
0
1
2
3
4
5
Classi f icat ion o f
genotypes
H i g h l y resistant
Resistant
Moderate ly resistant
Moderate ly resistant
Susceptible
H igh l y susceptible
1. 0 = highly resistant, 1 = resistant, 2 = moderately resistant, 3 = moderately susceptible, 4 = susceptible, 5 = highly susceptible.
Entomology
A Braconidae Parasite (Bracon sp. near
celer Szepligeti) on Pigeonpea Pod Fly
(Melanagromyza chalcosoma Spencer) in
Farmers ' Fields in Southern and Eastern
Afr ica
E M Minja1 and T G Shanower
2 ( 1 . International
Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics
( lCRISAT), East African Cereals and Legumes Research
Program, PO Box 39063, Nairobi, Kenya, (Present ad-
dress: ICRISAT Lilongwe, PO Box 1096, Lilongwe,
Malawi); and 2. ICRISAT Asia Center, Patancheru,
Andhra Pradesh 502 324, India (Present address: United
States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research
Station, 1500 N Central Avenue, Sidney-MT 59270,
USA))
Pod f l y (Melanagromyza chalcosoma Spencer) is one of
the major insect pests affect ing, pigeonpea (Cajanus
cajan [ L ] Millsp.) in southern and eastern A f r i ca (Lateef
1991 , M i n j a 1997). I t is also a common pest in pods of
several other legumes g rown in the region (Le Pelley
1959). The results of recent surveys in farmers ' f ie lds in
four ma jor p igeonpea-growing countries in southern
and eastern A f r i c a showed that pod- f l y damage on seed
ranged f rom 0 - 4 6 % i n Kenya, 0 - 4 % i n M a l a w i , 0 - 7 %
in Tanzania, and 0 - 1 3 % in Uganda ( M i n j a 1997). The
small black f l y lays eggs through the wa l l of the developing
pod and the maggot feeds by tunne l l ing the green seed.
T w o or more larvae often develop and pupate in one locule.
In Kenya , up to 40 pupae were observed in a single pod
conta in ing an average of 5 seeds ( M i n j a 1997). The
Table 1. Parasitism ( % ) of Bracon sp. on pigeonpea
pod fly (Melanagromyza sp.) in Kenya , M a l a w i ,
T a n z a n i a , and Uganda, 1995 and 1996 seasons.
Count ry
Kenya
M a l a w i
Tanzan ia
Uganda
N o . o f
fields
sampled
44
20
34
17
Tota l
pod f l y
popu la t ion
uni t - 1
755.1
13.5
38.2
285
Mean
parasi t ism
(%)
5.2
2.6
3.0
2.3
b rown pupar ium is fo rmed inside the pod but outside the
seed (Reed et al. 1989). These pupar ia are c o m m o n l y
associated w i t h a single wh i te parasite cocoon in pods,
Sithanantham and Reddy (1990) reported the occurrence
of the wh i te cocoons in Kenya, M a l a w i , and Zamb ia .
The d is t r ibut ion and potent ial o f this parasite to cont ro l
pod f ly in the region is not known. Prel iminary assessment
on the incidence and d is t r ibut ion of the parasite were
made dur ing f ield surveys in 1995 and 1996.
Surveys were conducted in the major p igeonpea-
growing areas in Kenya, M a l a w i , Tanzania, and Uganda.
Samples of pigeonpea pods were col lected f r o m farmers '
f ields and research farms. In the laboratory, the pods
were opened to determine the pests, associated natural
enemies, and seed damage. Records on pod f l y inc luded
the number of larvae, pupae, and parasite cocoons or
imagos in each pod. Fresh cocoons recovered f r o m pods
were left in the laboratory for adult emergence. Open
cocoons, where the wasp had emerged, were also recorded.
The total number of pod fl ies and parasites were recorded
separately for each sample. The number of parasites
recorded were expressed as a propor t ion of the total host
and parasite populat ion taken together.
Pod f ly and white cocoons of the parasite were recorded
in Kenya, M a l a w i , Tanzania, and Uganda (Table 1). The
adult wasps were identified as Bracon sp. near celer Szepligeti
[ A . K . Walker, HE det.]. A few adult wasps were also observed
lay ing eggs on green pigeonpea pods in the f ield in
Kenya. Pod f l y populat ions were greater in Kenya than
in other countries. Infestations were h igh in locat ions
where the crop matured late in the season or dur ing the
cool weather. However , areas a long the ocean coast, i.e.,
areas below 500 m altitude including the Coastal Province
in Kenya, L ind i and Nachingwea in Tanzania, had insig-
n i f icant pod f l y infestations, and no parasites were
recorded. These results indicate that there is some degree
of association between the host and its natural enemy.
The results further show that as the pest popu la t ion
increased, the incidence of the parasite also increased.
These results, though pre l im inary , indicate that the
parasite is widespread and it could be an important factor
in the management of pod f ly on pigeonpea. The biology,
ecology, and behavior of the parasite in re lat ion to its
host and crop phenology are not k n o w n . There is a need
to carry out studies on this parasite to fu l l y establish its
role and potential in the management of pod f l y on
pigeonpea.
Acknowledgments. We are gratefu l to the A f r i c a n
Development Bank ( A f D B ) fo r f i nanc ia l support. We
appreciate the efforts of Drs l . M . Whi te and A . K . Wa lke r
I C P N 6 , 1999 43
respect ively, o f " the Ident i f icat ion Service, C A B I
Internat ional Inst i tute o f E n t o m o l o g y " f o r author i tat ive
identi f icat ions of the pod f ly and the parasite.
References
Lateef, S.S. 1991. Insect pests of pigeonpea and their
management. Pages 5 3 - 5 9 in the Proceedings of the
f i rs t Eastern and Southern A f r i c a Legumes (Pigeonpea)
Workshop , 2 5 - 2 7 June 1990, Na i rob i , Kenya (Laxman
Singh, A r i yanayagam, R.P., S i l im , S.N. and Reddy,
M . V . , eds.). Na i r ob i , Kenya : East A f r i c a n Cereals and
Legumes [ E A R C A L ] Program, Internat ional Crops
Research Inst i tute for the Semi -A r i d Tropics.
Le Pelley, R.H. 1959. Agr icu l tura l insects of East A f r i ca .
East A f r i can H i g h Commiss ion , Na i rob i , Kenya.
M i n j a , E. M. 1997. Insect pests of pigeonpea in Kenya,
M a l a w i , Tanzania and Uganda and grain y ie ld losses in
Kenya. A consul tant 's report. Submit ted to the A f r i can
Development Bank. Improvement of Pigeonpea in Eastern
and Southern A f r i c a , Na i rob i , Kenya: Internat ional
Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Ar id Tropics, 98 pp.
Reed, W . , Lateef, S.S., S i thanantham, S., and Pawar ,
C.S. 1989. Pigeonpea and chickpea insect ident i f icat ion
handbook. Informat ion Bul let in no. 26. Patancheru, India:
Internat ional Crops Research Insti tute for the Semi-
A r i d Trop ics .
Sithanantham, S., and Reddy, Y .V .R . 1990. Ar thropods
associated w i t h pigeonpea in Kenya, M a l a w i and Zambia.
Internat ional Pigeonpea Newslet ter 11 , 17 -18 .
Adjust ing Pigeonpea Sowing T i m e to
M a n a g e Pod Borer Infestation
S S Dahiya1, Y S Chauhan
2, C Johansen
2, and
T G Shanower2 ( 1 . Chaudhury Charan Singh Haryana
Agricultural University (CCS HAU), Krishi Vigyan
Kendra, Sonipat, Haryana, India; and 2. International
Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics
(ICRISAT), Patancheru 502 324, Andhra Pradesh, India
(Present address: United States Department of Agriculture,
Agricultural Research Station, 1500 N Central Avenue,
Sidney-MT 59270, USA)
In Ind ia , pigeonpea [Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp.] accounts
fo r about 1 6 % of the area and 19% of the product ion o f
al l pulse crops. Pigeonpea is a comparat ive ly recent
in t roduct ion in Haryana, Ind ia. I t has become the second
most important pulse crop in the state after chickpea as
evidenced by increase in area, f r om 2200 ha in 1976/77
to around 50 000 ha in 1993/94. I t is used for both gra in
and fuel wood .
The grain y ie ld of pigeonpea is considerably reduced
by pod borer (Helicoverpa armigera) infestation. Chemica l
cont ro l of pod borer is not popular among farmers due to
the d i f f icu l t ies of spraying or dust ing (plants >2 m in
height) and economic costs. Therefore, there is a need to
explo i t agronomic practices w h i c h can reduce the infes-
tat ion of pod borer. Data f r o m several experiments
suggested that early sowing was cr i t ica l to obta in ing
higher yields and good economic returns, but i t was not
clear i f i t was due to a lower level of pod borer infestat ion.
Therefore, the susceptibility of the short-duration pigeonpea
variety Manak to pod borer in relation to dif ferent sowing
t imes was studied on farmers ' f ie lds in Sonipat Dist r ic t ,
Haryana, dur ing the 1995 and 1996 ra iny seasons.
Du r i ng the 1995 and 1996 ra iny seasons, 15 on- fa rm
trials of > 1000 m2 area, five each for different sowing t imes,
i.e., f i rst week o f May (early sown) , m i d - M a y (15 th-
25th) , and mid-June (15th-25th) , were conducted. The
level of pod damage was recorded on 10 randomly selected
plants in each sowing , and y ie ld was recorded f rom the
entire area. The crop was not sprayed wi th any insecticide.
The ear ly-sown crop had less than 10% pod borer
damage (Table I ) . In contrast, pod damage to pigeonpea
sown in m i d - M a y and mid-June was 2 0 - 4 0 % . The year
x sowing date interact ion was not s igni f icant . Gra in
y ie ld decreased w i t h a delay in sowing (Table 1).
Gra in y ie ld was negat ively correlated w i t h both sow-
ing t ime (r = - 0 . 9 8 ) and pod borer damage (r = - 0 . 9 3 ) .
Pod borer damage was also associated w i t h sow ing t ime
(r = 0.99). In the past, the advantage of early sow ing had
44 l C P N 6 , 1999
Table 1. Effect of sowing t ime on pod damage by
Helicoverpa armigera and yield of pigeonpea,
Sonipat, Haryana, India, 1995 and 1996 rainy seasons.
Sowing time
1st week of May
(1-7 May)
Mid-May
(15-25 May)
Mid-June
(15-25 June)
SE
SE (interaction)
Pod damage (%)
1995
5
28
40
±0.86
±1.1
1996
8
25
38
Mean
6.5
26.5
39.0
Yield (t ha-1)
1995 1996 Mean
1.70 1.50 1.60
1.10 1.20 1.15
1.00 1.00 1.00
±0.061
±0.079
often been attr ibuted to better g rowth . However , studies
conducted by Chauhan et a l . (1994) under protected
condi t ions revealed that dry-matter product ion is not a
l i m i t i n g factor for y i e ld in short-durat ion pigeonpea in
northern India. This study suggests that ear ly-sown
(ear ly M a y ) pigeonpea may y ie ld better on account o f
l ow pod borer damage. Thus, this could be one of the
impor tant components of a pest management strategy to
cont ro l pod borer in pigeonpea. More such studies need
to be conducted in the Indo-Ganget ic Plains, to deter-
mine how wide ly such a strategy could effect ively control
pod borer infestat ion.
Reference
C h a u h a n , Y .S . , Johansen, C., and Saxena, K.B. 1994.
Physio logica l basis of y ie ld var iat ion in short-durat ion
pigeonpea g rown in di f ferent environments of the semi-
ar id t ropics. Journal of A g r o n o m y and Crop Science
1 7 4 : 1 6 3 - 1 7 1 .
An O u t b r e a k o f Mea ly Bug,
Ceroplastodes cajani (Maskell) in the
N i m a r Region of M a d h y a Pradesh, India
S S Shaw1, O P Veda
2, A K Badaya
3, and S K Parsai
4
(1 . Indira Gandhi Krishi Vishwavidyalaya, Zonal Agri-
cultural Research Station, Post Box no. 03, Ambikapur
497 001, Madhya Pradesh, India; 2. Krishi Vigyan
Kendra, Khandwa, Madhya Pradesh, India; 3. Krishi
Vigyan Kendra, Jhabua, Madhya Pradesh, India; and
4. B M College of Agriculture, Khandwa, Madhya
Pradesh, India)
Pigeonpea is an important intercrop w i t h cotton in the
N imar region of Madhya Pradesh, India. The crop is
attacked by a complex of pod borers: pod f l y
[Melanagromyza ohtusua (Malloch)], pod borer
[Hel icoverpa armigera (Hubner)], and p lum moth
[Exelastis atomosa (Walkr)] (B indra and Jakhmola 1967,
Odak et a l . 1976). There is no report on the incidence of
mealy bug [Ceroplastodes cajani (Maskell)] (Hemiptera:
Coccidae) in Madhya Pradesh. Bhatnagar et a l . (1984)
reported the occurrence of the bug on pigeonpea in other
states. The mealy bug was noticed for the first t ime on 2-
to 3-year-old pigeonpea plants (single plant selection
f r o m Seoni-7) g rown at the research farm of Jawaharlal
Nehru Krishi V ishwav idya laya Campus, Khandwa. The
incidence of the pest was not iced f rom the f i rst week of
September 1992 t i l l the last week of December 1992,
peaking in the last week of Oct to m id -Dec 1992. The
sudden outbreak of the mealy bug m igh t be due to the
long dry spel l , f rom September to December, and the
h igh temperature. Patel et a l . (1991) and Ganapathy et
al . (1994) reported the severe incidence of this pest dur ing
November and December in Gujarat and f r o m M a r c h to
June in T a m i l Nadu.
In Madhya Pradesh, the mealy bug infested the ma in
stem rather than branches and leaves. The ma in stem of
the plant was fu l l y covered w i t h the bug 's eggshells. The
number of eggshells var ied f r om 14 to 52 w i t h an aver-
age of 29 per 3 cm. The number of eggs in eachshell
varied f rom 125 to 215 w i t h an average of 181. The
freshly laid egg shells were l ight , greenish b lack, and
covered w i t h a m i l k y powder. The eggs (separated f r om
the eggshell) when kept in the laboratory at r oom tem-
perature (26 to 28°C) , hatched in about 9 days. The eggs
were ova l , ye l l ow ish , and measured 0.341 mm in length
and 0.174 mm in w id th .
The losses caused by the mealy bugs were estimated
by recording the number of completely dead and par t ia l ly
dead plants. Mea ly bug infested 13.7% of the crop. Six
percent of the plants showed complete mor ta l i t y and
7.7% showed part ia l mor ta l i ty . The complete ly dr ied
plants d id not rev ive after i r r igat ion but par t ia l ly dr ied
plants rev ived after proper p run ing and i r r iga t ion. T w o
applicat ions of monocrotophos (0 .05%) spray and one of
diamethoate (0 .05%) d id not contro l the mea ly bug.
