INTRODUCTION

TRAINED BY AFTAB ANSARI (AIET FARIDKOT,PUNJAB) SUBMITTED BY AMIT KR. SINGH ROLL NO. -1236338 contact no. - 09023681034

PRESENTATIONONCCNA

INTRODUCTIONCCNA stands for Cisco Certified Network Associate It gives the information about networking ,its types and its application .Networking is very important as it provides communication.It is also very useful as it helps in resource sharing.Thus , overall it is a cost saving technique.

TYPES OF NETWORKINGLAN It stands for local area network. Eg: network within a campus .

MAN It stands for metropolitan area network. Eg: network connecting various cities.

WAN It stands for wide area network. Eg : internet on a whole world.

Networking DevicesLAN cardBRIDGEHUBSWITCHROUTER

Subnetting and SupernettingAbout subnetting & SupernettingIn subnetting, a network is divided into several smaller subnetwork with each subnetwork(or subnet) having its own subnetwork address.

In supernetting, an organization can combine several class C addresses to create a larger range of addresses(supernetwork).

SUBNETTING Class A, B, C in IP addressing are designed with two levels of hierarchy.

The organization has two-level hierarchical addressing, but it cannot have more than one physical network./ The host cannot be organized into groups, and all of the hosts are at the same level./ The organization has one network with many hosts.

One solution to this problem is subnetting, the further division of a network into smaller networks called subnetworks.

EXAMPLE OF SUBNETTING

( Example / Class A)An organization with a class A address at least 1,000 subnetworks. Find the subnet mask and configuration of each subnetwork.

(Solution)There is a need for at least 1,000 subnetworks.(we need at least 1,002 subnetworks to allow for the all-1s and all-0s subnetids)This means that the minimum number of bits to be allocated for subnetting should be 10, (29 < 1,002 < 210).14 bits are left to define the hostids. Subnet mask (11000000 = 192).

Range of addresses

Subnetworks in example

Classless Interdomain Routing(CIDR) Supernetting means assigning a set of class C addresses to an organization that needs more than 254 host addresses.

However , when these class C addresses are entered into the routing table, each occupies one entry in the routing table./ 256 entries in the routing table. The classless interdomain routing(CIDR) technique is devised to reduce the number of routing table entries.

In this technique, instead of entering each single class C address with its corresponding default mask(255.255.255.0), the router can use the supernet mask and the lowest network address in the group.

CIDR

Hubs vs. switchesHubs less expensive, used in a very small LAN where low throughput is OK

Switches segments collision domains, interconnects network segments, more expensive, but performance makes it cost effective.

It is a layer 3 or network layer device.In this there is no broadcast.It is WAN technology device.It is useful to connect different networks.Packet filtering & it finds the best path selection.

ROUTERS

Router ConfigurationRouter always has two configurations:Running configurationIn RAM, determines how the router is currently operatingIs modified using the configure commandTo see it: show running-configStartup confgurationIn NVRAM, determines how the router will operate after next reloadIs modified using the copy commandTo see it: show startup-config

Router Access ModesUser EXEC mode - limited examination of routerRouter>Privileged EXEC mode - detailed examination of router, debugging, testing, file manipulationRouter#ROM Monitor - useful for password recovery & new IOS upload sessionSetup Mode available when router has no startup-config file

Logging Into The RouterConnect router to console port or telnet to routerrouter>router>enablepasswordrouter#router#?Configuring the routerTerminal (entering the commands directly)router# configure terminalrouter(config)#

USER MODE PROMPT

PRIVILEDGED MODE PROMPT

Deleting Your Routers Configuration To delete your routers configuration

Router#erase startup-config OR Router#write erase Router#reload Router will startup again, but in setup mode, since startup-config file does not exists

ROUTING Routing is the exchange of routes between different networks .There are three types of routing:Default routingStatic routingDynamic routing

A routing protocol is the communication used between routers.A routing protocol allows one router to share information with other routers.The information a router gets from another router, using a routing protocol, is used to build & maintain a routing table.Examples of routing protocols:RIP [ROUTING INFORMATION PROTOCOL]EIGRP[ENHANCED INTERIOR GATEWAY ROUTING PROTOCOL]OSPF[OPEN SHORTEST PATH FIRST]

DYNAMIC ROUTING

Version 3.1

Routing Information Protocol (RIP)RIP is a distance vector routing protocolHop count is used as the metric for path selectionIf the hop count is greater than 15, the packet will be discardedBy default, routing updates are broadcast every 30 secondsRIP has evolved over the years from a Classful Routing Protocol, RIP Version 1 (RIP v1), to a Classless Routing Protocol, RIP Version 2 (RIP v2).

