Presentation of key findings of CIFOR

case book on REDD+ subnational initiatives

William D. Sunderlin

CIFOR Official Side Event:

“REDD+ emerging?: What we can learn from subnational initiatives”

Friday December 5, 2014

COP 20, Lima, Peru

Background

CIFOR’s Global Comparative Study on REDD+

Module 2 on subnational initiatives

Aim: Know what works and does not in setting up REDD+ initiatives

Criteria: effectiveness, efficiency, equity, wellbeing, rights, biodiversity (3E+)

Surveys of households, villages, women, proponents, other stakeholders

Remote sensing

Brazil nut concession trail, Carmen Rosa, Peru.(Valerie Garrish/CIFOR)

BRAZILPERU

TANZANIACAMEROON

INDONESIA

VIETNAM

3

7

8

6

42

1

5

9

10

1116

13

14

15

12

22

19

2018

17

23

21

BRAZIL

1. Acre

2. Bolsa Floresta

3. Cotriguaç u

4. Jari/Amapá

5. SFX

6. Transamazon

PERU

7. Madre de Dios

8. Ucayali

CAMEROON

9. Mt. Cameroon

10. SE Cameroon

REDD+ initiatives

Legend

TANZANIA

11. Kigoma

12. Zanzibar

13. Kilosa

14. Lindi

15. Mpingo

16. Shinyanga

INDONESIA

17. KFCP

18. Katingan

19. KCCP

20. Rimba Raya

21. TNC within BFCP

22. Ulu Masen

VIETNAM

23. Cat Tien

Location of subnational initiatives included in the CIFOR GCS study.

Characterization of sample

• Typically cover 650 to 6,500 km2

• 17 tropical wet and 6 dry climate zone

• 13 private nonprofit, 4 private for-profit, 4 public sector, 2 mixed private-public

• To date mostly rely on public sector funding

• 17 operate at project scale and 6 jurisdictional

• Many engaged in conservation at site prior to REDD+

• 18 continuing of which 15 as REDD+

• 5 have ceased to operate

Information in case chapters

Basic facts: where, who, why, when

Strategy of the proponent including interventions

Smallholders and villages, including information on livelihoods, forest dependence and deforestation

Challenges experienced by proponents in meeting goals

Insights or lessons offered by the initiative

Small-scale farmers in Mato Grosso being interviewed by the Brazilian news station, Rede Globo, about their agroforestry production. (Icaro Cooke Vieira/CIFOR)

Finances

Original core concept of REDD+: performance-based incentives funded by an international market for carbon offsets

Most planned to sell carbon credits but to date only 4 have

Most funding from bilateral and other public sources

Less than half have made conditional payments

Most emphasize non-conditional livelihood enhancements

CIFOR scientist Amy Duchelle and consultant Kaline Rossi visit an açai nursery in Acre, Brazil.(Kate Evans/CIFOR)

Tenure

Tenure in initiatives must be clarified to:

• Identify right holder & responsibility bearer

• Shield participants against resource rush

• Provide incentives for forest conservation

• Enable effective rights of exclusion

• Avoid conflicting land use at landscape scale

Tenure insecurity is pervasive in tropical forests

Proponents rate tenure as their no. 1 challenge

Proponents are engaged in earnest efforts to lay an appropriate tenure foundation for REDD+ but are encountering grave obstacles and have a long way to go

Scale

• Six jurisdictional initiatives

• Jurisdictional approach facilitates work across sectors, but inhibited by interests embedded in public agencies

• Necessary to embed climate change mitigation actions in laws, regulations, and institutions of the state to ensure continuity in the face of electoral uncertainty

Men and women in a study village remove the thorny outer layer of rattan vines as part ofrattan processing. They are crafted into baskets, bags and mats, or sold as semi processed rattan. (Nugroho Adi Utomo/CIFOR)

MRV MRV capabilities highly uneven across countries, initiatives, and emissions sources

Slow progress on monitoring small-scale mosaic deforestation and degradation that are ubiquitous throughout tropical forests