Such observations have also been reported by Patel et a l .
(1971). Since this is the f irst report of the occurrence of
mealy bug on pigeonpea in the N i m a r region o f M a d h y a
Pradesh, further study is necessary to determine the extent
of its incidence in farmers ' f ie lds so that losses f r om pest
damage may be m in im ized through appropriate cont ro l
measures.
Acknowledgments. The authors are thank fu l to Dr T G
Shanower, Senior Scientist (CPD) , I C R I S A T , Patancheru
for his help in ident i fy ing the pest. The faci l i t ies prov ided
by the Dean, Col lege of Agr i cu l tu re , Khandwa are also
acknowledged.
References
Bhatnagar, V .S. , Jadhav, D.P., and Pawar , C.S. 1984.
Parasites of pigeonpea mealy bug, Ceroplastodes cajani
Mask. Internat ional Pigeonpea Newslet ter 3:45.
Bindra , O.S. , and Jakhmola , S.S. 1967. Incidence and
losses cuased by some pod infest ing insects in d i f ferent
I C P N 6, 1999 45
variet ies of pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan (L.) Mi l l ) . Ind ian
Journal o f Ag r i cu l tu ra l Sciences 37 :117 -126 .
Ganapathy , N . , D u r a i r a j , C , and Jahangir , K .C .
1991. Outbreak of cocc id pests on pigeonpea in T a m i l
Nadu . Internat ional Chickpea and Pigeonpea Newslet ter
1:37.
O d a k , S.C., T h a k u r , B.S., Singh, L., and Shrivastava,
M . P . 1976. Status and d is t r ibut ion of pod infestat ing
insect species o f pigeonpea in Madhya Pradesh, J N K V V
Research Journal 9 (4 ) :414 -415 .
Patel , J.A., Yagnik , M.S. , Patel , D.B., and T i lva , D .G .
1971. An outbreak o f mealy bug (Ceroplastodes cajani)
Maskcll) at Pulses Research Stat ion, Baroda, India. Inter-
nat ional Pigeonpea Newslet ter 13:26.
Evaluat ion of Some N e w Insecticides
on Helicoverpa armigera (Hubner) in
Pigeonpea
Gouse Mohammed and A Subba Rao (A l l India
Coordinated Pulses Improvement Project, Regional
Agricultural Research Station, Lam, Guntur 522 034,
Andhra Pradesh, India)
The p roduc t i v i t y of p igeonpea was on ly 235 kg ha - 1 in
Andhra Pradesh dur ing 1985/86 to 1989/90 (Anonymous
1997) against a y i e l d potent ia l of about 2000 kg ha-1.
The bot t leneck in rea l iz ing the y ie ld potent ial in this
State is the frequent outbreak of Helicoverpa armigera
(Hub.) pod borer dur ing the 1986-88 c ropp ing seasons.
The major factors responsible include lack of host-plant
resistance to pod borer and the development of pod-
borer resistance to current ly used insecticides consequent
to the large-scale use of pyrethroids on cotton, the principal
commerc ia l crop in this region (Rao et al . 1990). Farmers
of th is reg ion are also of the op in ion that convent ional
insect icides do not e f fect ive ly cont ro l the pod borer
( A r m e s e t a l . 1992).
In order to real ize the inherent y ie ld potent ia l o f
pigeonpea cult ivars the single major production constraint,
i.e., H. armigera, needs to be kept under check. Certain
new insecticides were evaluated against H. armigera
f o l l o w i n g the fa i lure of the avai lable insecticides. A f ie ld
experiment was carried out at the Regional Agr icu l tu ra l
Research Stat ion, L a m , Guntur , Andh ra Pradesh, Ind ia,
du r ing the 1990/91 and 1991/92 c ropp ing seasons using
pigeonpea var iety L R G 30 at a spacing of 90 x 20 cm.
Three sprays of the respective insecticides (Table 1) were
g iven at 10-day intervals start ing f r o m 5 0 % f l owe r i ng .
The incidence of H. armigera was high dur ing 1990/91,
but l ow dur ing 1991/92 due to the cyc lon ic rains du r ing
October and November 1991. Rao et a l . (1990) reported
that on ly the ra in fa l l , among various other parameters,
showed a s igni f icant negative correlat ion w i t h the
incidence of H. armigera.
Dur i ng 1990 /91 , the number of H. armigera larvae
ranged from 10.3 to 17.0 fo r every f i ve plants, w i t h no
signif icant differences among various insecticides tested.
On the other hand, pod damage recorded at matur i t y ,
w h i c h ranged f r om 4.4 to 2 2 . 9 % d i f fered s ign i f icant ly
among the treatments A m o n g the insecticides evaluated,
certain new substances l ike sulprofos, qu ino lphos,
carbosul fan, pyrac lofos, and ethofenprox, a l l a t 0 . 1 % ,
were found effect ive and cou ld protect the crop f r om
H. armigera du r ing its bearing per iod. The remain ing
insecticides fa i led to protect the f l ower i ng and young
pods dur ing the reproduct ive phase of the crop.
A l though the pod borer damage was less ( 4 . 4 - 8 . 2 % )
in plots receiv ing d i f lubenzuron, te f lubenzuron at
0 . 0 1 % , Bacillus thuringiensis and tr iazophos at 0 . 1 % ,
this was not ref lected in terms of y i e ld as the f irst f lush
was complete ly damaged by H. armigera. The recorded
pod damage was among pods formed f rom the subsequent
f lush , by wh i ch t ime the H. armigera populat ion had
decl ined.
Grain y ie ld differed signif icantly among the insecticidal
treatments. Sulprofos at 0 . 1 % recorded the highest y ie ld
of 640 kg ha-1 fo l lowed by quinolphos 0 . 1 % (630 kg ha -1),
carbosulfan 0 . 1 % (620 kg ha -1), pyrac lofos 0 . 1 % (610 kg
ha -1), and ethofenprox 0 . 1 % (580 kg ha-1). Gra in y ie ld in
these plots d i f fered s ign i f icant ly f r om the untreated
contro l plots wh i le al l the other treatments were on par
w i t h the contro l wh i ch recorded on ly 470 kg ha-1.
Du r i ng the 1991/92 c ropp ing season, due to a lower
pest load, none of the treatments d i f fered in terms of
such parameters as number of larvae per f ive plants (1.5
to 3.2%), pod borer damage (2.5 to 3.1%), and y ie ld
(911 to 1180 kg ha-1).
In the present study some new insecticides w h i c h are
not yet in the market showed promise in con t ro l l i ng
H. armigera. This may be due to nonexposure of the
insect to these new products and its present lack of resis-
tance to these insecticides. It may be presumed that
H. armigera cou ld develop resistance to these new
insecticides in due course as in the case of insecticides
already avai lable in the market . Hence, sole rel iance on
insecticides for pest con t ro l needs to be d iscouraged;
instead, integrated pest management practices need to
46 I C P N 6 , 1999
be developed to ef fect ive ly contro l polyphagous pests
such as H. armigera,
References
Armes, N.J. , Jadhav, D.R., Bond, G.S., and K ing ,
A.B.S. 1992. Insect icide resistance in Helicoverpa
armigera in South India. Pesticide Science 34 :355 -364 .
Anonymous. 1997. Crop statistics of Andhra Pradesh.
V o l . I : 343. Rajendranagar, Hyderabad, India: Andh ra
Pradesh Ag r i cu l t u ra l Un ivers i ty Press,
Rao, K .T . , Rao , N.V. , and Satyanarayana, A. 1990.
Pigeonpea pod borer (Hel icoverpa armigera) incidence
in re lat ion to the ra in fa l l at Lam fa rm , Guntur , Andhra
Pradesh, Ind ia 1977-88 , Internat ional Pigeonpea News-
letter 11 :22 -23 .
Natura l Enemies Associated wi th
Ar thropod Pests of Pigeonpea in
Eastern Afr ica
E M Minja1, T G Shanower
2, J M Ong'aro
3,
J Nderitu4, and J M Songa
5 ( 1 . International Crops
Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics, East African
Cereals and Legumes Research Program, PO Box
39063, Nairobi, Kenya (Present address: ICRlSAT
Lilongwe, P O Box 1096, Lilongwe, Malawi); 2. Interna-
tional Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics,
Patancheru, Andhra Pradesh, 502 324, India (Present
address: United States Department of Agriculture, Agr i -
cultural Research Station, 1500 N Central Avenue,
Sidney-MT 59270, USA); 3. Kenya Agricultural
Research Institute, National Agricultural Research
Laboratories, PO Box 14733, Nairobi, Kenya; 4. University
of Nairobi, Crop Science Department, PO Box 13962,
Nairobi, Kenya; and 5. Kenya Agricultural Research
Institute, PO Box 340, Machakos, Kenya)
Insect pests are among the ma jo r b io t ic constraints to
pigeonpea product ion in eastern and southern A f r i c a
I C P N 6, 1999 47
Table 1. Evaluat ion of some new insecticides on Helicoverpa armigera in pigeonpea cv L R G 30 at the Regional
Agr icu l tura l Research Station, L a m , Guntur , A n d h r a Pradesh, Ind ia , 1990/91 and 1991/92.
Insect ic ide
Ethofenprox
Carbosul fan
Qu ino lphos
Pyraclofos
Sulprofos
F lucyc loxuron
D i f l ubenzuron
F lu fenoxuron
Tef lubenzuron
Barcillus thuringiemis
Methamidophos
Tr iazophos
Fenpropathr in
Con t ro l
C D (0.05)
C V (%)
Dose/
concentrat ion
(%)
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.06
-
N o . o f larvae/
5 plants1
1990-91
12.2 (3.6)
14.2 (3.9)
10.3 (3.4)
11.0 (3.4)
11.0 (3.4)
11.3 (3.5)
13.0 (3.7)
10.8 (3.4)
13.8 (3.9)
13.7 (3.8)
10.3 (3.4)
14.0 (3.9)
11.3 (3.5)
17.0 (4.2)
N S
(8.8)
1991-92
2.0 (1.7)
1.8 (1.7)
1.5 (1.6)
1.8 (1.7)
1.7 (1.6)
2.2 (1.8)
2.8 (2.0)
2.5 (1.8)
2.8 (2.0)
3.0 (2.0)
2.3 (1.8)
2.7 (1.9)
2.2 (1.9)
3.2 (2.0)
N S
(10.0)
Pod borer damage2
(%)
1990-91
19.8 (28.2)
6.1 (14.2)
13.5 (21.5)
13.0 (21.1)
13.0 (21.1)
12.0 (21.2)
7.8 (16.2)
22.9 (28.5)
4.4 (12.1)
8.2 (16.3)
16.3 (23.7)
7.6 (15.8)
12.0 (20.2)
14.7 (22.5)
(4.1)
(12.2)
1991-92
2.7 (9.5)
2.8 (9.5)
2.7 (9.2)
3 .0 (10 .0 )
2.9 (9.8)
2.8 (9.6)
2.8 (9.6)
2.5 (9.0)
2.9 (9.8)
2.9 (9.8)
3.1 (10.2)
2.8 (9.5)
3.0 (9.9)
2.7 (9.5)
NS
(15.5)
Gra in y ie ld
( k g ha -1)
1990-91
580
620
630
610
640
540
420
470
440
490
540
510
470
470
100
11.2
1991-92
1180
1000
1080
1180
1160
1120
970
1000
860
1040
1040
940
910
910
N S
15.2
1. Figures in parentheses are transformed values.
2. Figures in parentheses are Sin-1 values.
(La tee f 1991). Results from recent surveys in farmers '
f ie lds in four ma jo r pigeonpea - p roduc ing countries in
the region (Kenya , M a l a w i , Tanzania, and Uganda)
showed that insect pest damage on pigeonpea seeds was
2 5 % in Kenya , 15% in M a l a w i , 1 4 % in Tanzania, and
16% in Uganda ( M i n j a et a l . 1996). Impor tant insect
pests are pod-bor ing Lepidoptera (Helicoverpa armigera
Hubner, Maruca vitrata Geyer, and Etiella zinkenella
Treitschke), pod-sucking bugs (Clavigral la tomentosicollis
Stai), and p o d fly (Melanagromyza chalcosoma Spencer).
Other pests inc lude f l ower thr ips (Megalurothr ips
sjostedti Trybom), f l ower [po l len or bl ister] beetles
(Mylabris spp. and Coryna spp.), aphids (Aphis craccivora
Koch), termites (Microtermes spp.), stem borers
(Sphenoptera sp. and Alcidodes sp.), and red spider
mites (Tetranychus sp.).
Mos t of the insect pests reported on pigeonpea also
damage other gra in legumes in the region (Le Pel ley
1959, Materu 1970). A l t hough these pests are common
and widespread, l i t t le in fo rmat ion is avai lable on the
natural enemies associated w i th these pests on pigeonpea
in the region. Materu (1970) reported Hadronotus gridus
Nixon (Hymenoptera: Scel ionidae) as an egg parasi to id of
C. tomentosicollis and possibly C. horrida Germ., and
Mormonomyia argentifrons Walker (Diptera: Tachin idae)
as a parasite of C. horrida adults in Tanzania.
Sithanantham and Reddy (1990) reported Bracon sp.
near greeni ( A . K . Walker, llE) as a parasitoid associated
w i t h pigeonpea pod f l y M. chalcosoma in Kenya ,
Ma law i , and Zambia. The two authors also reported insect-
feeding spiders (Thomisus and Xysticus [Thomis idae ] ,
and Tetragnatha [Tetragnathidae]) on pigeonpea in Kenya,
Ma law i , and Zambia. There is a need to establish the sta
tus of major arthropod pests and their natural enemies as a
f irst step towards understanding their popula t ion
dynamics and develop ing management strategies.
Surveys were conducted in farmers' f ields in the major
p igeonpea-growing areas in Kenya, M a l a w i , Tanzania,
and Uganda to determine the abundance of c o m m o n and
widespread pests and benef ic ia l species on pigeonpea.
T w o surveys were carr ied out in each count ry dur ing the
p igeonpea-growing season in 1995 and 1996.
48 I C P N 6 , 1999
Tab le 1. Occurrence of natura l enemies associated with major insect pests on pigeonpea in Kenya (1 ) , M a l a w i
(2 ) , Tanzan ia (3 ) , and Uganda (4) .
Natural enemy
Bracon sp. near hancocki Wilkinson,
Braconidae [A.K. Walker (HE) det.]
Bracon celer Silvestri, Braconidae
Bracon sp. near celer Szepligeti,
Braconidae [A.K. Walker (HE) det.]
Bracon sp., Braconidae
[A.K. Walker (HE) det.]
