After Reconstruction ended, the United States began to grow in size and population.

The West was conquered by the railroads, ranchers, farmers, and settlers.

Native Americans were pushed out of the way in the name of “progress” and eventually placed onto reservations.

The world became more modern with inventions like the telephone, the airplane, and the automobile.

Making things became easier with ideas like the assembly line and mass production.

Men like Andrew Carnegie and John D. Rockefeller became extremely rich controlling major industries like steel and oil.

People worked long and hard in large factories for little pay… including children.

Millions of people moved to the U.S. from Europe and Asia, bringing their customs with them, which were sometimes not welcomed.

People moved to the cities by the thousands, causing cities to grow, skyscrapers to be built, and cities to become crowded, dirty places.

In 1888, President Benjamin Harrison signed the Sherman Antitrust Act into law.

This act banned trusts and monopolies from forming to limit competition.

The big businesses used the courts to tie up rulings for long times.

The judges also tended to rule in favor of the big businesses.

The Progressive Era is from 1898-1917.

They believed that the public interest should be the focus for any government

action.

The progressives helped to put more power in the hands of the people.

Primaries allowed voters to choose the candidate from a party.

Initiatives allowed for voters to put legislation before the state government.

Referendums allowed voters to make law by voting on it.

The recall allowed voters to remove elected officials from offices.

Progressives wanted to lower tariffs to force American companies to compete with foreign

ones.

To make up lost tax money, Progressives supported a graduated income tax.

This meant that the richer would pay more tax money than the poor.

The Supreme Court ruled that an income tax was unconstitutional.

In response, Congress passed the 16th

Amendment to the U.S. Constitution.

The 17th Amendment also allowed for the direct election of senators.

Senators were elected by the state legislature previous to this amendment.

The 15th Amendment gave the right to vote to all men, but failed to consider women.

The abolition movement gave way to the suffragist movement after the Civil War.

Women like Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Susan B. Anthony had led a women’s suffrage movement in the mid-1800’s

to give women the right to vote in local an state elections.

Until 1920, women could not vote in national elections.

In 1913, women marched on Washington D.C. to spread their message. By 1919, they were able to vote in most

states in some elections.

Alice Paul led another march on Washington D.C. in 1917 to ensure the right to vote in all elections for women.

The 19th Amendment to the Constitution was ratified in 1920, giving women the right to vote for President for the

first time.

Women were important in the fights to improve city lives, education, and labor laws.

Women led by Frances Willard founded the Temperance Movement, with the goal of stopping the consumption of

alcohol by people.

They supported laws that would make making and selling alcohol illegal, known as prohibition.

Carry Nation was another woman who supported the Temperance Movement. She would enter bars and destroy

bottles and kegs of alcohol to make her point.

This movement combined with many religious groups in the United States convinced Congress to pass the 18th

Amendment to the Constitution, which outlawed the buying, selling, creation, or transportation of alcohol in 1919.

This was the beginning of the time period known as Prohibition.

Newspapers were going to poor areas in cities to point out how bad things were.

These journals were called muckrakers, because they raked up the dirt or muck and

showed it to the public.

These journalists went after businesses and city governments.

Upton Sinclair wrote The Jungle about the horrible conditions in the Chicago meat

industry.

Public opinion was changed by the muckrakers. People who began to take up the work to

change the conditions in cities and businesses were called Progressives.

In September of 1901, President McKinley was at the Pan-American

Exposition in Buffalo, New York.

He had given a speech and planned to greet and shake hands with the crowds.

Out of the crowd stepped Leon Czolgosz, a crazed anarchist. He shot President McKinley in the stomach.

McKinley would die a few weeks later. Teddy Roosevelt was sworn in as the 26th President of the United States.

Roosevelt, or TR as he was known, was an interesting man.

Roosevelt hated weakness and inability. He trained through boxing and strengthened himself through

weight lifting.

Roosevelt came from a rich background and chose to enter politics even though he could have done many

other things.

He was a member of the New York state legislature. He was the assistant secretary of the navy until 1898. He

was also the governor of New York starting in 1898.

In between, Roosevelt served as a volunteer in the war against Spain.

Roosevelt was 42, the vice president of the United States, Theodore Roosevelt, was about to be thrust into

the spotlight…

TR ran for president again in 1904. His campaign promise was known as the Square Deal.

