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Unit 4, Assignment 1

Learning Objective 1: Know about networking management tools and technologies

Task 1

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Operative systems• The Operative System is an huge program which:• Initialise hardware• Gives the user a way to communicate with hardware• Gives the user an user interface to use the computer• Gives the user the ability to run programs or commands

Almost every OS is • Multi-Tasking (Has the ability to switch between applications)• Multi–User (Different users can log in and use the same file at the same time)• Not Real-Time (Unpredictable execution times)• Batch (Shift jobs in free periods)

• Operative Systems are very different and slightly purpose-specific

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Windows™Belongs to

Closed source (its behaviour belongs to MS)Used by 90,52% of desktops [1]

Preinstalled in almost every PCPowerful and easy to use

There is a server versionThere is a mobile version

You have to buy it! Business licenses can be very expensive!

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Just Linux for friends

Open source: It means that you can study its code and modify its behaviour basing on YOUR needs

Completely free! Plenty of Linux versions (distributions) made for different purposes

There are plenty of server distrosThe mobile OS Android is actually a GNU/Linux distro

A clone of the UNIX OS: It is defined “Unix-Like”Used on 99.40% of supercomputers [1]

Can be Real-Time with a patch

No technical supportIf something breaks, you will be on your own!

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macOS (previously known as Mac OS X)

Belongs to

• Closed source, like Windows

• It cannot be installed on normal PCs

• Used only on 7,37 % of computers [1]

There is a server versionThere is a mobile version (iOS)

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Protocols• Protocols are essentially rules that explain how things are made and

how they should work• They are essential: Can you imagine driving without rules?

No, because you won’t even know what is a road, what is a car, what does it do and how it works!!!

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TCP/IP (read as TCP over IP)

• The Internet Protocol is used to establish routes between computers.

• The Transmission Control Protocol is used to encapsulate data into packets that are sent or received using the Internet Protocol.

Its main features are the check for packet damage (checksum) and the automatic retransmission if some packets are lost or damaged.

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HTTP(S) – Hyper Text Transfer Protocol (Secure)• HTTP use port 80, HTTPS use port 443 of the TCP.

• It is used to transfer data, mostly HTML code, which mean website• It has a request-response model [1]

• It is designed to be FAST [1]

• HTTPS is a encrypted version of HTTP. Data transferred using HTTPS can be seen just from the receiver and from the sender.

FTP• The File Transfer Protocol uses the port 21 of TCP.• Connection can be crypted• Remote drivers can be mounted so they look like local

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Network topologies

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Connecting various devices of the network

Every topology has some advantages and disadvantages

Topology =

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StarSometimes data go through a central device

Quite expensive

Central device breaking is fatal

Device breaking is not fatal

Very fast!

Cable breaking is not fatal

Optimal network size: Very small - Medium

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BusAll data use the main line (the “bus”)

Slow if the bus is busy

Device breaking is not fatal

Cheap

Easy to set up!

Optimal network size: Small

Bus breaking is fatal

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RingData can flow in one direction only

Extremely cheap!Fast

Optimal network size: Very small

Any type of damage will be fatalTo add or remove a device, the network must be stopped

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MeshThe mesh can be partial or total

Way too expensive

Device redundancy

Lightning fast!!

Cable redundancy

Optimal network size: Any

Very hard to set up!

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Wireless technologies• They are a radio communication method• Cables are not needed, so it`s cheaper• They usually carry IP packets (Internet)• They have technologies to fight radio interference• They are usually slower than a wired connection• The radio frequency allocation is moderated by Governments

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Wi-Fi

1

0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500

How IEEE`s standards raised the Wi-Fi`s speed [1]

Series5 Series4 Series3 Series2 Series1

• Targets Local and Metropolitan Area Networks• Operative range: up to 20m indoors [1]

• Transfers IP packets, making it a way to build networks

• Max theoretical downlink speed: 433Mbps (802.11ac) [1]

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Bluetooth• Targets Personal Devices and equipment• Operative range: up to 10m indoors• Can be used for a lot of things:

1

0 10 20 30 40 50 60

How SIG`s standards raised the Bluetooth speed [1]

Series5 Series4 Series3 Series2 Series1

… and much more!• Max theoretical downlink speed: 50Mbps

(BT 5.0)

Voice SMS Internet GPS Control pads

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LTE (Long Term Evolution, also known as 4G)• Targets a wide area network with tens of thousand of users• Operative range: Miles• Can be used for Voice or for TCP/IP packets (Internet)• It uses a lot of radio frequencies [1]

1

0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000 4500

How 3GPP releases raised the LTE speed [2]

Series17 Series16 Series15 Series14 Series13 Series12 Series11 Series10

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Servers and workstations• They both are special-purpose computers• Share the same CPU architecture (x86_64)

Servers

High availabilityHigh efficiencyHigh durability

Workstation

Just a more powerful computer, used for special applications like 3d modeling,

rendering, autocad...

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Routers, switches and hubsThey all transfer data… But the difference is intelligence.

The router is essentially a computer which understands, manage and routes data

The switch transfers data from one computer to another.

The hub transfers data to one computer to every computer connected; the computers have to decide if they are the destination

SmarterCheaper

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Network cardThe network card is an expansion card. There are many types of that.

21

Vendor specific

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Portability Efficiency

If the software and the hardware are designed together, they will work better, but they won`t work at all with other hardware/Software.

If the software and the hardware are designed to be universal, they will work with everything, but performances will not be very high.

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Thanks for watching!References below…