Campoplex laphygma Wilkar,
Ichneumonidae
Cosmoiestes sp., Reduviidae
Dinarmus basalts Rondani,
Eulophidae
Euderus sp., Eulophidae
[J. LaSalle ( l lE) det.]
Linnaemyia spp., Tachinidae
Palexorista sp., Tachinidae
Insect pest
Helicoverpa Etiella Clavigralla Melanagromyza Callosobruchus Aphis
-1 1, 2, 3, 4
3,4
1,2,3,4
1
1
1 1
3
1,2,3,4
1
1
1. Absent
Surveys were t imed to coincide w i th simi lar pigeonpea
growth stages in the four countries. Fields were selected
at random. Between 30 to 150 pigeonpea pods were
col lected f r om each f ie ld . The number o f pods sampled
f rom each f ie ld depended on farm size, plant populat ion,
and fanner cooperation. The pods were examined externally
and internal ly to determine seed damage and to ident i fy
arthropods associated w i t h the damage. In the f ie ld we
recorded insect pests and their natural enemies. Samples
of insect pests and emerg ing natural enemies were co l -
lected for fur ther ident i f icat ion. Some pest and natural
enemy specimens were sent to the Internat ional Inst i tute
o f En tomo logy , L o n d o n , U K , for iden t i f i ca t ion . Obser-
vat ions were also recorded du r ing the research
station f ie ld tr ials.
Three major insect pest groups were found to be asso-
ciated w i t h pigeonpea in Kenya, M a l a w i , Tanzania, and
Uganda. They were: pod-boring Lepidoptera (H. armigera,
M. vitrata and E. zinkenella), pod-suck ing bugs (ma in ly
C. tomentosicollis), and pod f l y (M. chalcosoma). The
magni tude of damage by each group varied across seasons
and locations. Natura l enemies inc luded Coleopterans,
Hymenopterans, Dipterans, and Hemipterans (Tables 1
and 2) . Natural enemies of the insect pests were surveyed
more f requent ly in Kenya than in other countr ies.
Eggs of Lampides boeticus Linnaeus (Lep idoptera :
Lycaenidae) were observed on the plants, but the popu -
lat ion of larvae was quite low. There is a poss ib i l i ty that
the list of natural enemies can be added to w i t h more
intensive surveys and laboratory rear ing of the insects
collected in the f ie ld . There is a need to study the b io logy
and behavior of some of the natural enemies to establish
their populat ion dynamics. Such studies w i l l generate
in format ion on their cont r ibut ion to natural cont ro l and
the possib i l i ty o f conserv ing and augment ing them for
pest management in the region.
Acknowledgment . We thank farmers and nat ional agr i -
culture research and extension personnel in Kenya ,
M a l a w i , Tanzania, and Uganda for their assistance.
Support to E M M i n j a by the A f r i can Deve lopment Bank
( A f D B ) is gratefu l ly acknowledged.
References
Lateef, S.S. 1991. Insect pests of pigeonpea and their
management. Pages 5 3 - 5 9 in Proceedings of the First
Eastern and Southern A f r i c a Regional Legumes
(Pigeonpea) Workshop 2 5 - 2 7 June 1990, N a i r o b i ,
I C P N 6 , 1999 49
Table 2. Genera l predatory arthropods associated with insect pests on pigeonpea in Kenya (1 ) , M a l a w i (2 ) ,
Tanzan ia (3 ) , and Uganda (4) .
Predator
Thornisus sp.
Xysticus sp.
Tetragnatha sp.
Adonia variegata Goeze
Callida fuscita Dej
Cheilomenes lunata Fabr ic ius
C. posticalis Fa i rm
C. vicina M u l s .
Exochomus flavipes Thunberg
Paederus sabeus Er.
Forficula sp.
Harpactor segmentarius Germar
H. tibialis Stal
Anoplolepis custodiers Fred Smi th
Camportotus rufoglaucus Emery
Dorylus sp.
Oecophylla longinoda Lat re i l le
Phyllocrania sp.
Pseudocreobotra sp.
Eublemma sp.
Hemerohius sp.
Order
Aca r i na
Aca r i na
Aca r i na
Coleoptera
Coleoptera
Coleoptera
Coleoptera
Coleoptera
Coleoptera
Coleoptera
Dermaptera
Hemiptera
Hemiptera
Hymenoptera
Hymenoptera
Hymenoptera
Hymenoptera
Dictyoptera
Dictyoptera
Lepidoptera
Neuroptera
Fami ly
Thomis idae
Thomis idae
Tetragnathidae
Coccinel idae
Carabidae
Coccinel idae
Coccinel idae
Coccinel idae
Coccinel idae
Staphyl in idae
Forf icu l idae
Reduvi idae
Reduvi idae
Formic idae
Formicidae
Formic idae
Formic idae
Mantodea
Mantodea
Noctuidae
Hemerobi idae
Count ry
1,2,3,4
1,2,3,4
1,2,3,4
1,3,4
1
1,2,3,4
1
1,2,3,4
1,2,3,4
1
1,2,3,4
1
1
1,3
1,2,3,4
1,4
1,3,4
1,2,3,4
1,2,3,4
1,3
1,2,3,4
Kenya ( L a x m a n Singh, S i l i m , S.N., A r i yanayagam,
R.P., and Reddy, M .V . , eds.), Eastern A f r i ca Regional
Cereals and Legumes [ E A R C A L ] Program, Interna-
t ional Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Ar id Tropics.
Le Pelley, R . H . 1959. Agr icul tural Insects of East A f r i ca .
Na i rob i , Kenya. East A f r i can H igh Commission. 307 pp.
M a t e r u , M . E . A . 1970. Damage caused by Acanthomia
tomentosicollis Stal and A. horrida Germar (Hemiptera:
Coreidae). East A f r i can Agr icul tura l and Forestry Journal
35: 4 2 9 - 4 3 5 .
M i n j a , E . M . , Shanower, T . G . , Songa, J . M . , O n g ' a r o ,
J . M . , M v i h a , P., M y a k a , F.A., and O k u r u t - A k o l , H .
1966. Pigeonpea seed damage from insect pests on farmers'
f ie lds in Kenya , M a l a w i , Tanzania and Uganda. Inter-
nat ional Chickpea and Pigeonpea Newslet ter 3 :97-98 .
Sithanantham, S., and Reddy, Y .V .R . 1990. Ar thropods
associated w i th pigeonpea in Kenya, Ma law i , and Zambia.
Internat ional Pigeonpea Newslet ter 11 : 17-18 .
Solarization to Protect Pigeonpea Seeds
f r o m Bruchid Damage dur ing Storage
M A Ghaffar and Y S Chauhan (International Crops'
Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics ( lCRISAT),
Patancheru 502 324, Andhra Pradesh, India)
Bruch ids [Cal losobruchus spp.) are impor tant storage
pests of grain legumes, known to cause substantial economic
losses (Ramzan et a l . 1989; Srivastava and Pant 1989).
Th is is one of the reasons farmers are often reluctant to
g row legumes. The i r produce has to be sold and cleared
immedia te ly after the harvest even though the market
pr ice may not be very remunerat ive at that t ime. Some-
t imes, even stor ing seeds for sow ing becomes d i f f i cu l t ,
and farmers are forced to buy seed from other sources. In
many deve lop ing countr ies o f the semi-ar id t ropics
( S A T ) , the seed industry is not w e l l developed and the
ava i lab i l i t y of qua l i ty seed is a ma jor l im i ta t ion . As
farmers are not able to store their seed under pest-free
condi t ions, these are of ten damaged by insects, par t icu-
lar ly bruchids. Seeds damaged by bruchids do not ger-
minate w e l l and thus affect plant stand and consequently
y i e l d . Th is is especially so when the t ime between harvest
and the next sowing is very long, as is the case w i th several
short-season legumes. For example, the interval between
harvest and sow ing of the next season's crop of extra-
short-durat ion pigeonpea [Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp.]
can be 6 - 9 months as compared to mere ly 2 months fo r
long-durat ion pigeonpea cul t ivars. Thus, a cost-ef fect ive
technique needs to be developed to protect seeds from
postharvest bruch id damage.
Farmers currently use several chemical and nonchemica l
methods to protect seeds f r o m bruch id attack. Chemica l
methods such as fumiga t ion or admix ture of insecticides
such as mala th ion , though ef fect ive, are hazardous and
environmental ly unsafe. On the other hand, nonchemica l
methods do not prov ide f oo lp roo f protect ion either. Sun-
d ry i ng in an open yard is a c o m m o n practice employed
by S A T farmers. Th is process in its current f o r m de-
pends upon a var iety of env i ronmenta l factors such as
the preva i l ing temperature, humid i t y , and cleanliness of
the d ry ing area. The process cou ld be enhanced w i t h a
l i t t le improv iza t ion . As in the case of soi l solar izat ion
(Chauhan et a l . 1988), the effectiveness of the sun's rays
in d is in fect ing seeds may be enhanced substant ial ly i f
seeds were kept in smal l polythene bags instead of be ing
spread in the open. Th is study examined the level of
accumulat ion of temperature in poly thene bags and its
effect on bruch id surv ival and infestat ion in the
pigeonpea seed contained in them.
Eight polythene bags of 21 x 28 cm size and 100 mm
thickness were each f i l l ed w i t h 1 kg seed of a m e d i u m -
durat ion pigeonpea var iety, ICP L 87119. T w e l v e adult
bruchids (Cal losobruchus maculatus F) in pairs (male
and female) were introduced in each bag and the bags
were then sealed using adhesive tape. Four of the sealed
bags w i t h seeds and insects were exposed to the sun for a
week ( m a x i m u m outside air temperature 42°C) and the
same number was kept in the laboratory at 3 0 - 3 5 ° C in
June 1998. The r ise in temperature inside the bag was
measured using a mercury thermometer inserted into it.
The edges at the contact po int between thermometers
and bags were also sealed w i t h adhesive tapes so that hot
air inside the bag d id not escape. Germinat ion was
tested in the laboratory at 25°C in three repl icat ions in
petridishes l ined w i t h f i l ter paper, ho ld ing 10 mL o f d is
t i l led water. Ten seeds were placed in each petr id ish and
germinat ion was recorded after 3 - 4 days.
The temperature in the bags exposed to sunl ight began
to rise w i t h t ime of the day unt i l evening (F ig . 1). The
m a x i m u m recorded temperature was about 65°C. Th is
rise in temperature is comparable to the rise noted in
surface layers of soils covered by transparent poly thene
(Chauhan et a l . 1988). Un l i ke so i l , where temperature
decl ines in deeper layers due to close pack ing of so i l
part ic les prevent ing free air f l o w , there is considerable
space between seeds due to the i r larger size and of ten
irregular shape. This permits quick and uni form distr ibut ion
50 I C P N 6 , 1999
of hot air in the bag. There was no abrupt rise in the
temperature in bags kept in the laboratory (F ig . 1). The
di f ference in temperature between the t w o treatments
was very large after 1200 h and remained h igh unt i l
even ing .
Bruchids in al l the solar ized bags died w i thou t lay ing
eggs (Table 1). In contrast, in the bags kept in the labo-
ratory, the bruchids la id a considerable number of eggs.
Bruchids were also seen al ive in t w o of the four bags
after 5 weeks of storage. In the non-solar ized bags, there
Figure 1. Differences in temperature build-up at different
times of the day in polythene bags containing pigeonpea
seeds exposed to the sun and kept in shade on a typical
sunny day.
were dead bruchids wh i ch may have completed their l i fe
cycle. A f te r 9 weeks of storage, bruchid damage was
noted in the non-solar ized bags, whereas no damage
recorded in the solarized bags (data not shown) . Th is
indicated that seed solar izat ion was ef fect ive as a means
of protect ing seeds f rom bruch id damage. A l t h o u g h we
used bags of 1 kg seed capacity, larger bags w i t h more
seed are un l ike ly to y ie ld di f ferent results as the surface
area to trap solar energy wou ld increase propor t ionate ly .
The main consideration in f i x i n g the size cou ld be ease
of handl ing and storage.
Germinat ion was 9 0 % before solar izat ion. Rise in
temperature d id not adversely affect germinat ion of
seeds in solarized bags. For example, germinat ion was
9 2 % immediate ly after a week- long solar izat ion (Table
1). We recorded up to 8 9 % germinat ion in the solar ized
bags after 26 weeks of storage (results not shown) . Thus
rise in temperature in solarized bags was per fect ly safe
for seeds.
Even though in the present study pigeonpea was used
as a test mater ia l , we propose that the results on b ruch id
infestation may be equally applicable to other grain legume
crops. However , the effect of h igh temperature on seed
germinat ion needs to be determined fo r ind iv idua l crops
as sensit ivi ty of crops to h igh temperature may d i f fer .
We also suggest that the storage of seed in transparent
polythene bags may also be used to lower seed moisture
content immediate ly after harvest. Th is can be done by
leaving the bags s l ight ly open to a l low the moisture to
escape through the openings. This may be especial ly
useful in humid environments. The durat ion o f d r y i n g
can be standardized for local condi t ions. Seed solar iza-
t ion could have other uses as w e l l . For example, fo r such
crops as groundnut (Arachis hypogea L.), reduced
moisture in the storage bags w i t h we l l dr ied seeds may
Table 1. T h e effect of seed solarization on bruchid egg laying and survival 5 weeks after storage, and seed
germinat ion of pigeonpea cult ivar I C P L 87119 immediately after solarization.
Bag no.
1
2
3
4
Mean
Non-so lar ized
Egg- lay ing
+ 1
+
+
+
Bruch id
surv ival
(%)
0
8
0
33
10
Seed
germina t ion
(%)
83.3
96.7
93.3
93.3
91.7
Solarized
Egg- lay ing
-
-
-
-
0
Bruch id
surv iva l
(%)
0
0
0
0
Seed
germ ina t ion
(%)
86.7
93.3
93.3
96.7
92.5
1. The + ve sign indicates an abundance and - ve sign a complete absence of eggs.
I C P N 6 , 1999 51
8 10 12 14 16 18
Time of day (h)
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
Solarized
Non-solarized
prevent contaminat ion by Aspergillus flavus, a h igh l y
carcinogenic a f la tox in -produc ing fung i (Diener and
Davis 1977). Thus, considering the potential advantages,
the posi t ive aspects of this l ow - cost technology need to
be systemat ical ly researched and disseminated among
farmers o f the S A T .
References
Chauhan, Y.S., Nene, Y .L . , Johansen, C., Haware, M.P. ,
Saxena, N.P. Sardar Singh, Sharma , S.B., Sahrawat ,
K .L . , B u r f o r d , J .R. , Rupela , O.P. , K u m a r Rao,
J . V . D . K . , and S i thanantham, S. 1988. Effects o f soi l
solarization on pigeonpea and chickpea. Research Bul let in
no. 11 . Patancheru, AP 502 324. India: Internat ional
Crops Research Inst i tute fo r the Semi -A r i d Tropics.
