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The Progressive Era, 1880-1920 Chapter 22

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The Progressive Era, 1880-1920

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Main points & Issues Origins of Progressivism Characteristics and Beliefs Moderate Responses to Extremes in America Major Trends and Examples Successes and Legacies

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Origins of Progressivism Reaction to extremes of modern life Capitalism & individualism Urbanization & Industrialization Labor conflict Immigration Environmental exploitation Social problems

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Characteristics Middle class morality Moderation Scientific Order and stability Active government Collective responsibility

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Characteristics Conservation of resources Assimilation Social Gospel Professional Organizations

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Economic Extremes Corporate control of industry, resources Rockefeller & Oil (1911) Carnegie & U.S. Steel Big Four railroads Political influence Anti-democratic

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Standard Oil, 1906

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The Other Extreme Labor Unions Strikes & protests Knights of Labor AFL Populist Party United Mine Workers I.W.W.

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Triangle Shirtwaist Fire 1911 New York City Locked doors 800 trapped 146 women died Female labor, bad working conditions, immigrant rights, shop floor laws

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Deaths from Fire

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Immigration& Progressivism 9 million between 1900-1910 The American Dream? Tenements and sweatshops Racial hierarchies Ethnic enclaves Southeastern Europe, Catholic, languages and customs

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Controlling Immigration 1882: Immigration Act Tax, idiots, lunatics, convicts, and persons likely to become a public charge 1883: Chinese Exclusion Act Immigration Act of 1891 Polygamists, moral turpitude, diseases Office of the Superintendent of Immigration 1894: Immigration Restriction League 1895: Bureau of Immigration 1903: Moved to Department of Commerce & Labor 1904: Made anti-Chinese laws permanent 1906: Basic Naturalization Act

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1917 Immigration Act "all idiots, imbeciles, feeble-minded persons, epileptics, insane persons; persons who have had one or more attacks of insanity at any time previously; persons of constitutional psychopathic inferiority; persons with chronic alcoholism; paupers; professional beggars; vagrants; persons afflicted with tuberculosis in any form or with a loathsome or dangerous contagious disease; persons not comprehended within any of the foregoing excluded classes who are found to be and are certified by the examining surgeon as being mentally or physically defective, such physical defect being of a nature which may affect the ability of such alien to earn a living; persons who have been convicted of or admit having committed a felony or other crime or misdemeanor involving moral turpitude; polygamists, or persons who practice polygamy or believe in or advocate the practice of polygamy; anarchists, or persons who believe in or advocate the overthrow by force or violence of the Government of the United States"

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Asiatic Barred Zone, 1917

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El Paso in the Progressive Era Using Ringside Seat to a Revolution, find three examples of events, issues, debates, controversies, people, etc., that are related to the themes of the Progressive Era Explain why and how are they Progressive Era issues.

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El Paso in the Progressive Era Housing, prostitution, poll taxes, drinking, inter-racial relationships Muckraker journalism & photography Revolution, 1910-1920s Anti-Mexican fears Radicalism Defacto segregation & Segundo Barrio

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The Border, The Bridge and the Bath Riots Control the border, orderly immigration Immigration Law of 1917 1917 shut down the bridge Mayor Tom Lea Carmelita Torres Delousing & the Bath Riots Zyklon B Dozens died in fire Eugenics & scientific racism

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Progressivism in El Paso Prohibition 1918 18 th Amend 16 de Septiembre Prostitution Vice squads Jazz & inter-racial nightclubs Journalism, film & photography Segregated Schools Douglas & Aoy Segundo Barrio & Chihuahuita Destruction of Mexican adobe homes Democratic Ring Poll taxes Censored newspapers

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Settlement Houses Jane Addams Hull House Employment, health, education, language Assimilation and Americanization Best and worst of Progressivism

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Public Health and Cities No clean water Sewage systems Tenements Ventilation & fire codes Zoning & regulation Tuberculosis & disease

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Jacob Riis, Photographer Police photographer Photography and social justice Muckraker

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Progressive Journalism Corruption and social injustice Raise the consciousness of America Morality, democracy, Christianity Muckrakers Ida B. Wells and lynching Ida Tarbell and Standard Oil Upton Sinclair and The Jungle, 1906

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Progressivism & Eugenics Produce superior races of people Social Darwinism No miscegenation Anti-immigration Control & organize races Racial purity Intelligence Sterilization

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Fitter families & better babies

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Environmentalism Exploitation Natural Resources as public resources Preserve & protect Use but conserve John Muir Gifford Pinchot National Parks

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Child Labor No regulations Few public schools Cotton fields, factories and coal mines People of color Immigrants Working class poor whites, southerners

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National Progressivism Power of government to regulate national activities Theodore Roosevelt Trust-busting Active Govt Global Power Conservation Americanization Eugenics

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Woodrow Wilson Southerner New Jersey, Princeton 1912 & 1916 Child labor, FTC, farms, workers compensation, anti-monopoly Reduce Regulation Opposed womens suffrage Segregation

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Reform Legislation 1906: Pure Food and Drug Act 1913: 16 th Amendment (Taxes) 1913: 17 th Amendment (Senators) 1913: Harrison Act regulated narcotics 1918: 18 th Amendment (Prohibition) 1920: 19 th Amendment (Womens voting)

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Racial Equality National Association for the Advancement of Colored People, 1909 Society for American Indians, 1911 League of United Latin American Citizens, 1929 Japanese American Citizens League, 1929

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Women Progressives Organizations WCTU GFWC WTUL Feminists Alliance Issues Womens rights Poverty Alcoholism Child Labor Public Education

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Womens Suffrage

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Conclusions Reaction to extremes of modern life Middle class reform and regulation Government activity in economy A range of reform activities Assimilation and progressivism It had a wicked side to it