Comes from a middle-class family

A painter

Had aspirations of becoming an architect before turning to politics

Decorated war veteran – medals for bravery

Author

Vegetarian

Against smoking

Patriotic

Events that led to the rise of Dictators

The Roaring 20’sThe 1920’s were a time of peace and great prosperity,

From 1921 to 1929, the Dow Jones rocketed from 60 to 400!

Millionaires were created instantly.

Soon stock market trading became America’s favorite pastime as investors jockeyed to make a quick killing.

1920’s Has a Crash!!!

•Everyone was investing

•People had disposable income

•Everyone invested in the Stock Market, even the butlers

•…then it all fell apart

•The stock market crashed!

•The term fascism comes from the Latin word ‘fasces’ (a bodyguard’s axe), which was an ancient Roman symbol of authority containing a bundle of rods and an axe. •The fasces-symbol became to fascists what the Swastika was to the Nazis.

What is Fascism?What is Fascism?

"Either the government will be "Either the government will be given to us or we shall seize it given to us or we shall seize it by marching on Rome." by marching on Rome."

•October 1922 Mussolini and 30,000 Fascist marched on Rome

•Demanded the King put Mussolini in charge of the government

•October 1922 the King of Italy gave into Mussolini and the Blackshirts.•Fascism was made the official government of Italy, and Mussolini was named “Il Duce” or head of state.•Promised to rebuild Italy and recreate the Roman Empire

Victor Emmanuel III

Benito “Il Duce” Mussolini

•Democracy was eliminated

•Mussolini’s political enemies were jailed

•Widespread censorship

•Failure in controlling the Italian economy

Mussolini was jealous of British and French colonies in Africa

Ordered in invasion of Ethiopia in 1935

The Ethiopian President appealed for support from the League of Nations.

The League condemned the invasion, but did nothing else.

Who created it?:Who created it?: Benito Mussolini

What are their beliefs?:What are their beliefs?: A totalitarian, ultra-nationalist, anti-communist and anti-liberalism political movement.•The state is more important than the individual.

Where did it start?:Where did it start?: Italy

When did it start?:When did it start?: 1919

Marxism was regarded as the enemy because it promoted class struggle and the rise of the proletariat or laborers.

Fascists felt that this class-division would weaken the state

Felt that each class had their own place and special role in society

Why hate Commies?Why hate Commies?

The Fascisti formed armed squads of war veterans called Blackshirts (or squadristi) to terrorize socialists, anarchists, and communists. The government rarely interfered.

Who created it?:Who created it?: Benito Mussolini

What are their beliefs?:What are their beliefs?: A totalitarian, nationalist, anti-

communist and anti-liberalism political movement.

Where and when did it start?:Where and when did it start?: Italy, 1919

Why was it popular? Why was it popular? Italy’s former government was unable to solve the economic problems after WWI. They were seen as weak and ineffectual.

Nazi’s take hold of Germany

Their symbol was the Swastika, an ancient cross with the arms bent at right angles in the middle found in ancient China, Egypt and India. It was also used by Native Americans as well as early Christians. The Nazi’s adopted this cross when they mistakenly thought it was an Aryan symbol.

•Influenced Hitler to start the Fascist movement in Germany•Hitler modeled economic and political policies after him•Hitler emulated Mussolini’s “March on Rome” with his “Campaign in Berlin”

•Inspired by Mussolini’s takeover of Italy, Hitler and the Nazis planned to take over Munich

•Hitler was arrested• Wrote Mein Kampf while in prison – set forth his beliefs and goals for Germany,

• Out raged at the Treaty of Versailles

• Aryans were the master race• Jews, Slavs, and Gypsies are inferior

•Written while Hitler was in prison for trying to overtake Munich (1925)

•Describes “Aryans” (whom Hitler incorrectly identified as being German) as a “Master Race”

•Stated that Germany was overcrowded and would attain more living space (lebensraum) by invading and conquering Eastern Europe and Russia

Extracts from 'Mein Kampf' on racial purity:'The stronger must dominate and not mate with the

weaker, which would signify the sacrifice of its own higher culture'. Extracts from 'Mein Kampf' on the Jews:

'If the Jews were the only people in the world they would be wallowing in filth and mire and would exploit one another and try to exterminate one another in a bitter struggle, which shows in itself in their cowardly spirit … The black haired Jewish youth lies in wait for hours on end, satanically glaring at and spying on the unsuspicious girl whom he plans to seduce, adulterating her blood…'Extracts from 'Mein Kampf' on the mentally and physically disabled:

'Those who are physically and mentally unhealthy and unfit must not perpetuate their own suffering in their bodies of their children…'Extracts from 'Mein Kampf' on democracy:

'Democracy as practiced in Western Europe today, is the forerunner of Marxism [Communism] … By the introduction of parliamentary democracy an abortion of filth and fire was created…'

Hitler revives the Nazi Party after leaving prison, but is largely ignored until Germany’s economic collapse

Germans turned to Hitler for leadership, hoping for security

Der Führer (the leader) of the Nazi partyJanuary 1933: Hitler named Chancellor

Hitler calls for new elections; blames Parliament fire on Communists; wins

majority vote

Hitler bans all other political

parties and has opponents arrested

The Schutzstaffel

(SS) are created

Strikes, labor unions

outlawed; gov’t takes

over businesses

Uses Propaganda, fear, book burning,

and indoctrination to gain popular support

•By 1933 however Hitler was the chancellor of Germany.

•The Nazi’s had risen from obscurity to power, total power.

• Storm troopers intimidated voters into giving Hitler dictatorial powers.

•National Socialist German Workers’ Party, Nazi for short

•German fascist movement

•not only extremely anti-communist, but also very anti-Semitic.

•Set up a private militia called storm troopers or Brown Shirts (secret police)

Storm Troopers: Storm Troopers: called "brownshirts" called "brownshirts" for the color of their uniforms; for the color of their uniforms; specialist military troops used in specialist military troops used in Hitler’s rise to powerHitler’s rise to power

The SS: The SS: an elite, black-uniformed an elite, black-uniformed military police unit; replaced the Storm military police unit; replaced the Storm Troopers; guilty for the worst of the Troopers; guilty for the worst of the human atrocities of the war.human atrocities of the war.

Gestapo: Gestapo: official secret police of Nazi official secret police of Nazi GermanyGermany

•Schoolboys aged 10-18 years old were required to join the Hitler Youth (the League of German Girls for females)•It was a paramilitary organization of the Nazi Party •many HJ activities closely resembled military training, with weapons training, assault course circuits and basic tactics. Some cruelty by the older boys toward the younger ones was tolerated and even encouraged, since it was believed this would weed out the unfit and harden the rest.•The HJ wore uniforms very like those of the Storm Troopers, with similar ranks and insignia.

•German totalitarianism included the censorship of every aspect of social life

•News, Radio, Film, Literature, Painting were all used as methods of propaganda.

•Books that didn’t conform to Nazi ideals were burned in huge bonfires

•Churches were forbidden to criticize the Nazi government.

•Emperor Hirohito- a figure head

•Difficult economic times in Japan after World War I undermined the country’s political system.

•Military leaders take control of country

•Want to solve economic problems through foreign expansion

•Japan has investments in Manchuria, Chinese province•In 1931, Japanese army seizes Manchuria•League of Nation Protests action; Japan withdraws from League•In 1937, Japan launches war on China