Diener, U.L., and Davis, N.D. 1977. A f la tox in format ion
in peanuts by Aspergillus f lavus. Bu l le t in of the A labama
Agr i cu l t u ra l Exper imenta l Station (No . 493) . A u b u r n ,
A l b a m a , U S A : A u b u r n Un ivers i ty . 49 pp.
R a m z a n , M . , C h a h a l , B.S., and Judge, B.K. 1990.
Storage losses to some common ly used pulses caused by
pulse beetle, Callosobruchus maculantus. Journal of
Insect Sciences 3 (1 ) : 106 -108 .
Srivastava, K . M . , and Pant , J .C . 1989. G r o w t h and
developmenta l response of Callosobruchus maculantus
(Fabr.) to d i f ferent pulses. Ind ian Journal of En tomo logy
5 1 ( 3 ) : 2 6 9 - 2 7 2 .
52 I C P N 6, 1999
A g r o n o m y / P h y s i o l o g y
Association of Plant Height and M a t u r i t y
Durat ion wi th Seed Yie ld in Pigeonpea
A Rehman, K Mahmood, M lshaq, and A Rashid
(Pulses Research Institute, Faisalabad, Pakistan)
Pigeonpea is a m ino r pulse crop g r o w n in the Punjab
prov ince of Pakistan. However , the crop may have good
potent ial and efforts should be made to popular ize i t
among farmers. A study was conducted to col lect in for -
mat ion about the association o f y i e ld w i t h certain
morpho log ica l traits in order to devise cr i ter ia fo r the
selection of genotypes suited to the c l imat ic condi t ions
and cropp ing systems of the province. Y ie ld is a complex
character wh ich can be inf luenced by its major and m ino r
components. Pandey (1984) reported that seed yield and
days to f lower ing were not associated. Mahmood et al .
(1996) reported that y ie ld per plant was posi t ively and
signif icantly correlated wi th height and days to f lower ing ,
but the association between y ie ld and days to matur i ty
was nonsigni f icant . The present study was undertaken
to further evaluate the association of plant height and
phonology.
F i f ty - f ive genotypes of l C R l S A T or ig in were evaluated
for plant height, days to f l ower ing , days to matur i t y and
y ie ld per plant a long w i t h three local controls at the
Pulses Research Inst i tute, Faisalabad dur ing the ra iny
season, 1997. The exper iment was sown in a med ium
loam soi l in augmented design w i t h f ive b locks under
irr igated condit ions. Each block comprised 11 test entries
and 3 controls. The p lo t size was 5 m x 0.6 m accommo-
dat ing a single row. The data for the traits ment ioned
were recorded for 10 guarded plants per entry and were
analyzed to calculate correlat ions f o l l o w i n g Steel and
Torr ie (1980) .
Plant height var ied f rom 51.55 to 193.30 cm w i t h a
mean height of 118.87. Days taken to f l owe r i ng ranged
f rom 65 to 108 w i t h a mean value of 83.4 and days taken
to matur i ty ranged f rom 112 to 160 w i t h a mean value of
138.87. Gra in y ie ld per plant was in the range of 115 to
1050 g w i t h a mean value of 314.32 g. Th is showed that
the varieties studied differed greatly in terms of ment ioned
tra i ts .
The correlat ions between a l l the plant characterist ics
being studied were nonsigni f icant . Th is indicated that
there is no effect of days to matur i ty and plant height on
seed y ie ld in pigeonpea. These traits were inher i ted
independent ly. These results are in par t ia l agreement
Tab le 1. Range, mean, standard deviation and coefficient of var iabi l i ty for selected traits of pigeonpea at
Faisalabad, Pakistan, rainy season 1997.
Tra i ts
Height ( cm)
Days to f l owe r i ng
Days to matur i ty
Y i e l d per plant
M i n i m u m
51.6
65
112
115
M a x i m u m
193.3
108
160
1050
Mean
118.9
83.4
138.9
314.3
S D ( ± )
24.6
9
13.92
188.45
C V (%)
20.7
10.8
10
0.5
w i t h those reported by previous workers (Pandey 1984
and M a h m o o d et a l . 1996). These results depicted that
plant height and t ime to matur i ty can be reduced w i thou t
sacr i f ic ing the y ie ld ,
References
M a h m o o d , K., Rehman , A. , Ishaq, M . , and Bhatt i ,
M.S . 1996. Genetic var iab i l i ty and character association
in pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan). Pakistan Journal of Sciences
4 8 ( 3 - 4 ) ; 6 7 - 7 1 .
Pandey, R .L . 1984. A character association study in
pigeonpea. Internat ional Pigeonpea Newslet ter 3:20.
Steel, R .G .D . , and Tor r ie , J . H . 1980. Principles and
procedure o f statistics. N e w Y o r k , U S A : M c G r a w H i l l
Book Co.
Identif ication of Postrainy Pigeonpea
Var ie ty Suitable for the Paddy Fields of
South G u j a r a t , Ind ia
N C Desai and C G Intwala (Pulses Research Station,
Gujarat Agricultural University (GAU), Navsari Campus,
Navsari 396 450, Gujarat, India)
Cu l t i va t ion of postrainy-season pigeonpea after the
rainy-season paddy crop has become popular among
farmers of southern Gujarat state (72°54 ' longi tude,
20° 15'N lat i tude and 10.0 m al t i tude) due to factors such
as the short stature of the plant, low incidence of pests,
diseases, and weeds, and higher economic benefits.
However , the product iv i ty o f pigeonpea g rown in paddy
f ields can be enhanced through the ident i f ica t ion of a
h igh-y ie ld ing variety or varieties (Desai et a l . 1990,
T i kka et al . 1995, and Chauhan et a l . 1998). For this
purpose, a f ie ld experiment was conducted fo r 6 years
dur ing 1991/92 to 1996/97 w i t h seven variet ies of
pigeonpea sown in a randomized block design w i t h four
repl icat ions at the Pulses Research Stat ion, G A U ,
Navsar i , Gujarat. In a l l years, the crop was sown dur ing
the second week of October w i t h an interrow spacing of
60 cm and 10 cm intrarow spacing. The net p lo t size of
2.4 m x 4.0 m, i.e., four rows each 4 m long , was ma in -
tained and the crop was fer t i l ized w i t h 20 kg N and 40
kg P2O5 ha-1. Pod borer damage was contro l led w i t h t w o
sprays of endosulphan, one at the t ime of f l owe r i ng and
the other at pod format ion . The crop was harvested in
the four th week of March . The results revealed that the
variety C 11 recorded s igni f icant ly higher seed y i e l d
(1900 kg ha-1) compared to other varieties (Table 1).
However , this variety y ie lded on par w i t h Bahar (1640
kg ha-1) and Pusa B 23 (1640 kg ha-1) varieties. Based on
the current market prices, the net p ro f i t real ized w i t h
C 11 is Rs 23 030, w i t h Bahar, Rs 19 040, and w i t h Pusa
B-23, Rs 19 130 ha-1.
In v iew of the encouraging results of f i rst 5 years, this
trial was conducted during 1996/97 at f ive research stations
located in southern Gujarat and the seed y ie ld obtained
wi th C 11 was comparable w i t h the second y ie ld recorded
at Navsar i Centre (Table 2).
Simultaneously, 22 demonstrations on farmers' f ie lds
compr is ing 11 each in Surat (4 tehsils) and Valsad (4
tehsils) districts were also taken up w i th C 11 and B D N 2
(as contro l ) . The area under each demonstrat ion was
100 m2 and all the recommended practices were f o l l owed .
Overa l l , 114% higher y ie ld was recorded w i t h C 11
compared to B D N 2 (Table 3). C 11 was also found
I C P N 6, 1999 53
54 I C P N 6 , 1999
Table 3. Results of demonstrat ion trials of postrainy-season pigeonpea grown on farmer 's fields, Valsad and
Surat districts, G u j a r a t , Ind ia , 1996/97.
District
Valsad
Surat
Taluk
Dharampur
Vansada
Navsari
Chikhl i
Mean
Vyara
Kamrej
Bardoli
Mandvi
Mean
No. o f
demonstrations
4
4
1
2
11
4
1
5
1
11
Grain yield (kg ha-1)
C 1 1 BDN 2
1540 630
1250 500
1500 800
1500 820
1450 6890
1250 430
1400 600
1040 530
1200 700
1220 560
Percent
increase over
BDN 2 (control)
150
150
90
80
110
190
130
100
72
120
Table 2. Seed yield (kg h a1) of promising pigeon pea genotypes grown at dif ferent research stations in southern
G u j a r a t , Ind ia , postrainy season, 1996/97.
Pgeonpea variety
Bahar
C 11
Pusa B 21
Pusa B 23
BDN 2 (Control)
SEm
CV (%)
Research station
Navsari
1620
1690
1640
1240
1270
±121.3
17,6
Paria
2550
2730
2240
1900
1840
±140.4
12.5
Vyara
1420
1660
1020
920
850
±44.9
7.7
Waghai
1350
1770
1150
830
1100
±42.5
6.8
Tanchha Mean
780 1540
1240 1820
650 1340
790 1130
560 1120
±28.5 ±78.5
19.8 13.9
Percent
increase
over BDN 2
37.5
61.9
Table 1. Seed yield (kg ha-1
) of pigeonpea varieties grown at Navsar i , G u j a r a t , postrainy-season 1991 -97 .
Pigeonpea variety
Bahar
C 11
DPA 92-2
Pusa B-23
M. A. 91-2
Pusa - B 20
B D N 2
Mean
SEm
CV (%)
Year
1991-92
1690
2170
1860
1800
1480
1620
1580
1740
±119.1
10.9
1992-93
1720
2500
1210
1180
1460
1220
1120
1270
±105.8
16.7
1993-94
2120
2140
1870
1840
1660
2050
1880
1940
±133.9
13.8
1994-95
1440
1770
1650
1290
1040
1080
850
1300
±129.8
19..9
1995-96
1240
2150
1270
2290
1520
900
1150
1500
±87.5
11.5
1996-97
1620
1690
1550
1460
1230
1100
1040
1380
±129.8
18.7
Pooled
1640
1900
1570
1640
1400
1240
1270
1380
±121.3
17.5
Percent
increase
over control
28.6
49.5-
29.0
-
-
-
superior to B D N 2 in terms of varietal descript ion and
resistance to pests and diseases (Tables 4 and 5).
The present study strongly indicates that pigeonpea
cv C 11 is superior to B D N 2 for postrainy-season cu l t i -
vat ion by fanners of the region.
References
Desai, N . C , Patel , H .C. , and Kukad ia , M . U . 1990.
Prospects of pigeonpea cu l t iva t ion as a postrainy-season
crop in Gujarat . Internat ional Pigeonpea Newslet ter
12 :16 -17 .
T i k k a , S.B.S., Ah lawat , I.P.S., Singh, D.P., and
Desai, N .C . 1995. Present status of post-rainy season
pigeonpea in Gujarat state. Presented at the On- fa rm
W o r k Plan Meet ing on Post Rainy Season Pigeonpea,
17-18 A u g 1995, Indian Institute of Pulses Research,
Kanpur, India.
Chauhan , R . M . , Desai, N . C , and T i k k a , S.B.S. 1998.
Pigeonpea variet ies suitable for p re- rab i /pos t ra iny
(terminal drought) cult ivat ion in Gujarat State. Presented
at the Nat ional Symposium on Management of B io t ic
and Ab io t i c Stresses in Pulses Crops. 2 6 - 2 8 Jun 1998,
Ind ian Inst i tu te o f Pulses Research, K a n p u r , Ind ia .
I C P N 6, 1999 55
Table 5. Reaction to pod borer and sterility mosaic disease of pigeonpea genotypes C 1 1 and B D N 2 grown at
Navsar i , G u j a r a t , Ind ia , postrainy season, 1991-97 .
Pod borer damage (%) in
C 11
BDN 2 (Control)
Sterility mosaic (% incidence) in
C 11
BDN 2 (Control)
Year
1991/92
3.6
16.5
0
2.3
1992/93
2.1
15.5
0
3.5
1993/94
2.8
12.0
0.6
8.8
1994/95
5.1
20.1
0
3.9
1995/96
3.3
21.6
0.3
9.3
1996/97
3.8
19.5
0.3
7.4
Mean
3.6
17.5
0.2
5.9
Tab le 4. Description of promising varieties of postrainy-season pigeonpea C 1 1 and B D N 2 grown at Navsar i ,
G u j a r a t , Ind ia , 1991 -97 .
Character
Plant height (cm)
Days to 50% flowering
Days to 80% maturity
Average number of branches plant-1
Average number of pods plant-1
Average number of seeds pod-1
Pod length (cm)
100-seed mass (g)
Protein content
Water absorption g g-1
Cooking time (min)
Dhal recovery (%)
Hard seededncss
Seed color
Yield (kg ha-1)
C 11
80.8
92.3
146.5
8.0
91.6
3.9
4.9
8.7
22.32
1.11
36
77.7
1.0
brown
1900
BDN 2
63.7
89.5
144.3
5.7
71.2
3.8
4.6
8.6
21.42
1.12
40
73.1
1.5
white
1270
Tab le 1. M e a n seed yield (kg ha-1
) of pigeonpea varieties grown at different interrow spacing (cm) at Navsar i ,
G u j a r a t , 1991-94 postrainy-seasons (pooled over 3 years).
Pigeonpea var iety ( V )
Pusa 9
Pusa 17
M T H 9
M T H 12
B S M R 376
C - 11
B D N 2
Mean
V
S
VS
Y V S 2
Seed y ie ld at
S I (25 x 10)1
1880
1790
1500
1710
1580
1920
1490
1700
SEm
±137.3
±48.3
±47.7
±65 .6
S2 (35 x 10)
1680
1590
1250
1540
1460
1710
1300
1500
C V (%)
15.3
S3 (45 x 10)
1480
1380
1250
1480
1340
1600
1090
1370
Mean
1680
1590
1330
1580
1460
1740
1300
1. S1, S2, and S3 refer to different interrow spacing; 2. YVS = yield x variety x spacing.
Opt imizat ion of Sowing T i m e and
Spacing in Postrainy-season Pigeonpea
G r o w n in South G u j a r a t
N C Desai and C G Intwala (Pulses Research Station,
Gujarat Agricultural University (GAU), Navsari 396 450,
Gujarat, India)
The cu l t i va t ion o f postrainy-season pigeonpea in the
paddy f ie lds of south Gujarat is a recent in t roduct ion.
