Set lecture 1 (latex)

Sustainable Energy Technology (ChEg 5193)Chapter 1- Generalities

School of Chemical and Bio Engineering

November 6, 2014

School of Chemical and Bio Engineering Sustainable Energy Technology (ChEg 5193) November 6, 2014 1 / 23

Outline

1 Energy BasicsEnergy, Technology and SustanabilityEnergy Units, Terms and AbbreviationsElectricity Generation and Storage

2 Planetary Energy Balance

3 Energy Utilization Rate

4 Planetary Energy ResourcesABC


Energy Basics Energy, Technology and Sustanability

Energy

It is the ability to bring about change or to do work and the study ofenergy is thermodynamics.

First law thermodynamics: the conservation of energy

Second law of thermodynamics: in all energy exchanges, if no energyenters or leaves the system, the potential energy of the state willalways be less than that of the initial stateWhat can we say about the energy before and after life?State the types and some examples of energy.



Energy






Energy






Energy consumed or utilized?



Sustainability

The word is often bantered about with little thought to its concreteconnotation.

Sustainable energy solutions must consider the earth and itsinhabitants.

Sustainable energy is the sustainable provision of energy that meetsthe needs of the present without compromising the ability of futuregenerations to meet their needs.Sustainable energy is replenishable within a human lifetime andcauses no long-term damage to the environment.

Technologies that promote sustainable energy include renewableenergy sources, such as hydroelectricity, solar energy, wind energy,wave power, geothermal energy, and tidal power, and alsotechnologies designed to improve energy efficiency.



Sustainability







Sustainability







Sustainability







Key Benefits of Sustainable Energy

Environmental: it can avoid and reduce air emissions as well as waterconsumption, waste, noise and adverse land use impacts

Energy for future generations: Renewables avoid the rapid depletionof fossil fuel reserves and will empower future generations to deal withthe environmental impact over-dependence on fossil fuels

Energy security lessons our dependence on fossil and imported fuels.















Aspects of renewable energy

It exists perpetually and in abundance in the environment

Ready to be harnessed, inexhaustible

It is a clean alternative to fossil fuels















Carrying Capacity

Carrying capacity is the maximum number of individuals (humans, forexample) that can be sustained indefinitely by an ecosystem withoutcausing irreparable damage.

One way to gauge Earths carrying capacity and our impact on ourecosystem is to look at our ecological footprint, a measure of ourdemands on nature.



Carrying Capacity

Carrying capacity is the maximum number of individuals (humans, forexample) that can be sustained indefinitely by an ecosystem withoutcausing irreparable damage.

One way to gauge Earths carrying capacity and our impact on ourecosystem is to look at our ecological footprint, a measure of ourdemands on nature.



Humanities Ecological Footprint

Source: Chemistry of Sustainable Energywww.earth-policy.org



Carbon Cycle

Source: Anthropogenic chemical carbon cycle for a sustainable future. J.Am. Chem. Soc. 133:1288112898. Copyright 2011, American Chemical

Society



Resource Availability

Cost versus availability of materials important in the solar photovoltaicindustry




Critical or near-critical elements: Lanthanum, Neodymium,Dysprosium, Platinium

Endangered: ruthenium, osmium, iridium, silver, etcProducts must be designed with recovery in mind!

Unsustainably used: Phosphorus-Recycling or recovery of wastephosphorus is currently limited at best, and large amounts ofphosphorus are lost in runoff from agricultural fields, contributing toeutrification in reservoirs and the infamous dead zone of the Gulf ofMexico

Limited and dwindling availability: fossil fuel contributed to climatechange

The new Oil- water








The new Oil- water








The new Oil- water








The new Oil- water








The new Oil- water



The Inconvenient Truth

Once Vice President of the USA, Algor had this documentary onGlobal Warming and Climate Change

Please find this movie and write a one page review of the message inthis film.



The Inconvenient Truth

Once Vice President of the USA, Algor had this documentary onGlobal Warming and Climate Change

Please find this movie and write a one page review of the message inthis film.



CO2 Emissions and GDP per capita

0

5

10

15

20

25

0 5,000 10,000 15,000 20,000 25,000 30,000 35,000

GDP per capita (PPP, $1995)

CO

2 emission

s pe

r cap

ita (tCO

2)


Energy Basics Energy Units, Terms and Abbreviations

Units and Contants

When the energy content of a fuel is reported on a per mass or per volumebasis, it is often referred to as the materials energy value. Energy valuecomes in two forms: the lower heating value (LHV; also known as netcalorific value) and higher heating value (HHV or gross calorific value)

HHV:

LHV:



Units and Contants

When the energy content of a fuel is reported on a per mass or per volumebasis, it is often referred to as the materials energy value. Energy valuecomes in two forms: the lower heating value (LHV; also known as netcalorific value) and higher heating value (HHV or gross calorific value)

HHV:

LHV:



Most common energy units


Planetary Energy Balance

The reality of stable global temperature


Energy Utilization Rate

The increasing trend in energy utilization is unavoidable



Energy Use Grows with Economic Development

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

0 5,000 10,000 15,000 20,000 25,000 30,000 35,000

GDP per capita (PPP, $1995)

Prim

ary En

ergy

per cap

ita (G

J)



Uneven distribution of energy utilization



Energy Use Grows with Economic Development


Planetary Energy Resources

Energy Resources of the Earth


Planetary Energy Resources ABC

Continues...