Diversity of emission sources across the 23 sites clearly points to the importance of locally tailored MRV systems Coffee production at Boa Frente

Safeguards

Smallholders at the sites largely dependent on agriculture

About 40% of households have cleared forest in prior 2 years

Livelihoods potentially at risk from REDD+ interventions

Results show local stakeholders clearly concerned about this

Many proponents offering sustainable agriculture as alternative but this is difficult to do efficiently and equitably

Main insights

• Prospects of significant funding encouraged proponents to pilot many different versions and visions of REDD+

• But core concept of performance-based incentives proved difficult to implement without secure long-term funding

• Once the enabling conditions are right, REDD+ as originally conceived could emerge. Among the enabling conditions are:

• International climate agreement

• Funding for carbon and complementary benefits

• Tenure foundation that motivates conservation and protects against threats

• Embed REDD+ in state institutions and shelter from electoral politics without entangling in inter-sectoral politics

• Design social safeguards based on detailed understanding of heterogeneity of local livelihoods

We thank our donors!

www.cifor.org/redd-case-book

Related publicationsCromberg, Marina, Amy E. Duchelle, and Isa de Oliveira Rocha. 2014. Local

participation in REDD+: Lessons from the eastern Brazilian Amazon. Forests 5:579-598.

Dokken, Therese, Susan Caplow, Arild Angelsen, and William D. Sunderlin. 2014. Tenure Issues in REDD+ Pilot Project Sites in Tanzania. Forests 5(2):234-255; doi:10.3390/f5020234

Duchelle, Amy E., Marina Cromberg, Maria Fernanda Gebara, Raissa Guerra, Tadeu Melo, Anne Larson, Peter Cronkleton, Jan Börner, Erin Sills, Sven Wunder, Simone Bauch, Peter May, Galia Selaya, William D. Sunderlin. 2014. Linking Forest Tenure Reform, Environmental Compliance, and Incentives: Lessons from REDD+ Initiatives in the Brazilian Amazon. World Development 55, 53-67; http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2013.01.014

Jagger, Pamela, Maria Brockhaus, Amy E. Duchelle, Maria Fernanda Gebara, Kathleen Lawlor, Ida Aju Pradnja Resosudarmo and William D. Sunderlin. 2014. Multi-Level Policy Dialogues, Processes, and Actions: Challenges and Opportunities for National REDD+ Safeguards Measurement, Reporting, and Verification (MRV). Forests 5(9), 2136-2162; doi:10.3390/f5092136

Related publicationsResosudarmo, Ida Aju Pradnja, Stibniati S. Atmadja, Andini Desita Ekaputri, Dian Y.

Intarini, Yayan Indriatmoko, and Pangestuti Astri. 2014. Does Tenure Security Lead to REDD+ Project Effectiveness? Reflections from Five Emerging Sites in Indonesia. World Development 55, 68-83;http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2013.01.015

Sunderlin, William D. 2014. Why Tenure is Key to Fulfilling Climate and Ethical Goals in REDD+. REDD+ Safeguard Brief 3. Bogor, Indonesia: Center for International Forestry Research.

Sunderlin, William D., Anne Larson, Amy E. Duchelle, Ida Aju Pradnja Resosudarmo, Thu Ba Huynh, Abdon Awono, and Therese Dokken. 2014. How are REDD+ proponents addressing tenure problems? Evidence from Brazil, Cameroon, Tanzania, Indonesia, and Vietnam. World Development 55, 37-52, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2013.01.013

Sunderlin, William D., Andini Desita Ekaputri, Erin O. Sills, Amy E. Duchelle, Demetrius L. Kweka , Rachael Diprose, Nike Doggart, Steve Ball, Rebeca Lima, Adrian Enright, JorgeTorres, Herlina Hartanto, and Angélica Toniolo. 2014. The challenge of establishing REDD+ on the ground: Insights from 23 subnational initiatives in six countries. Occasional Paper 104. Bogor, Indonesia: Center for International Forestry Research.