The h igher economic returns obtained w i t h pigeonpea
in compar ison to other postrainy-season crops such as
chickpea and mustard sown f o l l o w i n g rainy-season
paddy, has encouraged its adopt ion, and the area under
postrainy-season pigeonpea has been increasing each
year. In 1991/92 the area under postrainy-season pigeonpea
in south Gujarat was 500 ha; i t increased to 4000 ha in
1995/96. The pigeonpea variety C 11 has been recom-
mended for the postrainy season (Anon . 1997). However ,
there is l i t t le in format ion on opt imum spacing and sowing
t ime fo r postrainy-season pigeonpea, and the present
invest igat ion a imed to col lect that in fo rmat ion .
To determine the op t imum spacing for postrainy-season
pigeonpea, a f ie ld exper iment w i t h seven variet ies and
three spacings (25 x 10, 35 x 10, and 45 x 10 cm) was
conducted fo r a per iod of 3 years (1991/92 to 1994/95)
in factorial randomized b lock design ( R B D ) at the Pulses
Research Stat ion, G A U , Navsar i , Gujarat. The results
indicated that sow ing at closer spacing (S1 = 25 x 10 cm)
was more benef ic ia l than w ider spacing (Table 1). The
reduct ion in seed y i e l d over S1 (25 x 10 cm) w i t h wider
spacing was to the extent of 11.3% w i th S2 (35 x 10 cm) ,
and 19.0 w i t h S3 (45 x 10 cm) .
A m o n g the pigeonpea varieties tested, the highest
y ie ld was recorded w i t h C 11 (1740 kg ha-1) w h i c h was
fo l l owed by Pusa 9 (1680 kg ha -1), and Pusa 17 (1590 kg
ha-1). The response of different varieties to vary ing spacing
was conspicuous and when C 11 was sown at closer
spacing, the y ie ld was considerably higher (1920 kg ha -1).
However , i t was at par w i t h Pusa 9, Pusa 17, and M T H
12 varieties at the same spacing.
The other f ie ld exper iment was conducted to evaluate
the effect of date of sowing on pigeonpea yields. Six varieties
of postrainy-season pigeonpea were g rown at three dates
o f sowing (D1, th i rd week o f October; D 2 , f i rst week o f
56 I C P N 6 , 1999
Table 2. M e a n seed yield (kg ha-1
) of postrainy-season pigeon pea varieties grown at different dates of sowing ( D )
at Navsar i , G u j a r a t , 1991-94 postrainy seasons (Pooled over 3 years).
Piveonpea var iety ( V )
C - 11
G A U T 88.5
G A U T 88.8
G A U T 88.9
B D N 2
G T 100
Mean
V
D
V D
Y V D 1
Seed y ie ld at
D1 ( th i rd week Oct)
1700
1300
1390
1230
1160
1450
1370
SEm
±66.9
±56.1
±54.9
±88.7
D2 ( f i rs t week N o v )
1260
1110
1150
1100
880
1000
1080
D3 ( th i rd week N o v )
690
630
680
670
720
820
700
C V (%)
14.6
Mean
1220
1020
1080
1000
920
1020
1050
1. Y V D = Year x variety x date of sowing.
November ; and D3 , th i rd week o f November ) in R B D
for 3 years, i.e., f rom 91994/95 to 1996/97). The seed
y ie ld of pigeonpea was inf luenced signif icant ly by sowing
date and its interact ion w i th varieties (Table 2). W i t h
delay in sow ing t ime the magni tude of mean decl ine in
seed y i e l d was to the tune of 2 0 . 8 % f rom D1 to D 2 ,
4 8 . 7 % f r om D1 to D3 , and 3 5 . 2 % f rom D2 toD3 .
A m o n g the combinat ions, sowing of C 11 in the th i rd
week of October produced the highest y ie ld (1705 kg ha-1).
We conclude that to secure higher y ields of postrainy-
season pigeonpea in south Gujarat, the C 11 var iety
should be sown in the th i rd week of October at inter and
int rarow spacings of 25 x 10 cm.
Reference
Anonymous. 1997. Annua l Report, Pulses Research
Station, Gujarat Agr icul tural Universi ty, Navsari, Gujarat.
12 -13 pp.
Performance of Extra-short-durat ion
and Short-Durat ion Pigeonpea
Genotypes in Paddy Fallows under
Rainfed Conditions in the D r y Zones
of Sri Lanka
S N Jayawardena, Y B Iqbal, K Hettiarachchi, and
K B Saxena (Field Crops Research and Development
Institute, Maha Illuppallama, Sri Lanka)
A r o u n d 0.2 m i l l i o n ha of paddy lands in Sri Lanka are
left fa l low dur ing the short ra iny yala season ( M a r -
M a y ) due to lack of i rr igat ion water. Experiments carr ied
out in the past have indicated the possibi l i ty of cu l t ivat ing
shorter-duration legume crops inc lud ing pigeonpea in
these paddy fa l lows dur ing the yala season under
ra infed condit ions in the dry zone (Jayawardena and
Rathnayake 1992, Jayawardane and Ch i th ra l 1996).
However, presently avai lable pigeonpea varieties l C P L 2
and ICPL 87 are of 120-140 days' durat ion and do not
very we l l f i t into this season. Therefore, nonava i l ab i l i t y
of ex t ra -shor t -dura t ion var iet ies ( 1 0 0 - 1 1 0 days) is a
constraint to the p romo t ion o f p igeonpea in f a l l ow
paddy lands. Therefore, a set of eight extra-short-duration
pigeonpea genotypes ICP L 89020, I C P L 8 9 0 2 1 , I C P L
I C P N 6 , 1999 57
84023, I C P L 89027, l C P L 88039, l C P L 90035, ICP L
88013, and I C P L 89014, and t w o short-durat ion geno-
types, M P G 537 and I C P L 87, were evaluated under
ra in fed condi t ions in a ma jo r paddy g r o w i n g area in
Mahawe l i system ' H ' for their performance in the f ields
vacated by the commerc ia l maha paddy crop.
Th is study was conducted on t w o farmers ' f ie lds in
Pahalakalawewa ( L 1 ) and Med i yawa ( L 2 ) v i l lages in the
Eppawala b lock in the Mahawe l i system 'H' of
Anuradhapura dist r ic t wh i ch represents the top and
midd le part o f a typ ica l i r r igated paddy land of the dry
zone. W i t h the onset o f " y a l a " rains pigeonpea was sown
at 45 cm x 10 cm spacing. The treatments were arranged
in a randomized complete b lock design w i t h t w o repl ica-
t ions. Each p lot measured 2.5 m x 1.5 m.
The exper iment was sown on 10 A p r i l , 1995 on r ice
stubbles w i t h the help o f bamboo pegs w i thou t any land
preparation. Immediately after sowing, a total weed k i l le r ,
paraquat was sprayed at the rate of 3 1 ha -1. T w o weeks
later the crop was th inned to one plant h i l l 1 .
One manual weed ing was done 4 weeks after sowing .
At f lower ing, one spray of Atabron® (500 mL ha-1) fo l lowed
by t w o sprays o f Ch lo rpyryphos (1500 mL ha-1) were
given at 10-day intervals to control pod-boring insects. The
study was conducted under rainfed conditions. No fert i l izer
was appl ied. Data on plant height , days to matur i t y , and
grain y ie ld were recorded. A total o f 303 mm of ra in was
received du r ing the g r o w i n g season, spread over 14
ra iny days. A l l the p igeonpea l ines genninated we l l and
had a good canopy at both locations.
At Med i yawa , a l l the genotypes were tal ler and took
more t ime to mature compared to Pahalakalawewa (Table
1), ref lect ing the better moisture status of the so i l at this
location. The differences among the lines for plant height
and days to matur i ty were s igni f icant at M e d i y a w a on ly .
At Pahalakalawewa, the mean y ie ld (0.8 t ha 1 ) was
higher than that at Med i yawa (0.63 t h a 1 ) ; I C P L 90035
(1.2 t ha -1), I C P L 89020 (1.0 t ha 1 ) , and I C P L 87 (0.97 t
ha-1) were found promis ing . A t Med i yawa , I C P L 89021
(0 .911 ha -1), ICPL 84023 (0.79 t ha -1), ICPL 89014 (0.76
t ha 1 ) , ICPL 89020 (0.75 t ha -1), and I C P L 89027 (0.75 t
ha -1) were p rom is ing . There was a large d i f ference in
the performance of varieties l ike ICPL 87 and I CP L
90035 at the t w o locations. On average, the per formance
of p igeonpea in paddy fa l l ows was sat isfactory and
encouraging.
The results suggest that in fa l low paddy lands, extra-
short-durat ion pigeonpea can be g rown successful ly.
Considering the growing period, yield, and yie ld variations,
ICP L 89020, ICPL 89027, and ICPL 88039 appear to be
Table 1. Per formance of extra-short and short-durat ion pigeonpea genotypes in paddy fallow lands under
rainfed conditions at two locations1 in Eppawala , Sr i L a n k a , short ra iny season (yala) 1995.
Genotype
Extra-shor t -durat ion variet ies
I C P L 89021
I C P L 89020
I C P L 84023
I C P L 89027
I C P L 88039
I C P L 90035
I C P L 89013
I C P L 89014
Shor t -durat ion variet ies
M P G 537 (Con t ro l )
I C P L 87 (Cont ro l )
M e a n
SE
C V (%)
Plant height
(cm)
L1
80
84
89
89
81
98
86
89
102
96
89
± 3 . 8
8.8
L 2
105
90
114
94
101
102
111
114
123
122
108
±5.5
5.9
Days to
matur i ty
L1
102
100
99
108
101
108
100
101
99
116
103
±4.6
4.6
L2
115
108
112
107
107
115
116
124
114
123
114
±3.3
1.1
Y i e l d
(t ha-1)
L1
0.67
1.01
0.64
0.82
0.71
1.24
0.83
0.85
0.70
0.97
0.83
±0 .17
29.1
L 2
0.91
0.75
0.79
0.75
0.66
0.24
0.41
0.76
0.67
0.38
0.63
±0.13
23.3
Mean
0.79
0.86
0.72
0.78
0.69
0.74
0.62
0.80
0.69
0.67
0.73
-
L1 = Pahalakalawcwe, L2 = Mediyawa.
58 I C P N 6 , 1999
the most suited to this system. However , more
mul t i locat iona l test ing programs need to be undertaken
to ident i fy a h igh-y ie ld ing stable genotype.
References
Jayawardena, S.N. , and Rathnayake, R . M . C 1992.
Rain fed legumes and g inge l ly for fa l low paddy lands in
ma jo r i r r igat ion schemes. Proceedings of the Sri Lanka
Associat ion for the Advancement of Sciences, 7 -11
Dec 1992, Co lombo , Sri Lanka.
Jayawardena , S.N. , and Ch i th ra l , G . M . W . 1996.
Pigeonpea, a potent ia l crop for fa l low paddy lands in Sri
Lanka. International Chickpea and Pigeonpea Newsletter
3 :75 -76 .
Ut i l i za t ion
Study on the Use of Pigeonpea as Pig
Feed in China
Lu Fuji1, Yuan Jie
1, Li Zhenghong
1, Cao Kunxian
2,
He Zhiyun2, Li Liannian
2, Gong Wei
2, Duan
Yongming3, and Feng Min
3 ( 1 . Research Institute of
Resource Insects, Kunming 650216, China; 2. Yunnan
Agriculture University, Kunming 650201, China; and
3. Yunnan Forestry Department, Kunming 650021,
China)
Pigeonpea is a perennial shrub that provides food, fue lwood,
and fodder. In China, i t is cul t ivated in Yunnan and
seven other provinces (Sichuan, Gu izhou , Guangx i ,
Guangdong, Hainan, Fuj ian, and Jiangxi). Other than the
fact that its stems are used to rear Kerria lacca, information
about the ut i l izat ion of pigeonpea seed in Ch ina is very
l im i ted . We report on the use of pigeonpea seed as a p ig
feed.
The exper iment was conducted at the Yunnan A g r i -
cu l tura l Un ivers i ty in 1991. Twen ty four hybr id pigs o f
Du Chang and X i a Changhe were selected and d iv ided
into four groups to be fed w i t h d i f ferent levels o f
pigeonpea in the feed, i.e., 0% (contains 10% of soybean
cake), 6%, 12%, and 18% of pigeonpea. (Table 1). Dur ing
the f irst g rowth period (20 -60 kg) , four pigs were selected
f r o m each group, thei r dung col lected, and their feed
consumpt ion recorded for the digest ion experiment.
Dur ing the second g rowth per iod ( 6 0 - 9 0 kg ) the pigs
were g iven larger amounts o f pigeonpea, i.e., 0% ( 7 . 6 %
of soybean cake), 7%, 14%, and 2 1 % (Table 1). The pigs
in each treatment group were raised in separate enclo
sures so that they could eat and dr ink f reely. Pigeonpea
substituted other substances in the feed at the rate of 1.0
kg for 0.600 kg corn; 0.333 kg bean cake, and 0.067 kg
wheat bran. Other constituents in mixed feed were omit ted.
At the end of each g rowth per iod, pigs were tested
once fo r temperature, breath and pulse rate. Four pigs
were selected from each group to be tested fo r b l ood ;
these were then slaughtered, and the organs index and
meat samples analyzed at the end of exper iment. D u r i n g
the taming and pre-experiment per iod, the we igh t gain
in each group was not obv ious ly d i f ferent but the gain
was 3 - 2 0 % above the Chinese standard of 0.6 kg t - 1 . The
weight gain was the highest in the 6% group fed w i t h
pigeonpea at 6% in the feed (Table 2) . Acco rd ing to the
Chinese standards, the expected feed-to-meat rat io was
3.67 : 1, but that of the 0% and 6% group was lower ; the
18% group has the highest ra t io ; and the 1 2 % group was
sl ight ly above the standard. Therefore, the o p t i m u m
level o f pigeonpea in m ixed feed should be close to 1 2 %
for this per iod (Table 2). The weight gain in each treat-
ment dur ing the 6 0 - 9 0 kg per iod was not s ign i f i cant ly
di f ferent, but higher than the expected standards (0.75
kg day -1). The feed-to-meat rat io in the 0% and 7%
pigeonpea groups were 4 .2 -7 .4%, lower than the Chinese
standard, i.e., 4.35 : 1. The 14% pigeonpea group was
comparable to the standard, wh i le the 2 1 % pigeonpea
group was 18.6% higher than the standard. Therefore,
pigeonpea added in feed should be around 14% (Table
2). The results of nut r i t ive compos i t ion and d igest ion
rate (Table 3) showed that the digest ive rate of f ibre in
6%, 12%, 18% pigeonpea groups was h igher than in 0%
group, but the group d id not d i f fer in the digest ive rate of
energy, protein, fat, and non-nitrogen extract. The digestive
energy of every group was higher than that of the expected
standard (> 2.900 M c a l kg - 1) .
Table 1. Rate of pigeonpea seed and soybean cake in
mixed feed dur ing different growth periods.
