Trap & Seal Analysis

The Inaugural Training in Asia TRAP AND SEAL ANALYSIS

Your Expert Course Leader:

Dr Jan de Jager

Dr. Jan de Jager joined Shell in 1979 as an exploration geologist, and worked in several locations around the world (Netherlands, Gabon, USA, Australia, Argentina, Malaysia) in technical and management positions. During the last ten years of his career he was responsible for the quality assurance of Shell's exploration prospects in many parts of the world and for upgrading and replenishing Shell's global exploration portfolio.

Dr. Jan de Jager had worked closely with teams on many exciting discoveries in a range of geological settings.

What past participants said about his previous training courses? “Jan's expertise on this subject is evident by the way he presents the material in a very clear, concise and interesting manner” Senior Geologist, LMS Geoconsulting “An excellent and concise presentation taking the myths out of an important but perhaps less well understood facet of volume estimation and geological uncertainty” Geologist, AJ Gray Ltd “Excellent explanations and case studies by Dr Jan". Geologist, Roc Oil “The course is really good and provided us further understanding and a more standardise way to mature our prospect. All aspects are covered from geology, engineering to economics” Geologist, Brunei National Petroleum Company “Dr Jager’s vast knowledge & skills, coupled with his excellent presentation & communication skills are what brought this course to life” Geoscientist, Petronas Carigali

Trap and Seal Analysis

Conduct this training course in-house for more effective savings! Call us at +65 6741 9927 or email to [email protected]. For more information, visit us at www.petroedgeasia.net

About This Course Prospect evaluation generally starts with the search for traps. Once a potential trap has been identified, reservoir and charge are further assessed, whilst in many cases the seal is only given relatively cursory attention. For trapped hydrocarbons all four main play elements (trap, reservoir, seal and charge) are equally important; after all, if any of these elements is missing no hydrocarbons can be trapped. Nevertheless, and without underplaying the importance of the other play elements, in the large majority of cases the Gross Rock Volume (GRV) uncertainty is the dominant factor for the uncertainty range of oil or gas volumes that may be discovered in a successful exploration.

Trap and seal analysis are discussed together as they are closely linked; after all it may be argued that without a seal there is no trap. Doing a good job in identifying valid potential traps requires creativity and resourcefulness, and an excellent understanding of what may constitute a trap and where potential spill and leak points may be. Otherwise it is not possible to make meaningful predictions of the most likely column length and its uncertainty. In mature basins and basins with sub-optimal seismic data quality, where the more obvious traps have already been drilled, the search may be for alternative traps such as stratigraphic, deeper and/or basement traps.

In this course, trap and seal analyses are studied from a pragmatic explorer’s point of view, based on the extensive experience of the instructor and on published case histories. A large variety of trap types from different basin settings will be discussed and illustrated with real examples from basins across the globe. Although more theoretical aspects of trapping and sealing will be presented and discussed, emphasis is on providing real examples, advice and practical guidelines that will help explorers in their day-to-day work.

In this 5-day course the main aspects that need to be considered for trap and seal analysis will be discussed, including:

- Understanding and identifying spill and potential leak points of traps - Theoretical aspects of seals and sealing capacity - Methods to assess the sealing potential of seals - Trap identification and analysis in a variety of extensional and in compressional settings - Unusual traps, such as basement traps - Sealing mechanisms and reasons of seal failure; permeability seals and hydraulic seals - Effectiveness of Top and Fault seals - Dealing with traps with multiple reservoir-seal pairs (in different basin settings) - Differential leakage of gas versus oil and its role on gas-oil mix in traps - How to treat trap and seal risks and uncertainty in a technically sound (and pragmatic) way in probabilistic risk

and volume analysis tools; also for multiple reservoir-seal pair prospects

Examples of traps and sealing efficiency from around the world will be given throughout the various modules.

Learning, Methods and Tools At the end of the course the participants will understand the critical elements of hydrocarbon raps and how they affect the trap risk and volume of trapped hydrocarbons. This should result enable participants to focus on realistic traps and in technically sound and realistic pre-drill estimates of prospect volumes. It should also result in a more focused search for alternative trap types (deeper, stratigraphic and unusual) in mature basins.

Each topic is introduced by a lecture, and learning is re-enforced by practical exercises and discussions. Hand-out material in paper and/or electronic format will be provided.

Who Should Attend The course is designed for experienced explorers, working as geologists, seismic interpreters or as supervisors or team leaders managing exploration teams. This course is an advanced module of the Prospect Maturation course by the same instructor. However candidates who have not attend the Prospect Maturation course may still participate, as it is designed to be a stand-alone course. All relevant messages of the Prospect Maturation course will be briefly summarised in an introductory module on day one.

