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ALGAE AS BIOFUEL

algae as biofuel

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Page 1: algae as biofuel

ALGAE AS BIOFUEL

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INTRODUCTION

• Algae are simple organisms that typically produce their own food through photosynthesis.

• The difficulties in efficient biodiesel production from algae lie in finding an algal strain with a high lipid content and a cost-effective cultivation system that is best suited to that strain.

• There is also a need to provide concentrated CO2 to turbocharge the production.

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ALGAE FUEL• Algae fuel also called Algaeo leum Or second-

generation biofuel is a biofuel which is derived from algae.• During photosynthesis algae and other

photosynthetic organisms capture CO2 and sunlight and convert it into oxygen and biomass.• The production of biofuels from algae does not

reduce atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2) because any CO2 taken out of the atmosphere by the algae is returned when the biofuels are burned.

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ALGAE CULTIVATION:Algae can grow 20 to 30 times faster than food crops. It takes only1-10 days.

MAIN SOURCES OF ALGAE ARE:

Open pond� Open-pond systems is a method for the cultivation of algae with high-oil

content. Raceway ponds, usually lined with plastic or cement, are about 20 to 35 cm

deep to ensure adequate exposure to sunlight. Paddlewheels provide motive force and keep the algae suspended in the water. The ponds are supplied with water and nutrients, and mature algae are continuously removed at one end.

list of companies: Aquatic Energy - Gulf area Aquaflow Bionomics - New Zealand Aurora Biofuels - Florida LiveFuels - San Carlos

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Open pond system

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Closed loop system� A photobioreactor is a closed equipment which provides a controlled environment and

enables high productivity of algae. As it is a closed system, all growth requirements of algae are introduced into the system

and controlled according to the requirements. PBRs facilitate better control of culture environment such as carbon dioxide supply, water

supply, optimal temperature, efficient exposure to light, culture density, pH levels, gas supply rate, mixing regime, etc.

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Closed loop system

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Micro algae Macro algae

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ALGAE HARVESTINGWHAT IS HARVESTING

Separating algae from its growing medium is known asharvesting. As algae is of two types:-1. MACROALGAE 2. MICROALGAE

Macroalgae harvesting employs manpower whereas Microalgae can be harvested using filtration, centrifugation, flocculation or by froth flotation.

Filtration:�It is carried out on membranes of modified cellulose, with the aid of a suction pump.�The greatest advantage of this method is that it is able to collect microalgae. However, concentration by filtration is limited to small volumes.

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ALGAE OIL EXTRACTION

1.Extraction of Algal Oil by Mechanical Methods

a) Expression/Expellerpress: �Algae is dried, it retains its oil content, which then can be "pressed" out with an oil press.Various press configurations work better for specific Algae types as each algae �has different physical attributes.

b)Ultrasonic-assisted Extraction:�In this ultrasonic waves are used to create cavitation bubbles in a solvent material which collapse near the cell walls, it creates shock waves and liquid jets that causes those cells walls to break and release their contents into the solvent.

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Flocculation�It is a method of separating algae from the medium by using chemicals to force the algae to form lumps.Main disadvantage of this is the additional chemicals are difficult to remove from the �separatedalgae.

Centrifugation�Centrifugationisamethodofseparatingalgaefromthemediumbyusingacentrifugetocausethealgaetosettletothebottomofaflask.Centrifugation is though very expansive but can be used for industrial purposes.�

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2.Extraction of Algal Oil by Chemical Methods�Algal oil can be extracted using chemicals like Benzene, ether and hexane.The downside to using solvents for oil�extractionare the dangers involved in working with the chemicals.

Hexane Solvent Method �HExane, which is relatively inexpensive than benzene and ether is as a solvent.After the oil has been extracted using an expeller the remaining pulp can be mixed with �cyclo-hexaneto extract the remaining oil content.The oil dissolves in the cyclohexane and the pulp is filtered out from the solution. The oil �and cyclohexane are separated by means of distillation.

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ADVANTAGES OF OIL EXTRACTION FROM ALGAE�• The potential of algae for fuel is tremendous as up to 10,000 gallons of oil may be

produced on a single acre of land.• Algae can produce up to 300 times more oil per acrethan conventional crops like �

soyabean, ground nut.• Algae can grow 20 to 30 times faster than food crops. It takes only 1-10 days.�

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CHALLENGES FACED BY ALGAE FUEL VERY EXPENSIVE

ONE of the greatest challenges in creating biofuels from algae is that when you extract the oil from the algae, it kills the organisms, dramatically raising production costs.

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CHALLENGES REMOVED BY NANO-FAR MING�Developed by the U.S.Department of Energy's Ames Laboratory .�The process doesn't harm the algae, which helps reduce both production costs and the production cycle.�Once the algal oil is extracted, a separate and proven solid catalyst will be used to produce ASTM certified biodiesel.

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• Global Energy Use in Transport Sector in 2050

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Biogas Bioethanol

NutraceuticalsPharmaceuticals

Vitamins

Cosmetics

BiobutanolBiodieselBiofuel

Food

Bioplastics

Feedstock Fertilizer/nutrients

Commercial use of algae

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Algal Products

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• ALGAE FUEL can be a best alternative source of fuel as fossil fuels are depleting day by day

• CO2 turbo charges the production of the algae and by the consumption of the biodiesel the CO2 is back in the environment. Thus, ecological balance is maintained

• Algae’s cultivation does not require that it compete with food crops

• Ability for algae to be cultivated on non-arable land, using saltwater, greatly

reduces its impact on the environment

• Produces over 20 times the oil production of any food crop - an acre of algae can produce almost 5,000 gallons of biodies

• However, current economic climate makes development of algal programs quite costly

• A highly feasible way to continue biofuel development while remaining commercially competitive is to produce algal fuel as a co-product to more lucrative products such as animal feed and nutraceuticals product

ConclusionAlgae Biofuel is a very promising candidate to replace fossil fuels