A m o u n t o f consti tuent (%)
Pigeonpea
Soybean
Pigeonpea
Soybean
2 0 - 6 0 k g per iod
0.00 6.00 12.00 18.00
10.00 8.00 6.00 4.00
6 0 - 9 0 kg per iod
0.00 7.00 14.00 21.00
7.60 5.27 2.94 0.61
I C P N 6 , 1999 59
The results of this exper iment indicate that dur ing
the exper imenta l per iod (20 - 90 kg ) , the average da i ly
increase in the we igh t o f p igs d id not d i f fe r s ign i f icant ly
at 6%, and 7% pigeonpea in the feed, and both of them
are better than the nat ional standard of China. The feed-
to-meat rat io had an increasing tendency when pigeonpea
level in the feed was over 14%. Tests on temperature,
breath, pulse, b lood index, organ and qual i ty o f meat
(results of test ing not inc luded) indicated that pigs
reared w i t h m i x e d feed conta in ing 6 - 1 4 % o f pigeonpea
grew w e l l . So using pigeonpea to par t ly substitute soy
bean is feasible, and adding 1 2 - 1 4 % pigeonpea in m i x e d
feed appears to be suitable as p ig feed.
Reference
C u i Shuwen, Heng Bifang. 1991. Comp i la t i on o f feed
standard (1) :3, 3 3 1 . Be i j ing , China: Standard Publ ish ing
House.
60 I C P N 6 , 1999
Table 3. Nut r i t ive composition and digestion rate in feed wi th different amounts of pigeonpea.
Nut r i t i ve compos i t ion (%)
Prote in
Fat
Fibre
Non-n i t rogen extract
A s h
Ca lc i um
Phosphorus
Tota l energy ( M c a l kg - 1)
D igest ion rate (%)
Energy
Protein
Fat
Non-n i t rogen extract
Fibre
Digest ive energy ( M c a l kg - 1)
Pigeonpea constituent in m ixed feed (%)
0
18.30
2.86
3.62
69.28
5.98
0.85
0.45
4.328
81.67 ± 3.46
78.98 ± 4.41
56.28 + 4.37
89.08 ± 2.07
1757 + 3.11
3.535
6
18.29
2.69
3.94
69.09
5.98
1.11
0.45
4.317
83.71 ± 2.10
78.71 ± 2.53
54.11 ± 3.54
91.03 + 1.35
32.32 ± 11.58
3.614
12
18.30
2.52
4.27
68.87
6.04
1.15
0.46
4.306
79.79 ± 0.59
73.85 ± 3.43
46.69 ± 2.93
88.22 ± 0.69
18.92 ±1.81
3.436
18
18.29
2.35
4.56
68.87
6.09
1.16
0.47
4.294
78.87 + 3.05
71.64 + 5.17
45.04 ± 2.33
86.78 + 2.30
22.66 + 10.78
3.387
Chinese
standard
>14.50
>1.50
<7.00
<8.00
0.45-0.70
0.35-0.50
>2.900
Table 2. Increase in weight of pigs at different levels of pigeonpea in pig feed in China .
2 0 - 6 0 kg per iod (42 days)
Average da i ly increase in we ight o f p i g (kg)
Average da i ly consumpt ion o f feed (kg)
Feed to meat rat io
6 0 - 9 0 kg per iod (32 days)
Average da i ly we ight increase (kg )
Average da i ly consumpt ion o f feed (kg )
Feed-to-meat rat io: increase in we igh t o f p i g
Pigeonpea consti tuent in m i x e d feed (%)
0
0.780
2.836
3.64:1
Pigeonpea
0
0.891
3.174
4.17:1
6 12
0.784 0.726
2.778 2.701
3.54:1 3.72:1
consti tuent in m i xed feed
4 14
0.881 0.809
3.551 3.534
4.03:1 4.37:1
18
0.724
3.078
4.25:1
(%)
21
0.703
3.626
5.16:1
Chinese
standard
0.600
3.67:1
Chinese
standard
0.750
4.35:1
Biotechnology
Effect of Sucrose Concentration on
In V i t r o Regeneration in Pigeonpea
Archana Tiwari, Renu, N P Singh, and A N Asthana
(Indian Institute of Pulses Research, Kanpur 208 024,
Uttar Pradesh, India)
Pigeonpea is an important pulse crop not on ly for its
nut r i t i ve and dietary value, but also for its posit ive role
in imp rov ing soi l fe r t i l i t y through b io log ica l n i t rogen
f ixa t ion . I t is also an important source of fodder. Several
b iot ic and abiot ic stresses severely l im i t pigeonpea pro-
duc t ion . Convent iona l methods of plant breeding are not
very successful in increasing product ion of pigeonpea
due to lack of genetic var iat ion in the pr imary gene poo l ,
the narrow genetic base of the crop, and the long gestation
per iod required for the development of var iety. Hence,
b io technolog ica l tools are considered to be a potent ia l
opt ion. However, simple, reproducible, and high frequency
regeneration is a prerequisite for any b iotechnological
in tervent ion in the crop improvement program.
The present investigation was carried out to study the
effect of sucrose concentrat ion on regenerat ion fre-
quency of pigeonpea. Three genotypes: Bahar, T 2 1 , and
Paras were inc luded in the regeneration studies. Seeds
were surface sterilized wi th 7 0 % ethanol for 2 m i n , washed
thoroughly w i t h d ist i l led water, and d ipped fo r 15 m i n
in Teepol® w i t h 2 - 3 drops o f po lyoxyethelene sorbi tan
(Tween 40) fo l lowed by washing w i t h dist i l led water 2 - 3
t imes to remove the Teepol®. These seeds were then
dipped in sodium hypochlor i te (5%) for 20 m i n , washed
wi th sterile double dist i l led water, and soaked overn ight .
Embryos were excised f rom steri l ized soaked seeds and
inoculated into mod i f i ed MS med ium (Murashige and
Skoog 1962) supplemented w i t h di f ferent sucrose concen-
trations along wi th different concentrations of aux in and
cy tok in in . A l l the other constituents o f MS m e d i u m
were kept unchanged except the amoun t o f v i t am ins ,
wh ich was doubled.
Var ious combinat ions o f auxin and cy tok in i n
(6-benzyIamino pur ine, 1.0, 5.0, 10.0 mg L - 1, and indo le
3-acetic acid 0 . 1 , 0.5, 1.0 mg L - 1) a long w i t h three levels
of sucrose (30, 40 , and 50 g L - 1) were t r ied (Table 1). A l l
the cultures were g rown under coo l , wh i te f luorescent
l ight at 25 + 2°C on 3000 lux l ight intensity. The experi-
ment was laid out in a completely randomized design
Table 1. In v i t ro regeneration f rom embryo explant in pigeonpea.
Hormone Concentrat ion ( m g L - 1 )
MS + Sucrose (30 g L -1)
B A P (1.) + I A A (0.1)
B A P (5.0) + I A A (0.5)
B A P ( 1 0 ) + I A A ( 1 . 0 )
MS + Sucrose (40 g L -1)
B A P (1.0) + I A A (0.1)
B A P (5.0) + I A A (0.5)
B A P (10) + I A A (1.0)
MS + Sucrose (50 g L -1)
B A P (1.0) + I A A (0.1)
B A P ( 5 . 0 ) + I A A (0.5)
B A P (10) + I A A (1.0)
Mean
SE
C D at 5 %
Mean regeneration (%) in pigeonpea cv
Bahar
32.1
37.0
20.0
59.0
34.9
28.5
28.8
21.4
39.1
33.4
Genotype
± 0.9344
2.588
T 2 1
22.5
31.8
28.2
41.0
37.2
14.9
19.2
32.9
47.9
30.6
Hormone
± 0.9344
2.588
Paras
47.4
18.9
25.1
35.1
39.0
35.1
18.2
26.5
26.0
30.1
Sucrose
± 0.9344
2.588
I C P N 6 , 1999 61
( C R D ) w i t h three repl icat ions. The data were analyzed
using standard statistical procedures as described by
Gomez and Gomez (1976) .
In the cu l tured embryos, shoot in i t ia t ion cou ld be ob-
served f r o m the swol len nodal por t ion . The number o f
shoots increased after 30 to 40 days of incubat ion on the
same media. Roots were also induced in regenerated
shoots after one m o n t h on the same culture media. The
mod i f i ed basal m e d i u m used w i t h B A P 1.0 mg L - 1 + I A A
0.1 mg L - 1 gave a h igher shoot induct ion frequency com-
pared to B A P 5.0 + I A A 0.5 mg L - 1 . The best regenera-
t i on (36 .1%) , however , was obtained on MS-subst i tuted
w i t h 40 g L - 1 sucrose. A m o n g genotypes, Bahar gave the
best per formance (33 .5%) f o l l owed by T-21 (30.7%) and
Paras (30 .2%) . The best shoot fo rmat ion (33.7%) was
obtained on MS + B A P (1.0 mg L - 1 ) + I A A (0.1 mg L - 1),
i r respect ive of the genotypes used.
It appears that pigeonpea requires a h igher level of
carbon source (sucrose) because of the re lat ive ly long
cul ture per iod fo r shoot in i t ia t ion and, subsequently,
p ro l i fe ra t ion . Further, i t is we l l k n o w n that degradation
of sucrose takes place dur ing autoc lav ing o f media
( W a n g and Hsiao 1995), wh i ch fur ther emphasizes the
need to increase the concentrat ion of sucrose to meet the
requirement of such grain legumes as pigeonpea. Th is
type of an increase in regenerative capacity w i t h increase
in concentrat ion of carbohydrates has been reported in
other gra in legumes, e.g., peas (Loiseau et a l . 1995) and
al fa l fa (S t r ick land et a l 1987). Our results c lear ly
demonstrate that increasing the level of the carbon
source (sucrose) in the media can considerably improve
the regeneration rate in pigeonpea.
References
Gomez, K.A. , and Gomez, A .A. 1984. Statistical proce-
dures fo r agr icu l tu ra l research. W i l e y Interscience
Publ ica t ion . N e w Y o r k , U S A : John Wi ley and Sons. 680
pp.
Loiseau, J . , Claire, M., and Deunff, Y. , Le. 1995. Effects
of aux in , cy tok in i n , carbohydrates and amino acids on
somatic embryogenesis induct ion f r o m shoot apices of
pea. Plant Ce l l , Tissue and Organ Cul ture 41 :267 -275 .
Murashige, T . , and Skoog, F. 1962. A revised med ium
of rap id g rowth and bioassay w i t h tobacco tissue cul ture.
Physio log ia Plantarum 15 :473-492 .
Str ick land, S.G. , Nichol , J . W . , M c C a l l , C M . , and
Stuart, D.A. 1987. Effect of carbohydrate source on al fal fa
somatic embryogenesis. Plant Science 4 8 : 1 1 3 - 1 2 1 .
W a n g , X - J . , and Hsiao, K . C . 1995. Sugar degradat ion
dur ing autoclaving: effect of duration and solution vo lume
on breakdown of glucose. Physiologia Plantarum 9 4 : 4 1 5 -
418.
Agrobacterium-mediated Transformation
of Pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan L. Millsp.) by
Using Leaf Disks
A Arundhati (Department of Botany, Andhra University,
Visakhapatnam 530 003, Andhra Pradesh, India)
Improvement of pigeonpea cult ivars to combat pests and
diseases is effected by the i n t r o d u c t i o n of resistant
genes f r om w i l d species through interspecif ic hybr id iza-
t ion or by resistant genes from unrelated sources us ing
genetic engineering (transformation) techniques. Genes
for stress tolerance (glyceroI-3-Phosphate acyl trans-
ferase), pest tolerance (B t tox in genes and Protease in-
h ib i to r genes) were successful ly in t roduced into many
crop plants through Agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated
transfer. Successful regeneration and t ransformat ion are
necessary for the product ion of transgenic plants. There
have been several reports regarding regeneration of
who le pigeonpea plants f r om leaf callus ( K u m a r et a l .
1983, 1994; Leela and Eapen 1994; Ramesh and Baldev
1994). The use of w i l d types of A. tumefaciens strains
(Rathore and Laxmi Chand 1997) induced tumor formation
in several cul t ivars of pigeonpea. Sagore et a l . (1997)
reported A. tumefaciens-mediated transfer of pigeonpea
embryo axis, using reporter gene. We successful ly carr ied
out the transfer of GUS reporter gene mediated by
Agrobacter ium- in pigeonpea leaf disks.
Agrobacterium-mediated transfer of leaf disks of
pigeonpea cultivar ICPI 5164 was done using the L B A 4 4 0 4
p B A L 2 Agrobacterium strain (D r K Ve lu thamb i ' s Lab)
car ry ing Kanamyc in ant ib iot ic selection marker and
G U S reporter gene under promoter 35S. The strain has
an intron f r o m the castor bean Catalase gene in the G U S
reporter gene for fur ther con f i rmat ion of expression in
eukaryotes.
The tolerance l i m i t o f pigeonpea tissue to Kanamyc in
was determined in three sets of exper iments us ing
concentrations of 0, 25 , 50, 75, 100, 150, 200 mg L - 1 of
Kanamycin supplemented in shoot ing m e d i u m . The
shoot ing med ium contained the basal med ium of
Murashige and Skoog (1962) supplemented w i t h 10 µM
B A P (Benzy l amino pur ine) and 0.1µM I A A ( Indo le
62 I C P N 6, 1999
acetic acid). It was prepared fo l lowing the protocol described
by Leela and Eapen (1994) ; on ly the lAA concentration
was changed. Of three consecutive experiments done to
determine Kanamyc in tolerance, 75 mg L - 1 was found to
be the op t imum tolerance l im i t (Table 1). However , the
percentage of leaf disks was low compared to 50 mg LA
This result is in concurrence w i t h the concentration
l im i t publ ished by Sagare et al. 1997.
The Agrobacterium cocul t ivat ion experiments were
carr ied out in t w o sets each t ime. In one set, leaf disks
preincubated on shoot ing med ium for t w o days were
used and in the other set, f reshly cut leaf disks were used
and these disks were cul tured on shoot ing med ium
supplemented w i t h acetosyringone (100 m M ) .
Agrobacterium strain culture of l O.D. (Opt ical den-
sity at 600 n m ) was used for cocul t ivat ion. The leaf disks
were transferred to shoot ing med ium after being treated
w i th Agrobacterium I O .D. culture for 10 minutes. The
leaf disks were transferred on to selection med ium
(Kanamyc in in shooting medium) after 2 days and 4 days
f rom cocul t ivat ion med ium. The selection med ium con-
tained Cefo tax ime 250 mg L - 1 to k i l l the Agrobacterium.
Abou t 4 0 % of the leaf disks showed signs o f cal lusing
after 2 weeks on slect ion med ium.