He wanted different groups to be able to succeed equally. This meant owners, workers, farmers, consumers, etc.

Roosevelt went after the railroads, strengthening the ICC and its powers over the railroad.

Roosevelt reacted to Sinclair’s The Jungle by increasing the amount of inspection done in

meatpacking plants.

The Meat Inspection Act of 1906 forced meatpackers to allow inspectors to see what was

going on.

Also in 1906, the Pure Food and Drug Act required pure ingredients and proper advertising to be

used. All ingredients had to be listed in products.

Roosevelt also believed in conservation. He worked to control mining and lumbering, and

ensure natural resources were being protected as best they could be.

Areas were set aside for wildlife preservation to conserve them for public use for future

generations.

TR supported William Howard Taft to succeed him as president.

Taft was elected in 1908.

Taft was much more cautious than TR was. He did support progressive

policies however.

He did however attack trusts more than Roosevelt had.

Taft disagreed with Progressives on tariffs and on conservation.

TR was upset with the way Taft had handled things and decided to run against him in the 1912 election.

Taft was over 300 pounds, his bathtub is on display to this day.

It measures over seven feet long.

The 20th Century began with many groups of

people struggling against discrimination.

People believed that the U.S. should be run by

white, Protestant, Americans.

Only those who were from the U.S. or grew up in the U.S. should make decisions. Immigrants were often overlooked.

The government did very little to fight this

discrimination during the Progressive Era.

Many Americans feared that Catholics would disrupt the American way of life.

Americans were mostly Protestant, belonging to churches that split off from Catholics in the 1500’s.

The American Protective Association in Iowa formed to keep Catholics from getting jobs or from being elected

to office.

Many feared Catholics would try to take control of the country.

Jews had been discriminated against in Europe, and received the same treatment in the U.S.

Jews from Eastern Europe spoke different languages and had far different ways of doing things than people who came to the U.S. before them. They were seen as

“foreign” and not treated well.

Asians were discriminated against in the western United States.

Chinese immigrants had come over around the same time the Transcontinental Railroad was being built.

Chinese workers would work for lower wages, and took jobs away from Americans.

Congress acted and passed the Chinese Exclusion Act in 1882, prohibiting Chinese immigrants from coming to the

United States.

After the Chinese were excluded from the U.S., President Teddy Roosevelt made a “Gentleman’s Agreement” with

Japan in 1907. This limited the amount of Japanese immigrants who could come to the U.S.

Americans feared that too many Asians would make it impossible for them to make a living and preserve their

culture.

Most African Americans still lived in the South. 80% of them called

the former Confederacy their home.

African Americans were still stuck in the cycle of poverty

(sharecropping) in the South.

They were also still segregated in public life.

African Americans were one of the many groups targeted by the

Ku Klux Klan, which had resurfaced again in Georgia by

1915.

The KKK would rise again, and had 4 million members by 1924.

The Klan favored everything American, and began to target and harass Catholics, Jews,

immigrants, and African Americans.

Economic hardship and a loss of jobs around the turn of the 20th Century saw

people looking for answers. They turned to the Klan who blamed “Non-Americans” and

African Americans for their hardships.

Hundreds of African Americans were lynched (hung) in the South as a result of

Klan violence.

Many Asians also suffered the same fate in the West.

African Americans had to work hard for every inch of freedom and equality they received.

Booker T. Washington and the Tuskegee Institute believed that African Americans needed education and training to take care

of themselves.

If African Americans became more productive members of society, they would earn more money and respect, and be able

to make themselves equal to whites.

W.E.B. Du Bois argued for segregation to end to give African Americans a fair chance to do better. He also thought that they

needed to use their votes to make change.

The National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) was organized to fight for the rights of African

Americans.

Few African Americans thought about returning home to Africa, not thinking true equality would happen.

The U.S. Government had tried hard to make Native Americans fit into American society.

The Society of American Indians was formed to help all Native Americans improve their lives.

Native Americans began to leave the reservations in hopes that they could make better livings in American

society.

Mexicans came over the border from Mexico to get away from the hard times in Mexico.

Mexicans had to take care of themselves and help each other, living in neighborhoods called barrios.

They were not well-received or appreciated in the U.S. for fear of a loss of jobs and culture to more immigrants.