THINKING beyond the canopy CIFOR and REDD+ in Indonesia – Research approaches and early findings Markku Kanninen Center for International Forestry Research

1 THINKING beyond the canopy

CIFOR and REDD+ in Indonesia –Research approaches and early findings

Markku Kanninen

Center for International Forestry Research (CIFOR)Bogor, Indonesia

Markku Kanninen

Center for International Forestry Research (CIFOR)Bogor, Indonesia

NORAD Civil Society MeetingBogor, May 20-21, 2010

NORAD Civil Society MeetingBogor, May 20-21, 2010


CIFOR’s Strategy on REDD+:a Global Comparative Study


CIFOR’s Global Comparative REDD+ Study: Countries

Year 1 Year 2-3

Latin America BoliviaBrazil

BoliviaBrazilPeru

Africa Cameroon CameroonTanzaniaDRC

Asia Indonesia IndonesiaVietnamNepal


CIFOR’s Global Comparative REDD+ Study:

Partners in Indonesia

Research partners, including

• FORDA, IPB, ICRAF, Tropenbos International, Forest Wacth Indonesia, Lembaga Studi Pers dan Pembangunan (LSPP) (Centre for the Study of Press and Development), Indonesian Center for Environmental Law (ICEL), Flora Fauna International – Indonesia, The Center for Climate Risk and Opportunity Management (CCROM-IPB), Kalimantan Forests and Climate Partnership

Governmental and non-governmental organizations Demonstration activity implementers at selected sites Media, press


179 projects surveyed

Projects can inform national REDD+ strategies (”mini test case”), incl. reform priorities to enable local REDD

Landscape of REDD+ projects varies significantly

Third party certification has a major influence (CCBS, VCS)

The landscape of emerging REDD+ projects


Emerging REDD+ projects in Indonesia

Two main types:

• Demonstration activities (based on official partnerships with GoI)

• Projects for voluntary carbon market Project proponents are usually governmental agencies, local

governments, communities or corporationsMost projects are designed more like ICDPs than PES. PES is difficult

to implement due to tenure and social concerns

Brazil Indonesia DRC

Planned projects 20 35 4

Operating projects 2 1 0

Activity PES Buy out concessions

Readiness

Proponents Domestic actors

Int’l NGOs Int’l NGOs



CIFOR’s Site-specific REDD+ Research in Indonesia

Estimating carbon stocks: Aceh, Papua, East Java, Jambi, Central Kalimantan, West Kalimantan; Leakage: Central Kalimantan; Biomass/mangrove ecosystems: Sulawesi

REDD demonstration activities: Assessment of projects in Aceh, West, Central and Eastern Kalimantan


Deforestation estimates

By Stibniati Atmadja; Sources: Method 1: MoF: Penghitungan Deforestsi Indonesia 2008; Method 2: MoF Statistik Kehutanan 2004 and 2007

Bali-NusaTgr

JawaKalimantan

Maluku

PapuaSulawesi

Sumatra

Indonesia

-5000

-4000

-3000

-2000

-1000

0

1000

2000

3000

4000

Method 1: Deforesta-tion Publication, 2008

Method 2: Difference of Forestry Statistics,

2004 and 2008

Forest loss (ha) 2003-2006 Based on 2 Methods

Major Islands

Def

ores

tatio

n (N

egati

ve m

eans

fore

st r

egro

wth

)

Improve data and estimates to support decisions


Deforestation estimates

By Stibniati Atmadja; Source: MoF Statistik Kehutanan 2004 and 2007

0% 1% 2% 3% 4% 5% 6% 7% 8%0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

90%

Annual deforestation rate vs % Forest Cover

Annual Deforestation Rate (based on change between 2003 and 2006)

% F

ores

t Co

ver

(200

6)

Papua

Maluku

Sulawesi

Sumatra

Java

Bali-Nusa Tgr

Kalimantan

INDONESIA

REDD+ projects are in regions with high overall deforestation rates except Bali-Nasa Tgr, where there is only one project


Drivers of deforestationArea Drivers of

deforestationUnderlying causes of deforestation Current REDD

project modelsf

Productivity for Rice and Oil Palmb

% National Labour Force 2006c

% National construction 2006d

# Graft Cases 2004-2009e

Others

Kalimantan Second highest oil palm productivity, 12.5tons/ha in 2007

6.0% 9.4% 90 – Almost all in S and E Kalimantan

Low population, Large areas with customary land rights; Oil palm expansion; Logging; Mining

Peatland conservation, Land swaps; Community carbon pooling; Reduced impact logging and oil palm; reduced encroachment into national parks; district-wide REDD

Papua High forest cover, low deforestation, large peatland areas,

0.7% 2.6% 2 Low population, Large areas with customary land rights; Oil palm expansion; Logging; Mining

Ecosystem restoration concessions; Province-wide REDD

Sumatra Highest oil palm productivity by far: 37 tons/ha.