The leaf disks and callus f rom three sets of experiments
were checked for stable expression of GUS activity after 20
days, 10 days, and 3 days after be ing transferred to
the select ion m e d i u m . A h is tochemical assay fo r Beta-
glucuronidase (GUS) was done f o l l o w i n g the protocol
used by H ie i et a l . (1994) . The results indicated that
Agrobacterium-mediated transfer can be successful in
al l treatments (Table 2) . Four-day cocul t ivat ion gave a
relatively larger number of transformed calluses (47 .8%)
than two-days cocul t ivat ion. Acetosyr ingone-supple-
mented med ium gave a h igher percentage ( 4 5 . 5 % of
ca l l i ) of stable transformants than the one w i thou t
Acetosyr ingone.
These results gave a posit ive indication that Agrobac-
fcnwm-mediated transformation using leaf disks of C. cajan
is possible. Four days of cocult ivat ion using cocu l t i va t ion
med ium supplemented w i t h Acetosyr ingone produced a
higher percentage of transformants. In the background
of successful regeneration from leaf disks, this experiment
supports the idea that genetic improvement of
C. cajan is possible through the in t roduct ion of genes by
Agrobacterium-mediated transfer.
Table 2. Number of leaf disks showing Kanamyc in
resistance and GUS-positive staining.
Two-day
cocul t ivat ion
Exper iment A S + 1
l 3/8
20 days (37.5)3
ll 2/6
10 days (33.3)
I I I 2/6
3 days (33.3)
A S - 2
2/8
(25)
1/6
(16.7)
1/6
(16.7)
Four-day
cocul t ivat ion
A S +
6/10
(60)
4/8
(50)
3/6
(50)
A S -
4/8
(50)
3/8
(37.5)
2/6
(33.3)
1. AS+ = Medium with Acetosyringone.
2. A S - = Medium without Acetosyringone.
3. Figures in parentheses are percentages.
I C P N 6 , 1999 63
Table 1 . N u m b e r of leaf disks callusing after 3 weeks on different concentrations of Kanamycin (g mL- 1
) .
Exper iment
I
I I
I I I
0
20
(83.3)1
21
(87.5)
20
(83.5)
25
16
(66.7)
14
(58.3)
15
(62.5)
50
13
(54.2)
13
(54.2)
14
(58.3)
75
4
(16.7)
3
(12.5)
2
(8.3)
100
2
(8.3)
1
(4.2)
1
(4.2)
150
0
(0)
1
(4.2)
0
(0)
175
0
(0)
0
(0)
0
(0)
200
0
(0)
0
(0)
0
(0)
N o . o f
leaf
disks used
per conc.
24
(100)
24
(100)
24
(100)
1. Figures in parentheses are percentages.
Acknowledgment. The author is grateful to the Department
o f Science and Techno logy, Government o f Ind ia fo r
award ing the SERC fe l lowship and to Dr K Velu thambi
for suggestions and p rov id i ng laboratory faci l i t ies.
References
K u m a r , A.S. , Reddy, T .P . , and Reddy, C M . 1984.
Advent i t i ous shoot fo rmat ion and plant regeneration in
pigeonpea. International Pigeonpea Newsletter 3 :14-15.
George, L., and Eapen, S. 1994. Organogenesis and
embryogenesis from diverse explants in pigeopea
(Cajanus cajan L.). Plant Cel l Reports 13: 4 1 7 - 4 2 0 .
Rathore , S.R., and C h a n d , L. 1997. I n -v i t ro t ransfor-
mat ion o f pigeonpea genotypes by w i l d strains o f
Agrobactehum tumefaciem. Internat ional Ch ickpea
and Pigeonpea Newslet ter 4:38.
Ramesh, T . , and Baldev, B. 1994. Cal lus ing response
of epicoty l and leaf explants of pigeonpea. Indian Journal
o f Plant Phys io logy 3 7 : 5 3 - 5 5 .
Sagare, A .P . , Suhasini, K., Na idu , R.B., K u l k a r n i ,
D.D., Gadbole , D.A. , and Kr ishna M u r t h y , K . V .
1997. Legumes research at N C L - an overv iew. Pages
4 9 - 5 8 in B io technolog ica l appl icat ions of plant tissue
and cel l culture (Ravishankar, G.A., and Venkataraman,
L .V. , eds.). N e w D e l h i , Ind ia : I B H Publ ishers.
64 I C P N 6 , 1999
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O r d e r codes. Please use I C R I S A T order codes when
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Publ ica t ions f r o m I C R I S A T
Pande, S., Bakr , M.A. , and Johansen, C. (eds.) 1998.
Recent advances in research and management of Bot ry t is
gray mo ld o f chickpea: summary proceedings o f the
Fourth W o r k i n g Group Meet ing to discuss col laborat ive
research on botrytis gray mold of chickpea, 23-26 Feb 1998,
Joydebpur, Gazipur, Bangladesh. Patancheru 502 324,
Andhra Pradesh, India: International Crops Research
Institute fo r the Semi -Ar id Tropics. 52 pp, I S B N 9 2 -
9066-398-7. Order code CPE 121.
The Fourth W o r k i n g Group Meet ing on Bot ry t is Gray
M o l d of Chickpea reviewed research progress dur ing the
last t w o years in Bangladesh, India, and Nepa l . Th is
publ icat ion contains summaries of the f ind ings and
recommendations made fo r future research pr ior i t ies.
Field experiments conducted in Bangladesh, Nepa l , and
Ind ia suggested that an integrated disease management
program i f practised along w i t h other improved
agronomical practices, can substantial ly reduce disease
severity in chickpea fields and increase chickpea product ion
in disease-prone areas. H i g h pr io r i t y was g iven to
part ic ipatory on- farm val idat ion o f the avai lable compo-
nents of B G M management such as moderate levels of
host plant resistance, agronomic options (spaced p lant ing
and jud ic ious use of fungic ide) , and their in tegrat ion.
I C R I S A T . 1998. From orphan crop to pacesetter:
pigeonpea improvement at ICRISAT. ( In En.) Patancheru
502 324, Andh ra Pradesh, Ind ia: Internat ional Crops
Research Institute for the Semi -Ar id Tropics. 24 pp.
I S B N 92-9066-401-0. Order cide GA 034.
I C R I S A T . 1998. Food from Thought no. 8. A series of
narratives on the practical application of research conducted
by I C R I S A T and its collaborators. Ingredients of a success-
fu l project: donor 's v is i ion , demand-dr iven research,
and people 's readiness. A story of col laborat ion between
the A f r i can Development Bank, nat ional stakeholders in
eastern and southern A f r i ca , and I C R I S A T in i m p r o v i n g
pigeonpea. Order code: FTE 008. Single copies free.
Saxena, K .B. 1999. Pigeonpea in Sri Lanka ( In E n .
Summaries in En, Fr.). Patancheru 502 324, Andh ra
Pradesh, Ind ia: Internat ional Crops Research Inst i tute
fo r the Semi -Ar id Tropics. 98 pp. I S B N 92-9066-399-5 .
Order code B O E 026.
I C P N 6, 1999 65
Sri Lanka produces about 60 000 t of pulses per year in
the dry and intermediate-ra infa l l zones. Domest ic pro-
duct ion is insuf f ic ient to meet demand, and annual ly
about US$ 40 m i l l i o n is spent on pulse imports to make
up the shor t fa l l . Pigeopea (Cajanus cajan), common ly
k n o w n as red g ram, or tur, is an important prote in- r ich
food for m i l l i ons of vegetarians in the Indian subcont i-
nent, A f r i c a , and the Car ibbean. The crop has the abi l i ty
to surv ive and y ie ld good economic returns in drought-
prone envi ronments and low- inpu t product ion systems,
enr ich the soi l th rough ni t rogen f ixat ion, and prov ide
other benefi ts as w e l l . Sri Lankan researchers bel ieve
pigeonpea has the potent ia l for w ider adopt ion by dry-
land farmers, and can contribute signif icant ly to nat ional
pulse p roduc t ion and save fore ign exchange. Adapta t ion
of the crop to Sri Lankan condi t ions has been studied,
and product ion constraints ident i f ied. This book summa-
rizes the results of pigeonpea research and development
in Sri Lanka. It discusses the identification of elite cultivars,
product ion and processing technologies, market ing
opt ions, and the future prospects for pigeonpea in the
country,
N i m a l Jayantha, H . M . , and Saxena, K.B. 1998. A new
small-scale processor for pulses. ( In En. Summaries in En ,
Fr.) I n fo rmat ion Bu l le t in no. 54. Maha I l luppa l iama, Sri
Lanka: Farm Mechanization Research Centre, Department
o f Agr i cu l tu re , M in i s t r y o f Agr icu l tu re and Lands; and
Patancheru 502 324, Andhra Pradesh, India: International
Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Ar id Tropics. 20 pp.
I S B N 92-9066-394-4 . Order code I B E 054.
Pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp.) is an important
pro te in- r ich staple food in several parts of the semi-ar id
tropics. The development of new pigeonpea varieties has
helped extend this crop into nontradi t ional product ion
areas, but the commerc ia l adopt ion of the crop depends
largely on such factors as processing and consumpt ion.
The ava i lab i l i ty of an ef fect ive small-scale processing
technology to dehul l p igeonpea gra in is cr i t ical to suc-
cessful pigeonpea product ion and market ing . In Sri
Lanka, the Department of Agr icu l ture set up a promis ing
pigeonpea product ion project supported by the Asian
Development Bank and I C R I S A T . Under the project, a
small-scale processing machine was developed at the
Farm Mechanizat ion Research Centre ( F M R C ) . The
machine is capable of producing high-qual i ty decorticated
splits (dhal ) of var ious pulse crops (black gram, green
gram, cowpea, soybean, etc.), and can process about 40
kg of pigeonpea gra in in 1 h w i t h 7 0 - 7 4 % recovery.
Besides dehu l l ing and sp l i t t ing, the machine can clean
and grade grain or splits. This document summarizes
important research results and relevant technical in for
mat ion about this processing machine.
Sharma, H .C. , Saxena, K.B. , and Bhagwat, V . R .
1999. The legume pod borer, Maruca vitrata: b ionomics
and management. In fo rmat ion Bu l le t in no. 55 ( I n En .
Summaries in En, Fr . ) . Patancheru 502 324, Andh ra
Pradesh, Ind ia: Internat ional Crops Research Inst i tute
for the Semi -A r i d Tropics.42 pp. I S B N 92 -9066-406 -1 .
Order code I B E 055.
The legume pod borer, Maruca (testulal is) vitrata
(Geyer) is one of the major l imi ta t ions to increasing the
product ion and produc t iv i t y of grain legumes in the
tropics. Bionomics, host-plant resistance, natural enemies,
cul tural practices, and chemical contro l of the legume
pod borer have been discussed in this bu l le t in to ident i fy
gaps in present knowledge and to help plan future strat
egies for research on this pest on pigeonpea. W h i l e
in format ion is avai lable on b ionomics and host-plant
resistance in cowpea, such in fo rmat ion on pigeonpea
and other legumes is l im i ted . Several natural enemies
have been recorded on M, vitrata, and pathogens such as
Bacillus thuringiensis, Nosema, and Aspergillus p lay an
important role in regulat ing its populat ions under f i e ld
condi t ions. Cu l tura l practices such as in tercropping,
t ime o f sowing, density o f sow ing , and weeding reduce
the pod borer damage. Several insecticides have been
found to be ef fect ive for cont ro l l ing this insect. There is
a need to focus future research on standardiz ing the
resistance screening techniques, ident i f icat ion and u t i l i
zat ion of resistance, and integrated pest management
strategies for sustainable agr icu l tura l product ion.
Allen, D.J., and Lenne, J . M . (eds.) 1998. The pathology
o f food and pasture legumes. Wa l l i ng fo rd , O x o n , U K :
C A B Internat ional , and Patancheru 502 324, Andhra
Pradesh, India: Internat ional Crops Research Insti tute
for the Semi -A r id Tropics. 772 pp. Copies can be
ordered from CABl, Wallingford, Oxon OX10 8DE, UK.
The plant fami l y Leguminosae is second in economic
importance only to Gramineae, which includes the wo r l d ' s
cereals and pasture grasses. Indeed, about one quarter of
the total output of crop protein in the w o r l d as a who le is
der ived f rom legumes, wh i ch are of great importance
both in human diets and in the feeding of l ivestock. Pro
duct ion is nevertheless l im i ted by major diseases, and
therefore there is a great need for a reference book on the
pathology of food and pasture legumes.
This book fi l ls this need and provides substantial cr i t ica l
reviews of each crop type as we l l as a cross-commodi ty
66 I C P N 6, 1999
perspective. I t is wr i t ten by leading research workers in
the U S A , U K , Ind ia, N iger ia , M a l a w i , N e w Zealand,
Syria, Tanzania, and Uganda. The content is thus applicable
to both the developed and the developing w o r l d , and to
temperate and t rop ica l zones. We l l i l lustrated w i t h both
monochrome and colour plates, and thoroughly referenced
to the research l i terature, it represents an indispensable
vo lume fo r plant pathologists as we l l as plant breeders
and agronomists.
K u m a r Rao, J .V .D .K . , Johansen, C. , and Rego, T .J .
(eds.). 1998. Residual effects of legumes in rice and
wheat c ropp ing systems of the Indo-Ganget ic Plain;
Patancheru, India, 26 -28 A u g 1986. Patancheru 502 324,
Andh ra Pradesh, Ind ia: l C R l S A T . 256 pp. I S B N 8 1 -
204-1297-4 .
A m o n g various agr icul tural product ion systems, the
r ice- and wheat-based cropping systems in the Indo-
Ganget ic Plain, cover ing Bangladesh, India, Nepa l , and
Pakistan, are both agroecological ly and socioeconomi-
ca l ly important. There have been expressions of concern
for long- term sustainabl i l i ty of r ice- and wheat-based
systems, as for other repeti t ive cropping systems. A
closer examinat ion of c ropp ing sequences is needed i f
p roduc t iv i t y of r ice and wheat is to be maintained and
further increased. In this context, the we l l - known
amel iorat ive effects of legumes in crop rotations need
close attent ion in relat ion to the sustainabi i l i ty of r ice
and wheat product ion systems.
The book is a product of a regional workshop enti t led
' 'Residual effects of legumes in r ice and wheat cropping
systems of the Indo-Ganget ic P la in " held at the Interna-
t ional Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Ar id Tropics
(1CRISAT) , Patancheru, India dur ing 2 6 - 2 8 A u g 1996.
The object ives of the workshop were: (1) to col late and
interpret ex is t ing in fo rmat ion on legume residual effects
on subsequent crops for the reg ion, and (2) to formulate
future research needs. About forty participants representing
Rice-Wheat Consort ium member countries (Bangladesh,
India, Nepa l , and Pakistan), Corne l l Un ivers i ty ( U S A ) ,
V ie tnam, and 1CRISAT part icipated in the workshop.