Configuring RIPRouter(config)#router rip

Enhanced Interior Gateway Routing Protocol (EIGRP)Really just an enhanced version of IGRP A Cisco proprietary routing protocolCalled a hybrid protocol, but really just an advanced distance vector protocol.Fast convergenceVariable length subnet masksPartial updates - only when the metric for a route changes (bounded updates)Multiple network layer support - IP, IPX, and AppleTalkA router running EIGRP stores all its neighbors routing tables so that it can quickly adapt or alternate routes.

Features of EIGRPClassless Routing Protocol (VLSM, CIDR)Faster convergence times and improved scalabilityMultiprotocol support: TCP/IP, IPX/SPX, Appletalk There is no IPX/SPX or Appletalk in CCNA or CCNPRapid Convergence and Better handling of routing loops (DUAL)Efficient Use of Bandwidth Partial, bounded updates: Incremental updates only to the routers that need them. Minimal bandwidth consumption: Hello packets and by default uses no more that 50% of links bandwidth EIGRP packets.PDM (Protocol Dependent Module) Keeps EIGRP modular Different PDMs can be added to EIGRP as new routed protocols are enhanced or developed: IPv4, IPv6, IPX, and AppleTalk

OSPFOpen Shortest Path FirstDynamic IGP (Interior Gateway Protocol)Use within your own networkLink state algorithmShortest Path First

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WhaT IS ACL?

Routers provide basic traffic filtering capabilities, such as blocking Internet traffic, with access control lists (ACLs).

An ACL is a sequential list of permit or deny statements that apply to addresses or upper-layer protocols.

This module will introduce standard and extended ACLs as a means to control network traffic, and how ACLs are used as part of a security solution.

Version 3.0

VLAN VLAN stands for virtual local area network.

Devices on different VLAN must have a router to communicate with each other.

If devices are on the same VLAN, then they can communicate through a switch.

INTER VLAN ROUTINGA VLAN is a broadcast domain and unique ip subnetSwitches operate at layer2 (Data link Layer)VLANS cannot communicate without L3 (Network Layer)The L3 communication is called inter-vlan routingInter-vlan routing is a process of forwarding network traffic from one vlan to another using a routerThe Subnets of your network facilitate the routing process.Router interfaces can be connected to separate vlans.Devices on vlans send traffic through the router(L3) to other vlans.

How to configure EIGRP with RIP on same network

In this article we will discuss how can two routing protocols exist in same network? We have discussed basic of both EIGRP and RIP in our previous article. Now we will go in more depth by including both RIP and EIGRP in same network.ScenarioYou are the administrator at abc.com. Company network is given below

R0PortIP addressConnected toF0/080.0.0.1R1 F0/1F1/090.0.0.1R2 F0/1F1/1100.0.0.1R3 F0/1R1PortIP addressConnected toF0/0.1010.0.0.1S1 F0/24F0/0.2020.0.0.1S1 F0/24F0/180.0.0.2R0 F0/0S0/0/030.0.0.1R2 S0/0

R2PortIP addressConnected toF0/190.0.0.2R0 F1/0S0/030.0.0.2R1 S0/0/0F0/040.0.0.1WR1 0/1S0/150.0.0.1R3 S0/0/1R3PortIP addressConnected toF0/1100.0.0.2R0 F1/1

