Experimental Investigation of the Effect of Hydrogen Addition on Combustion Performance and Emissions Characteristics of a Spark Ignition High Speed Gasoline Engine.

Presented By :Amiya Kumar SahooReg. no. : 11012227648Group : 8ME-1A

A SEMINAR ON :

2INTRODUCTION

Fuel is a material that gives energy to an IC Engines.

Fossil fuels such as petroleum, natural gas and coal meet most of the world’s energy demand, at present time..

Fast depletion of fossil fuels and their detrimental effect to the environment is demanding an urgent need of alternative fuels for meeting sustainable energy demand with minimum environmental impact

3PROBLEMS WITH FOSSIL FUELS

The conventional fuel for the engine such as diesel and gasoline are fossil based fuel and as such is not renewable.

These conventional Fuels have low thermal efficiency. These conventional Fuels have low flammability range. These conventional fuels have major disadvantage with

regards to their exhaust emissions of nitrogen oxides (NOx), unburned hydrocarbons (UHC), carbon dioxides (CO2) and particulate matter which are hazardous to humans and environment alike.

The greenhouse effect is also one of the aftermaths from these gaseous emissions.

4ALTERNATE FUELS

Some of the Alternate Fuels are : Alcohol

Methanol Ethanol

Vegetable Oil Biodiesel Hydrogen

CNG-Hydrogen blend Methanol-Hydrogen blend Gasoline-Hydrogen blend

5HYDROGEN AS A FUEL

Hydrogen is a very good alternative as a fuel, as it can never diminish.

Hydrogen can be obtained from water and is practically carbon-free, So no greenhouse gases are generated .

Hydrogen ignition limits are much wider. So it can burn easily and give considerably higher efficiency.

6

Hydrogen have wide flammability range compared to other gases such as gasoline and methane.

FLAMMABILITY RANGE

Fig. Flammability Ranges of Comparative Fuels at Atmospheric Temperature

7EXPERIMENTAL SETUP

Fig :Schematic diagram of experimental apparatus

8EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE

The tests were performed on high speed single cylinder Lombardini make LGA-340 gasoline engine. Detailed engine specifications are given below :Bore(mm

)

Stroke

(mm)

Displacement

(cm3)

Comp.

Ratio

Power Rating

Max Torque Max Rpm at no Load

82 64 338 8:1 9kw@4400rpm

20.2Nm@2800rpm

6200

The compressed hydrogen at 200 bar is supplied from the Hydrogen Cylinder, which consists of hydrogen regulator and the hydrogen flow indicator.

The tests were carried out at engine speeds of 2000 to 4000 rpm with an increment of 500 rpm. Hydrogen volume fraction on basis of 5%, 10%, 15%, 20% and 25% was adjusted with the help of regulator.

9RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS

Performance characteristics:1. Brake Mean Effective Pressure

(Bmep):

The Bmep rises as the hydrogen fraction increases compared to pure gasoline operation.

But at 25% hydrogen addition fraction, Bmep drops due to improper combustion as the air content in the intake is gradually reduced.

10

2. Brake thermal efficiency: Brake thermal efficiencies of the

Hydrogen enriched operation are higher than those of the pure gasoline engine operation at all engine speeds

The hydrogen–gasoline mixture have a faster burning velocity and an extended flame limit than gasoline, so it can achieve a shorter burning duration and a more complete burning.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS

Performance characteristics:

11

3. Volumetric efficiency :

The maximum volumetric efficiency is attained for pure gasoline of about 70% at 4000 rpm compared to hydrogen gasoline operation.

The hydrogen fuel vapour can take considerably more of this space, leaving less volume for the air being pumped into the cylinder and this causes less amount of mixture density at the inlet.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS

Performance characteristics:

1212

1. Carbon monoxide (CO) emission: The CO emission is decreases as the

hydrogen gasoline blend percentage increases.

This is due to the enhanced combustion caused by hydrogen addition and abundant oxygen available for the post-oxidation of CO emission.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS

Emission characteristics:

13

2. Hydrocarbons (HC) emission: The HC emissions decrease with the

increase of hydrogen addition fraction.

This is because high flame speed of hydrogen reduces the combustion duration, and decreases the probability of occurrence of slow-burning and incomplete combustion cycles.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS

Emission characteristics:

14

3. Nitrogen oxide (NOX) emission: The emission of NOx is increase

with the increase of hydrogen addition fraction

The increase in volume of hydrogen blend will lead to rise in combustion temperature and higher the combustion temperature, higher the NOx formation

RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS

Emission characteristics:

15

ADVANTAGES OF HYDROGEN BLENDING

Hydrogen-gasoline mixture burns early 10 times faster compared to gasoline-air mixture.

As the burning rate are very high it is more preferred in high speed engine.

Hydrogen-gasoline fuel generates high Power and Torque Output compared to gasoline engine.

The HC and CO emissions reduces with the increase in percentage of hydrogen.

16

DISADVANTAGES OF HYDROGEN BLENDING

The handling of hydrogen is more difficult and storage requires high capital and running cost particularly for liquid H2.

Hydrogen engines have been in the danger of back fire during combustion. Therefore flame trappers are necessary in hydrogen fuelled engines.

Hydrogen fuelled engine are having low pollution level but produce toxic emission of NOx ,So NOx traps should be used with Hydrogen Engines.

17

CONCLUSION

An experimental study aiming at investigating the effect of hydrogen addition on improving gasoline engine performance under different engine speed. The main conclusions are listed below:

The addition of hydrogen helps in improving Bmep. The maximum Bmep obtained at 20% blend of hydrogen.

The addition of hydrogen is effective on improving engine brake thermal efficiency. An increase of brake thermal efficiency was observed till a hydrogen fraction of 20%.

HC and CO emissions reduces with the increase in percentage of hydrogen. NOx emissions increase with the increase in hydrogen addition.

Overall the test results revealed that the blends up to 20% hydrogen are suitable as an engine fuel without much compromise in the performance and emission characteristics.

Thank You