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5 DAYS COURSE OUTLINE DAY ONE

1. Introduction and the basics Summary of the main relevant learnings from the Prospect Maturation course (dependency of trap types on the

basin type and deformation history; importance of recognizing the spill- and leak-points of traps) followed by a brief introduction of what will be discussed in this course

2. Field densities and trap sizes in various basin types and plays Typical basin development and deformation histories will be discussed of different basin types as a basis for

understanding what type of traps may occur, and the setting (location within the basin) where these may occur.

Illustrated with examples of trap densities and field sizes in different basin settings, and of variations in these parameters within basins

3. Prospect identification from seismic sections and maps (exercises) Short presentation followed with exercises on conceptual cross-sections and ‘real’ maps and seismic lines on

identification of potential prospective zones and leads. The data to be used for these exercises will come from different basin types, including deltas, rift basins, passive margins and deep water foldbelts.

4. Control on depth of water contacts in worldwide examples Recapitulation of how HC-water contacts are normally controlled by spill- and/or leak-points, followed by 1 or 2

exercises where participants need to propose considered uncertainty distributions for HC column length.

DAY TWO

1. Sealing lithologies Different sealing lithologies and their effectiveness will be discussed, from perfect seals like salt to rather poor

silty or marly seals, with examples from different basins. Also unusual seals (e.g. basalt) will be presented. Emphasizing the role of sealing on trapped hydrocarbons (oil vs gas, column length.

2. Capillary entry pressure The theory of capillary entry pressure; Rate of leakage from theoretical considerations; Tools and methods to

determine seal capacity; Column length versus sealing capacity

3. Fault seals Different fault seal mechanisms will be discussed: Juxtaposition, Shale Gouge, Clay smear, Cataclasis and

Diagenesis. Industry practices and formulas will be resented and their application/validity will be a topic for discussion.

4. Seals in practice Examples of top and fault seals in different basins, trap types and sealing lithologies: rift basins, deltas, deep

water settings, carbonate provinces; Discussion on effects of seal thickness and the role of faults and fractures

5. Differential retention of gas and oil How the gas-oil mix in traps is controlled not only by charge, but also be retention

DAY THREE

1. Stratigraphic traps; examples in different settings and exercises Trapping geometries and aspects of sealing for stratigraphic traps; where can stratigraphic traps reasonably be

expected to occur, and where are they highly unlikely. Examples will be given from different basin settings and depositional environments

2. Unusual traps Basement traps, volcanics, hydrodynamic traps

3. Traps in Rift basins Examples of conventional traps in the syn-rift and post-rift: simple horsts and tilted fault blocks as well as flower

structures and anticlinal traps in inversion structures.

Examples of stratigraphic traps

Examples where deeper traps have been successfully explored for (deeper syn-rift and pre-rift.





DAY FOUR

1. Traps in Delta settings Typical traps related to growth faulting, and the role and effectiveness of clay smear in these settings;

overpressures in deltas and their effect on traps and sealing capacity. The role and effectiveness of intra- formational seals in deltas

Traps deltaic sediments in progradational coastlines (without growth faults)

2. Traps in Deep Water fold-belts Typical structural style, stressing the importance of understanding reservoir presence and/or absence

over pre- kinematic and syn-kinematic antclines; Potential for reservoir presence in out-of-sequence anticlines

3. Traps in deep-water passive margin settings The trapping mechanisms and setting of turbidite traps like Jubilee

Traps in mini-basins such as in the Gulf of Mexico

4. Traps in carbonate settings Traps in shallow water carbonate platform settings (such as the Middle East); traps in reef settings (such

as Central Luconia); The role of thief-beds; Control of HC-water contacts in reefs

DAY FIVE

1. Dealing with multiple reservoir-seal pairs: volumetrics and risks – theory and exercises 2. Risk analysis of traps; guidelines and exercises 3. Assessing GRV of prospects (including exercises) 4. Pragmatic rules of thumb for sealing in different basin settings

About Your Expert Trainer: Dr Jan de Jager

Dr. Jan de Jager has a PhD in Geology from the University of Utrecht. He joined Shell in 1979 as an exploration geologist, and worked in several locations around the world (Netherlands, Gabon, USA, Australia, Argentina, Malaysia) in technical and management positions. During the last ten years of his career he was responsible for the quality assurance of Shell's exploration prospects in many parts of the world and for upgrading and replenishing Shell's global exploration portfolio. During this period he has also developed extensive expertise in Prospect Risk and Volume assessments for which he ran successful internal training programmes. Following his retirement from Shell in 2010, Jan de Jager took on a position as part time professor at the University of Amsterdam and he is also working as consultant exploration advisor for various E&P companies.





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Trap and Seal Analysis 25 – 29 September 2017 | Jakarta, Indonesia

TRAP & SEAL ANALYSIS

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Trap & Seal Analysis