The group discussed exist ing in format ion on legume
residual effects on subsequent crops for the region and
then del iberated on research needs on grain legumes,
forage legumes and green manure legumes in relat ion to
constraints to adopt ion of technologies for inc lud ing
legumes, knowledge gaps and researchable issues, target
regions and important c ropp ing systems. This book is
based on the papers presented and the deliberations of
the workshop .
Bantilan, M.C.S., and Joshi, P.K. (eds.) 1998. Assessing
j o i n t research impacts. Proceedings of an Internat ional
Workshop on Joint Impact Assessment of N A R S / I C R I S A T
Technologies for the Semi -A r id Trop ics , Patancheru,
India, 2 -4 Dec 1996. Patancheru 502 324, Andhra Pradesh,
India: ICRISAT, 288 pp. ISBN 92-9066-396-0. Order code
CPE 119. L D C $27.50. H D C $74.50. Ind ia Rs. 1025.00.
Pursuit of a j o i n t approach to the assessment of research
impact is cr i t ical fo r the cont inu ing v iab i l i t y of nat ional
and international research w i t h i n the g loba l agr icu l tura l
R & D system. This workshop on "Jo in t Impact Assess-
ment o f N A R S / I C R I S A T Technologies fo r the Semi -
A r i d T rop ics " was organized to achieve three object ives:
a) to report results of case studies on adoption and impact
undertaken jo in t ly by teams from ICRISAT and the nat ional
programs; b) to prov ide a fo rum for peer rev iew; and
c) ident i fy through w o r k i n g group sessions key issues
and pr io r i t y areas for the l C R I S A T / N A R S research
agenda on impact assessment.
The workshop was attended by I C R I S A T scientists
f rom al l discipl ines, by representatives f rom pr ivate and
publ ic sector research inst i tut ions, the seed sector, and
other international research organizat ions. These
proceedings include the presentation of case studies
featuring research impact in four areas—genetic enhance-
ment research; resource management options; intermediate
products of research; and impact of networks. That
adoption is a condit ion of impact was noted. The eff ic iency
dimension of impact served as a start ing po in t in most
analyses. Other dimensions of impact include food security,
gender equity, sustainability, human nutri t ion, employment,
and spi l lover effects. The integrat ion of these d imen-
sions in the research evaluat ion process was discussed.
Peer rev iew was an important feature of this workshop ;
it served as a basis for the discussions on pr ior i t ies for
the future research agenda on impact assessment.
Chung, K.R. 1998. The contr ibut ion o f I C R I S A T ' s
mandate crops to household food securi ty: a case study
of four rural vi l lages in the Indian semi-ar id t ropics.
In format ion Bu l le t in no. 52. Patancheru 502 324,
Andhra Pradesh, India: I C R I S A T . 40 pp. I S B N 92 -
9066-390-1 . Order code 1BE 052. L D C $19.50. H D C
$55.50. India Rs.775.00.
The conceptual linkage between increased food product ion
and improved nutr i t ional status appears st ra ight forward;
yet, devis ing research strategies that lead to real change
has proved d i f f i cu l t . A l t hough intra-household resource
al locations are a strong determinant of i nd iv idua l nu t r i -
t ional status, this bu l le t in focuses on the possibi l i t ies fo r
I C P N 6, 1999 67
technical change to improve consumpt ion at the house-
ho ld level . The reported study therefore seeks to update
knowledge of the role that I C R l S A T mandate crops play
in the diets o f the ru ra l poor. Spec i f i ca l l y , i t examines
the state of undernutrition in the study area, the dependence
of the rural poor on ICR ISAT ' s mandate crops, the actions
avai lable fo r imp rov ing the diets of the rura l poor, and
the ro le agr icul tura l research should p lay in the f igh t to
reduce undernutri t ion. These topics are addressed through
a household- level analysis of d ietary patterns in four
rural vi l lages in the semi-arid tropics (SAT) . The ult imate
purpose is to discuss the menu of opt ions avai lable to
researchers interested in strengthening the l ink between
agr icu l tura l technology and nut r i t ional we l l -be ing . The
analysis focuses on iden t i f y ing current dietary and
expendi ture patterns in t w o regions w i t h i n the Ind ian
S A T .
S A T C R I S l ist ings
The f o l l o w i n g 1998 l ist ings and publ icat ions have been
generated f r o m I C R I S A T ' s electronic bibliographic data-
base S A T C R I S — t h e S e m i - A r i d Trop ica l Crops In fo r -
mat ion Service. Copies of entries fo l l owed by JA or CP
numbers can be obtained by w r i t i n g to
Senior Manager
L ib ra ry and Documenta t ion Services, P I M D i v i s i on
I C R I S A T
Patancheru 502 324, Andh ra Pradesh, India
E-mai l : s .s r in ivas@cgiar .org
Chickpea publications
Abhishek Shukla , and Yadav , H.S. 1998. Resistance
in crops against Helicoverpa armigera (Hubner) - a review.
Advances in Plant Sciences 11(1) : 2 6 5 - 2 7 0
Ack land , S., M o o r e , K., Schwinghamer, ML, and
Sykes, J. 1998. Chickpea fo l iar diseases update. Agnote -
N S W Agr i cu l tu re DPI /221 :1-4 Orange, Austra l ia : N e w
South Wales Agr icu l tu re L ib rary .
A i n i , N. , and T a n g , C. 1998. Diagnosis o f potassium
def ic iency in faba bean and chickpea by plant analysis.
Aust ra l ian Journal o f Exper imenta l Agr icu l tu re
38(5) :503~509
Ancha Srinivasan, Johansen, C., and Saxena, N.P.
1998. Co ld tolerance dur ing early reproduct ive g rowth
of chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.): characterizat ion of
stress and genetic var iat ion in pod set. F ie ld Crops
Research 57(2) : 181-193. (JA 1899)
A r o r a , N. , K a u r , B., Singh, P., and P a r m a r , U. 1998.
Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) architecture in re lat ion to
exogenous appl icat ion o f plant g row th regulators.
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A r o r a , N . , K a u r , B., Singh, P., and P a r m a r , U. 1998.
Effect of I A A and Cycocel on yield contributing parameters
of chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.). Anna ls of Ag r i cu l tu ra l
Research 19(3): 2 7 9 - 2 8 1 .
Bakr , M.A. , R a h m a n , M . L . , Hossain, M.S. , and
A h m e d , A . U . 1998. Steps towards management o f
Botry t is gray m o l d of chickpea in Bangladesh. Pages
15-18 in Recent advances in research and management
o f Bot ry t is gray m o l d o f chickpea: summary Proceedings
of the Fourth W o r k i n g Group Meet ing to discuss col labo-
rat ive research on Bot ry t is gray m o l d o f chickpea, 2 3 - 2 6
Feb 1998, Joydebpur, Gazipur, Bangladesh (Pande, S.,
Bakr, M.A . and Johansen, C, eds.). Patancheru 502 324,
Andhra Pradesh, Ind ia: Internat ional Crops Research
Institute for the Semi -A r id Tropics.
Castil lo, P., Vovlas, N. , and Jimenez-Diaz, R . M .
1998. Pathogenici ty and histopathology of Pratylenchus
thornei populat ions on selected chickpea genotypes.
Plant Pathology 47(3) : 3 7 0 - 3 7 6 .
Ceriol i , C. , F iorent ini , L., Prandin i , A. , and Piva, G.
1998. Antinutrit ional factors and nutritive value of different
cul t ivars of pea, chickpea and faba bean. Pages 4 3 - 4 6 in
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legume seeds and rapeseed: proceedings of the Th i r d
Internat ional Workshop, 8 -10 Jul 1998, Wageningen,
The Netherlands (Jansman, A.J .M. , H i l l , G.D., Huisman, J.,
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prote in qual i ty of chickpea (Cicer arietinum) seeds.
Food Chemist ry 62 (1 ) : 1 -6 .
Das, M., and Sinha, S.K. 1998. Physio logical response
of three chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) genotypes to soi l
water potentials and t ime periods. Journal of Research,
Birsa Agr i cu l tu ra l Univers i ty 10(1) :1 -6 .
Dhi l lon, K.S., and Dhil lon, S.K. 1998. Factors affect ing
the level o f selenium in plants g r o w n in seleniferous
soils. Pages 371-376 in Ecological agriculture and sustain-
able development: V o l u m e 1. Proceedings of an Interna-
t iona l Conference on Ecological Agr icu l tu re : towards
Sustainable Development, 15-17 N o v 1997, Chandigarh,
Ind ia, (Dha l iwa l , G.S., A ro ra , R., Randhawa, N.S., and
Dhawan , A . K . , eds.). Chand igarh , Ind ia : Centre fo r
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D h u l , ML, Suneja, S., and D a d a r w a l , K.R. 1998. Role
of siderophores in chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.)- Rhizobium
symbiosis. M ic rob io log ica l Research 153(1) :47-53.
Dolar , F.S., and Nirenberg, H . l . 1998. Cylindrocarpon
tonkinense Bugn. a new pathogen of chickpea. Journal of
Phytopathology 146(10) :521-523.
Emery , R.J.N. , Leport , L., Barton, J.E. , Turner , N.C. ,
and Atk ins, C .A. 1998. Cis- isomers of cytok in ins
predominate in chickpea seeds throughout their devel-
opment . Plant Phys io logy 117(4):1515—1523.
Enker l i , J . , Bhatt , G . , and Covert , S.F. 1998.
Maack ia in detox i f ica t ion contr ibutes to the v i ru lence of
Nectria haematococca MP VI on chickpea. Mo lecu la r
P lant -Microbe Interactions 11(4) :317-326.
Ghassemt-Golezani, K., Movahhedi, M., Rahimzadeh-
K h o y i , F., and M o g h a d d a m , M. 1998. Effects o f water
def ic i t on g rowth and y ie ld of t w o chickpea varieties at
different plant densities. Agricultural Science 7(3/4):17-42.
Ghato l , P.U. , Dahatonde, B.N. , Darange, S.O.,
W a n j a r i , S.S., and Jiotode, D.J . 1998. Performance of
saff lower-chickpea intercropping systems under dif ferent
moisture regimes. Crop Research 16(3) :405-407.
Gim enez -E sp inosa , R., and P r a d o , R. de. 1998.
A b s o r p t i o n , t ranslocat ion and metabol ism o f pyr idate in
chickpea (Cicer arietinum). Aust ra l ian Journal of Plant
Phys io logy 25 (1 ) :105 -110 ,
G i r i , A .P . , Harsu lkar , A . M . , Deshpande, V . V . ,
Sainani, M . N . , G u p t a , V .S . , and Ran jekar , P.K.
1998. Chickpea defensive proteinase inh ib i tors can be
inactivated by podborer gut proteinases. Plant Physio logy
116(1 ) :393 -401 .
Goyle, A. , and G u j r a l , S. 1998. Protein qua l i ty of
mixes and biscuits prepared from malted wheat (Triticum
aestivum) and bengal gram (Cicer arietinum) w i t h or
w i thou t colocasia leaves (Colocasia antiquorum).
Indian Journal o f Nu t r i t i on and Dietet ics 35 (3 ) : 57 -62 .
G u r u n g , R .K. 1998. Improved chickpea variet ies in
Nepal. Pages 114-125 in Assessing jo in t research impacts:
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Research Institute for the Semi -A r id Tropics.
Herr idge, D.F. , Marcel los, H . , Felton, W . L . , T u r n e r ,
G .L . , and Peoples, M . B . 1998. Ch ickpea in wheat-
based cropping systems of northern N e w South Wales
111. Predict ion of N2 f i xa t ion and N balance us ing soi l
nitrate at sowing and chickpea y ie ld . Aust ra l ian Journal
o f Agr icu l tu ra l Research 49 (3 ) :409 -418 .
Hol ford , I .C.R. , Schweitzer, B.E., and Crocker , G .J .
1998. Comparat ive effects of subterranean c lover ,
medic, lucerne, and chickpea in wheat rotat ions, on ni-
t rogen, organic carbon, and moisture in t w o contrast ing
soils. Austra l ian Journal of Soi l Research 36 (1 ) :57 -72 .
Huis, A. van , and Rooy, M. de. 1998. The effect o f
leguminous plant species on Callosobruchus maculatus
(Coleoptera: Bruchidae) and its egg parasi toid Uscana
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acter in chickpea. Crop Research 16(3 ) :321-324 .
Jansman, A . J . M . , H i l l , G .D . , Hu isman , J . , and Poel,
A.F.B.van der. 1998. Recent advances of research in
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The Netherlands: Wageningen Press. 475 pp .
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Notes
Notes
Notes
A b o u t I C R I S A T
The semi-ar id tropics ( S A T ) encompasses parts of 48 developing countries inc lud ing most of Ind ia, parts of Southeast
As ia , a swathe across sub-Saharan A f r i ca , much of southern and eastern A f r i ca , and parts of La t in Amer i ca . M a n y of
these countries are among the poorest in the wo r l d . Approx imate ly one-sixth of the wo r l d ' s populat ion l ives in the
S A T , wh ich is typ i f ied by unpredictable weather, l im i ted and erratic ra in fa l l , and nutr ient-poor soils.
l C R I S A T ' s mandate crops are sorghum, pearl mi l le t , f inger mi l le t , chickpea, pigeonpea, and groundnut ; these six
crops are v i ta l to l i fe for the ever- increasing populat ions of the semi-ar id tropics. I C R I S A T ' s miss ion is to conduct
research that can lead to enhanced sustainable product ion of these crops and to improved management of the l im i ted
natural resources of the SAT . I C R I S A T communicates in format ion on technologies as they are developed through
workshops, networks, t ra in ing, l ibrary services, and publ ish ing.
I C R I S A T was established in 1972. I t is one of 16 nonprof i t , research and t ra in ing centers funded through the Consu l
tat ive Group on International Agr icu l tu ra l Research ( C G I A R ) . The C G I A R is an in fo rma l association of approx i
mate ly 50 publ ic and private sector donors; i t is cosponsored by the Food and Agr icu l tu re Organizat ion of the Un i ted
Nat ions ( F A O ) , the W o r l d Bank, and the Uni ted Nations Development Programme ( U N D P ) .
RA-00332.
The opin ions in this publ icat ion are those of the authors and not necessarily those of I C R I S A T . The designations
employed and the presentation of the material in this publ icat ion do not imp ly the expression of any op in ion whatso
ever on the part of the Institute concerning the legal status of any country, terr i tory, c i ty , or area, or of its authori t ies,
or concern ing the del imi ta t ion of its frontiers or boundaries. Where trade names are used this does not consti tute
endorsement of or d iscr iminat ion against any product by the Insti tute.
Edi tor
J V D K K u m a r Rao
ICRISAT
Internat ional Crops Research Inst i tute for the Semi-Ar id Trop ics
Patancheru 502 324, Andhra Pradesh, India
ISSN 1023-4861 7-99
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