19.2% 19.9% 42 Low population; Oil palm expansion

Peatland conservation; Ecosystem Restoration Concessions; Reduced impact logging and oil palm; Reduced encroachment into national parks;

Address adequately drivers of deforestation by REDD+ projects


Policy barriers Example: Revenue collection and distribution

Government regulation no. 62/1998 delegates authority to local government for revenue collection, and a number of functions including forest management and community forestry

Act no. 22/1999 gives local government increased authority

Government Regulation no. 6/1999 bestow regions with the authority to issue timber permits for areas less than 10,000 ha

Ministry of Forestry Decree No.310/kpts-II/1999 aims to give benefits to community groups, but in practice triggers large scale logging by companies.

Clarify authority over revenue collection and distribution


Policy barriers Example: Forest estate management

The Forest estate is managed under the Forestry Act while forests outside the forest estate are managed by Basic Agrarian Law

These two different regimes are accompanied by two different interpretations of the Constitution regarding customary rights

• Under Agrarian law “controlled by the state” does not mean “owned” and defines customary land as a separate entity

• Under the Forest law “controlled by the state” means “owned”

Align tenure policies

Establish clear rights in the forest estate


Reforestation Fund (RF):Main findings

Financial Monitoring, Reporting and Verification (F-MVR) are as important as monitoring, reporting and verification of carbon emissions

The use of RF funds to subsidize HTI plantation development, coupled with weak mechanisms for accountability encourages irresponsible practices and these could be replicated by REDD participants if recommendations are not addressedImprove transparency;

Introduce Financial-MRV


Policy networks – Example: REDD network of information Indonesia (preliminary)

Some CSOs play a bridging role across different scales and actors in the REDD+ arena


Forest carbon studies in Sumatra:Main findings

Above-ground forest biomass(361 ± 7 Mg ha-1) in hill dipterocarp forests of Sumatra is 23% higher than IPCC default values for same types of forests

• Large sample to cover landscape-scale variation

Protected areas do not cause leakage to adjacent areas

• A study on the effectiveness of Sumatran protected areas in reducing deforestation

Use best C emissions calculation methodsNo leakage found in protected areas: revise REDD+ project objectives to address real drivers


Carbon studies in peatlands and mangroves: preliminary results

Mangroves

Peatlands

Improve data and estimates of C emissions


Carbon emissions from peatlands Our approach: combination of stock change and flux change

methods• Flux change method applied to the peat before and after LUC

• Stock change method applied to the trees before and after LUC

C loss from conversion of peat swamp forest to an oil palm plantation – much less than other authors estimate

• C loss rate: 17.1 ± 3.6 Mg C ha-1 y-1 during 25 years


Knowledge sharing


Knowledge sharing:Global outreach – highlights of 2009

Forest Day 3 at Copenhagen

• 1579 persons registered - 1500 attended

• 34 donors, 172 government representatives, roughly 250 climate change negotiators

• Outstanding line-up of speakers and sessions Congo Basin Forest Day Realizing REDD+ book & other publications CIFOR – REDD/climate change web page REDD literacy among journalists and civil society

• Regular media briefings

• Journalist Forum on Climate Change Briefing of Indonesian Parliament

THINKING beyond the canopy

Building REDD literacy in Indonesia: website, publications


Developing civil society capabilities for monitoring &measuring carbon pools

Involving: REDD developers: local

governments, private sector, civil society

National CC Council (DNPI) UNFCCC Secretariat 50 participants

Increase information and dialogue

for literacy and engagement

THINKING beyond the canopy

CIFOR advances human well-being, environmental conservation, and equity by conducting research to inform policies and practices that affect forests in developing countries.

www.cifor.cgiar.orgwww.cifor.cgiar.org

Documents

THINKING beyond the canopy CIFOR and REDD+ in Indonesia – Research approaches and early findings Markku Kanninen Center for International Forestry Research