AND ITS HEALTH BENEFITSFLAXSEED

Sub By:- Mukesh Sharma

Class:- M.Sc

Roll No:- 3014

Ph. No:- 9992441517Email:- mukeshshrm80@gmail.com

1. INTODUCTION2. CLASSIFICATION3. PRODUCTION4. COMPOSITION5. BIOACTIVE COMPONENTS 5.1 OMEGA 3 FATTY ACID 5.2 PROTEIN 5.3 LIGNAN 5.4 DIETARY FIBERS 5.5 VITAMINS AND MINERALS 5.6 CARBOHYDRATES6. FLAX: NUTRACEUTICAL OR FONCTIONAL FOOD?7 HEALTH BENEFITS

CONTENTS

7.1 IN CARDIO VASCULAR DISEASE 7.2 IN CANCER 7.3 IN DIABETES 7.4 IN BONE DISORDER 7.5 IN CONSTIPATION 7.6 IN INSOMANIA 7.7 IN CELIAC DISEASE 7.8 STRESS AND DEPRESSION 7.9 IN SKIN, HAIR AND NAIL 7.10 IMMUNITY BOOSTER 7.11 MEMORY ENHANCER 7.12 POSTMENOPAUSAL SYMPTOMS8. USE OF WHOLE FLAX IN PRODUCTS FOR HUMAN CONSUMPTION9. HOW TO ADD FLAX IN DIET10. SAFETY OF FLAX11. MODERATE INTERACTION WITH MEDICINES12 .RECOMMENDED DOSE IN VARIOUS DISEASES13 .CONCLUSION

Common name:- Flaxseed Hindi name:- Alsi Scientific name:- Linum usitatissimum

It is also known as linseed.

Intoduction

Classification

Flax

Golden/yellow

Omega Solin

Brown

Daun et al., 2003

Canada China United states India Ethiopia Canada is the largest producer witha

production of 614,000 metric tonnes in 2013-14.

and India is at 4th position with a production of 0.15 million tonnes.

Production

Whole Flaxseed◦ 41% FAT, 28% dietary fiber, 20% PRO, 7% moisture and 3.4% ash◦ Good source of magnesium, potassium, zinc, and B vitamins◦ Soluble (25%) and insoluble fiber (75%)

Flaxseed Oil◦ 73% PUFA, 18% MUFA, 9% SFA◦ Richest Source of Omega 3 fatty acid, ALA

57% of total fatty acids Richest source of phytoestrogen called lignans

◦ possible use in breast cancer prevention

singh et al., 2011

Composition

1. Fatty acid ALA:- Omega-3 PUFA LA:- Omega-6 PUFA Saturated fatty acid Mono saturated fatty acid

2. Protein3. Lignans4. Dietary fibers5. Vitamins and minerals6. Carbohydrates

Bioactive compounds

It comprises 57% of total fatty acid. Metabolism of ALA:-1. It can undergo β-oxidation to produce energy.2. It can be recycled to make other fatty acids.3. It can serve as a substrate for ketogenesis, the process of

making ketone bodies.4. It can be stored in adipose tissue for later use.5. It can be incorporated into the phospholipids of cell

membranes, where it affects membrane activities; and6. It can be converted to long chain fatty acids like

eicopentaeonic acid (EPA), docosapentaeonic acid (DPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), which have important function in many types of cells and organs.

7. source: Burdge, 2006

Omega-3 fatty acid

type-2 diabetes kidney disease rheumatoid arthritis high blood pressure coronary heart disease, stroke Alzheimer disease brain booster alcoholism and certain type of cancer Source: Das, 2006

Biological effect of omega-3

Protein content: 20% Two types of proteins are present: 1. globulin (linin and conlinin) -> 80% 2. glutelin -> 20% So it is good for athletes or bodybuilders.

Functions of flax protein Antifungal antioxidant Antihypertensive Antitumor Anti diabetic Cholesterol lowering effect

source: Xu et al., 2006,2008 and Oomah, 2001

Proteins

Flax is richest source of lignans: having approximately 800 times more lignan than other plant source.

They have estrogen like action in human. Flax rich in: secoisolariciresinol diglucoside (SDG) Flax contain other lignan such as : metairesional, pinoresinol,

lariciresional, isolariciresional and secoisolariciresinol (SECO)

Plant lignans are converted by bacteria to mammalian lignan : enterodiol and enterolactone

smeds et al., 2007

Lignans

provide health benefits due to their weak estrogenic or anti estrogenic; as well as stroke incidence, blood platelet aggregation, oxygen scavenging free radicals in blood and vascular smooth muscle proliferation.

