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Vaccines –Production And Application

Sana ShaikhMSc – I; sem - I

Department Of BiochemistryInstitute Of Science

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Index

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Slide no Topics

3 Vaccine – An Introduction

4 Vaccine – History

5 Vaccine - Production

7 Application Of vaccine- Measels Vaccine

8 Application Of Vaccine- Polio Vaccine

9 Application Of Vaccine- Typhoid Vaccine

10 Application Of Vaccine- Hepatites B Vaccine

11 Application Of Vaccine- Tetenus Vaccine

12 Current Research

14 Refernces

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Vaccines – An Introduction• A vaccine is a biological preparation that

improves immunity to a particular disease. • The term vaccine derives from Edward

Jenner's 1796 use of cow pox to inoculate humans, providing them protection against smallpox

• Vaccines may be prophylactic or therapeutic .

• Vaccines are killed, attenuated,toxoid, protein subunit or conjugate.

• Vaccines do not guarantee complete protection from a disease.

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History• Prior to vaccination, inoculation was practised.• In 1796, Jenner took pus from the hand of a milkmaid with cowpox, inoculated an 8-year-old boy with it, and six weeks later variolated the boy's arm with smallpox, afterwards observing that the boy did not catch smallpox.• It was banned in 1840 Louis Pasteur generalized Jenner's idea by developing what he called a rabies vaccine• The twentieth century saw the introduction of several successful vaccines

Edward Jenner

Louis Pasteur

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Production

Vaccines are produced in large scale as they need to be administered to large populations of children and adults to be effective as a public health tool. This large scale production is often a challenge.

Stages of vaccine productionVaccine production has several stages. Process of vaccine manufacture has the following steps:Inactivation – This involves making of the antigen preparationPurification – The isolated antigen is purifiedFormulation – The purified antigen is combined with adjuvants, stabilizers and preservatives to form the final vaccine preparation.

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Applications

Vaccines have been used to prevent many disease.Now for almost all the disease .

We would be considering Vaccines for Measles, Poliomyelitis,Typhoid, Hepatitis B, anti –tetanus.

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Measels Vaccine• Measles vaccine is a highly

effective vaccine used against measles.• The measles-mumps-rubella-varicella

combo (MMRV vaccine) vaccine has been available since 2005

• Measles is rarely given as individual vaccine nowadays and is often given in combination with mumps and rubella. Two types of vaccines are available for measles currently.

• Mumps Measles Rubella vaccine, live (MMR-II)

• Mumps Measles Rubella and varicella virus vaccine.

Dose Schedule1st dose at the age of 12 months2nd dose at the age of four to six years

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Polio VaccineTwo polio vaccines are used throughout the

world to combat poliomyelitis;1. An injected dose of

inactivated poliovirus (IPV), is based on three wild, virulent reference strains, Mahoney (type 1 poliovirus), MEF-1 (type 2 poliovirus), and Saukett (type 3 poliovirus)

2. An oral vaccine was developed by using attenuated poliovirus

produced by the passage of the virus through non-human

cellThe vaccine contains small traceof antibiotics neomycin

 and vaccine. A single dose of oral polio vaccine (usually

two drops) contains 1,000,000 infectious units of Sabin 1(effective against PV1),100,000 infectious units of the Sabin 2

strain, and 600,000 infectious units of Sabin 3Dose schedule OPV at birth, OPV and IPV at 6, 10 and 14

weeks. OPV and IPV at 15-18 months and OPV at 5 years.

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Typhoid vaccine

Enteric fever (typhoid and paratyphoid) is a major public health problem in India.

High prevalence of antimicrobial resistance particularly to quinolones has made enteric feva difficult disease to treat. All these factors have made vaccines against typhoid and paratyphoid fever of immense need in our country

There are two effective types:• Ty21a, which is a live vaccine given orally• Vi capsular polysaccharide vaccine, which is an

injectable subunit vaccine• Ty21a is licensed for use from age six years and

older.Dose Schedule Boosters are recommended every 5 years. The Vi

capsular polysaccharide vaccine islicensed for use from age two years and older, and

boosters are required every threeyears

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Hepatites B• In India, 1-4% of individuals are chronic carriers of

Hepatitis B Virus (HBV)• Younger the age of acquisition of HBV infection, higher the chances of becoming chronic carrier.• Infection with HBV is one of the most important causes of chronic hepatitis, cirrhosis of liver and hepatocellular carcinoma• Hepatitis B Immunoglobulin (HBIG) 

HBIG provides passive immunity and is indicated along with Hep B vaccine in management of perinatal/occupational/sexual exposures to Hepatitis B in susceptible individuals.

• Dose Schedule  a. Birth, 1 and 6 months  b. Birth, 6 and 14 weeks  c. 6, 10 and 14 weeks13.09.2013

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Tetanus vaccines• Tetanus infection is most often the result of wound

contamination in an unimmunized person or someone who has not had vaccine boosters in many years.

•  It may also occur following puncture wounds, animal bites, burns, abrasions and surgery.

• The tetanus toxin causes severe muscle contractions, or spasms.

• The tetanus vaccine is available as: DT or Td (in combination with Diphtheria vaccine) TT in wound management TT in pregnancy• Dose Schedule For children who are completely unimmunized, catch up

vaccination should be provided by giving three doses of TT at 0, 1 and 6 months. For partially immunized children catch up vaccination entails administration of at least 3 doses of TT including previous doses received. DT for catch up vaccination in those aged above 7 years

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Current research Research:-P1-S6.44 HIV vaccine

clinical trial adherence and retention: high-risk drug-using women

Authors:-J Becher, S Chhatre, M Eisenberg, D Fiore, T Dominique, D Dunbar, I Frank, D Metzger

Source:-Sex Transm Infect 2011;87:A214 doi:10.1136/sextrans-2011-050108.268

Date:-Jul 201113.09.2013

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Abstract

• Background Clinical trial protocol adherence and retention are often considered challenges that are especially difficult to achieve among certain high-risk populations. The HIV infection rate among heterosexual African-American women is increasing, making their participation in clinical trials of HIV behavioural and biomedical prevention interventions more important. We identify drug use and sex risk factors associated with adherence to protocol and study retention among this population during the course of an HIV vaccine trial.

• Conclusions Factors commonly assumed to interfere with trial participation were not associated with adherence to study protocol or retention. These findings suggest that drug use and sexual risk behaviours do not impede completion of vaccinations and protocol required visits in clinical trials of experimental HIV vaccines.

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Reference• http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vaccine• http://www.vaccines.gov/who_and_when/index.html• http://www.news-medical.net/health/Vaccine-

Production.aspx• http://www.greenmedinfo.com/Abstract Title:Hepatitis B vaccine induces apoptotic death in Hepa1-

6 cells.Abstract Author(s):Heyam Hamza, Jianhua Cao, Xinyun Li, Changchun Li,

Mengjin Zhu, Shuhong Zhao http://www.vaccineschedule.in• ttp://www.immunizationinfo.org• http://tav.sagepub.com/; Therapeutic Advances in

Vaccines; May 2013 - September• http://sti.bmj.com/content/87/Sex Transm

Infect 2011;87:A214 doi:10.1136/sextrans-2011-050108.2613.09.2013

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