S0/0/150.0.0.2R2 S0/1F0/0.6060.0.0.1S1 G0/1F0/0.7070.0.0.1S1 G0/1

Configuration of R0

First we will configure R0. To configure double click on R0 select CLI and configure it as given belowTo configure and enable RIP as backup routing on R0 follow these commands exactly.R0>enableR0#sh ip interface briefInterface IP-Address OK? Method Status ProtocolFastEthernet0/0 80.0.0.1 YES manual up upFastEthernet1/0 90.0.0.1 YES manual up upFastEthernet1/1 100.0.0.1 YES manual up upR0#configure terminalEnter configuration commands, one per line. End with CNTL/Z.R0(config)#router ripR0(config-router)#network 80.0.0.0R0(config-router)#network 90.0.0.0R0(config-router)#network 100.0.0.0R0(config-router)#exitR0(config)#exit%SYS-5-CONFIG_I: Configured from console by consoleR0#copy run startDestination filename [startup-config]?Building configuration...[OK]R0#We need not to configure EIGRP on it as its only going to be a backup route

Configuration of R1

Now configure R1. On R1 we need to configure both RIP and EIGRP. RIP for backup and EIGRP for main route.

R1>enableR1#show ip interface briefInterface IP-Address OK? Method Status ProtocolFastEthernet0/0 unassigned YES manual up upFastEthernet0/0.10 10.0.0.1 YES manual up upFastEthernet0/0.20 20.0.0.1 YES manual up upFastEthernet0/1 80.0.0.2 YES manual up upSerial0/0/0 30.0.0.1 YES manual up upSerial0/0/1 unassigned YES manual administratively down downVlan1 unassigned YES manual administratively down downR1#configure terminalEnter configuration commands, one per line. End with CNTL/Z.

R1(config)#router ripR1(config-router)#network 10.0.0.0R1(config-router)#network 20.0.0.0R1(config-router)#network 30.0.0.0R1(config-router)#network 80.0.0.0R1(config-router)#exitR1(config)#router eigrp 1R1(config-router)#network 10.0.0.0R1(config-router)#network 20.0.0.0R1(config-router)#network 30.0.0.0R1(config-router)#exitR1(config)#exit%SYS-5-CONFIG_I: Configured from console by consoleR1#copy run startDestination filename [startup-config]?Building configuration...[OK]R1#

Configuration of R2

To configure and enable eigrp with rip routing on R2 follow these commands exactly.Router>enableR2#show ip interface briefInterface IP-Address OK? Method Status ProtocolFastEthernet0/0 40.0.0.1 YES manual up upFastEthernet0/1 90.0.0.2 YES manual up upSerial0/0 30.0.0.2 YES manual up upSerial0/1 50.0.0.1 YES manual up upR2#configure terminalEnter configuration commands, one per line. End with CNTL/Z.R2(config)#router ripR2(config-router)#network 30.0.0.0R2(config-router)#network 40.0.0.0R2(config-router)#network 50.0.0.0R2(config-router)#network 90.0.0.0R2(config-router)#exitR2(config)#router eigrp 1R2(config-router)#network 30.0.0.0R2(config-router)#R2(config-router)#network 40.0.0.0R2(config-router)#network 50.0.0.0R2(config-router)#exitR2(config)#exit%SYS-5-CONFIG_I: Configured from console by consoleR2#

Configuration of R3

To configure and enable eigrp with rip routing on R3 follow these commands exactly.Router>enableR3#show ip interface briefInterface IP-Address OK? Method Status ProtocolFastEthernet0/0 unassigned YES manual up upFastEthernet0/0.60 60.0.0.1 YES manual up upFastEthernet0/0.70 70.0.0.1 YES manual up upFastEthernet0/1 100.0.0.2 YES manual up upSerial0/0/0 unassigned YES manual administratively down downSerial0/0/1 50.0.0.2 YES manual up upVlan1 unassigned YES manual administratively down downR3#configure terminalEnter configuration commands, one per line. End with CNTL/Z.R3(config)#router ripR3(config-router)#network 50.0.0.0R3(config-router)#network 60.0.0.0R3(config-router)#network 70.0.0.0R3(config-router)#network 100.0.0.0R3(config-router)#exitR3(config)#router eigrp 1R3(config-router)#network 50.0.0.0R3(config-router)#networkR3(config-router)#network 60.0.0.0R3(config-router)#network 70.0.0.0R3(config-router)#exitR3(config)#exit%SYS-5-CONFIG_I: Configured from console by consoleR3#

Testing of EIGRP with RIPNow we have configured both RIP and EIGRP in this network. To test this network double click on PC-PT PC0 and select command prompt tracert 70.0.0.3