They have:o Highly antioxidanto anticancer and antiviral effects o influence gene expression (activation) and o Prevent from estrogen-related diseases such as

osteoporosis, reduce breast cancer, prostrate cancer, postmenopausal symptoms.

Enterodiol and Enterolactone

Flax contain 28% dietary fibers1. Insoluble: 75%• Cellulose, hemi cellulose and lignin2. soluble: 25%• Mucilage gums

Dietary fibers

Good source of calcium, magnesium, potassium, zinc, and E,K,B vitamins

o Vitamin E (tocopherol) is found in good quantity. • protects cell proteins and fats from oxidation• promotes sodium excretion in the urine• which may help lower blood pressure• helps lower the risk of heart disease, and• some types of cancer and Alzheimer disease Carbohydrates: low in carbohydrates• About 1g per 100 g of flax mercier et al.,

2014

Vitamin, minerals and Carbohydrates

Nutaceuticals : a nutraceutical is a

product isolated or purified from foods that is generally sold in medicinal forms, not usually associated with foods.

Functional food: which is similar in

appearance to a conventional food, consumed as a part of the usual diet, with demonstrated physiological benefits, and/or to reduce the risk of chronic disease beyond basic nutritional functions

Flax is Nutraceuticals or Functional food

Flaxseed has potential health benefits besides the nutrition, due to mainly 3 reasons:

1. due to its high content of ω-3 α- linolenic acid;

2. being rich in dietary soluble and insoluble fibers; and

3. due to its high content of lignans, acting as anti-oxidants and phytoestrogens.

Health benefits

Compound Health benefits

Omega-3 fatty acids

Proteins

Anti ulcer activity Anti secretory effect Reno-protection in lupus Anti-atherogenic effect CVD prevention Decrease blood pressure Neurodegenerative disease prevention Control blood pression Influence on hyper triglyceridemia Influence on diabetes mellitus Anti-hypertensive

Dietary fiber Hunger suppression Decrease total cholesterol

Micronutrients

(vitamin E and minerals)

Antioxidant properties Decrease blood pressure Promotion of sodium excretion

Lignans

Source: Bernacchia, Preeti and Vinci; 2014

Control on hypertensive Protection against cancer and diabetes Control on dyslipidemia Reduce breast cancer growth Effect on postmenopausal women symptons

In CVDs In diabetes In cancer Bone metabolism Kidney diseases Constipation Menopause disorder Insomania Celiac diseases Memory Skin diseases

Some diseases in which flax is helpful

1. hormone related: lignan inhibits the

aromatase which stop the production of estrogen in postmenopausal women, have become useful in the management of patients with breast cancer whose lesion was found to be estrogen receptor positive

2. non hormone related: Flax decrease cell

proliferation; production of prostaglandin, production of eicosanoid, production of growth factor like VEGF

Flax also increase cell apoptosis

Flax lignan have anti oxidant effect

Cancer flax act on cancer by 2 ways

Flax seed is a low glycaemic food (G.I 32) and helps stabilize blood sugar levels for longer.

Omega-3 have anti inflammatory properties. Fibers : slow down the absorption of glucose. Low carbohydrate level

In treatment of diabetes

Bone metabolism Phytoestrogens may help prevent

osteoporosis. ALA may help prevent bone loss and

osteoporosis by blocking the production of cytokines, especially tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α).

Constipation Mucilage gums are polysaccharides that

become viscous when mixed with water or other fluids and have an important role in laxatives.

Insoluble fiber helps improve laxation and prevent constipation, mainly by increasing fecal bulk and reducing bowel transit time

For hair and skin• Omega 3 help in healing the wound• It also provide hydration to skin • Flaxseed oil is also beneficial for hair by reducing the hair loss, hair loss is caused by DHT.

Insomnia Omega 3 and tryptophan helps in boosting serotonin

(sleep regulating compound) levels in blood. Magnesium also helps in overcoming anxiety, stress

and depression, thus enhancing sleep.

Celiac disease • Flax is gluten-free.• dietary gluten irritates the mucosal lining of the gastrointestinal tract.• who are sensitive to gluten enjoy the flax.

IMMUNITY BOOSTER

 The omega 3 fatty acids from Alpha Linolenic Acid and the protective antioxidants called lignans, can work together to enhance the immune response, or to tone it down if it is in hyper mode.

STRESS & DEPRESSION

The Alpha Linolenic Acid (ALA) in flax seed is the source of the Omega 3 fatty acids. A key one is Docosahexaenoic Acid (DHA).  This fatty acid is crucial to brain function, and is often deficient in modern people. DHA is important for brain development in children, for calming in the face of stress, for mental acuity, and for memory.  Having enough of it makes one calmer and smarter, and it may prevent the development of dementia, or Alzheimer's disease.

After menopause, the levels of endogenous estrogens in the blood decrease naturally because the ovaries release less natural estrogens. In this case, the lignans act like weak estrogens.

Phytoestrogens are similar to natural or synthetic estrogen and

Thus used as hormones therapy. So helpful in postmenopausal symptoms

such as vaginal dryness, itching, hot flashes.

In postmenopausal symptoms

Use of whole flax in products for human consumption Bread Cereals Crackers Meal oil Omega-3 eggs Pasta Snacks Waffles Pet food

How to add flaxseed in diet FLAX IN HOME COOKING Flax can be added to your cooking in its milled or whole

seed form. Whole flax seeds – The small, reddish-brown seeds of flax

add nutrition when added to bread dough, pancake, muffin or cookie mixes. When sprinkled on top of any of these before baking, they also add crunch, taste and eye appeal.

Milled flax – Grind a desired amount of flax seeds to a free-flowing granular consistency in a coffee bean grinder. Added to any foods, the milled flax enhances the flavour, appearance and food value of the finished product.

Flax Replaces Oils - Flax seeds can replace the oil or shortening in a recipe because of its high oil content. If a recipe calls for 1/3 c of oil, use 1 c of milled flax to replace the oil — a 3:1 substitution ratio. When flax is used instead of oil, baked goods tend to brown more rapidly.

Flax form Consumed PREPARATION/PROCESSING METHOD

Health benefits

Flaxseed tea Uncrushed flaxseed are soaked in water for 30 min. seeds are then removed while the water is warmed moderately

Useful against dyspnoea, asthma, dysphonia, bad cough and bronchitis

Flaxseed Drink

A teaspoon of flaxseed powder is put into a glass of hot water, brewed and drained. A cup of this water is to taken daily

Helps out constipation

Flaxseed Flour

Source :- (Moghaddasi , 2011)

Flaxseed flour 10-gram each for the concerned ailment is given a paste like consistency using honey, 30-40 g of this paste is swallowed on an empty stomach in the morning

Used against pulmonary tuberculosis, haemoptys-is, splenomegaly and stomach ulcer.

Disinfects gastrointestinal Cures inflammation of intestines and abdominal pains.

Strengthens the memory. Protect the skin against dry. Used in eczema and psoriasis Curing of mental disorder Treat respiratory diseases Cure bad cough.

Cyanogenic Glycosides• flaxseeds contain cyanogenic compounds

that break down into isothiocyanates, which are considered goitrogenic.

Allergic reaction: like nausea, vomitting.

Safety of flax

With anti diabetes drugs: glimepiride, glyburide, insulin, glipizide etc

With anti coagulant drugs: aspirin, diclofenac, naproxen etc

Moderate interaction with medicines

Disease Quantity Duration Reference

CVD 2-5 tbsp 5-6 months Brouwer et al., 2004

Kidney 2-4 tbsp 4 weeks Clark et al., 1995

Diabetes 2-4 tbsp 12 weeks Mani et al., 2011

High cholesterol 3-6 tbsp 4 weeks Cunnane et al., 1995

Mild menopausal 3-5 tbsp 8 weeks Lewiset et al., 2006

Bone disease 2-5 tbsp 3-12 months Lucas et al., 2002

Constipation 1-2 tbsp 2-3 weeks Hill et al., 2005

Recommended doses in various diseases

flaxseeds are the richest source of α-linolenic acid and lignans. The role of flaxseed lignans and ω-3 fatty acid in reducing the

risks associated with cardiac and coronary disease, cancer (breast, colon, ovary and prostate) and other human health risk factors has been well known.

flax and flaxseed oil may be preferred ingredients of functional foods and nutraceuticals in future. There is no doubt that a change to an omega-3 rich and high fiber diet would be beneficial.

Therefore the use of flaxseed in whole seed or ground form can be recommended as a dietary supplement

enrichment of diets of the animals with flax/flaxseed oil for production of ω-3 enriched eggs, milk, meat and other animal origin products could be another approach in utilizing flaxseeds.

Conclusion

Thank You