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Presented at International Conference on Science and Social Research 2013, Penang Island, Malaysia. The goal of this case study research is to analyze the significance of multiculturalism within the Indonesian government’s Millennium Development Goals poverty eradication effort. Thus, the outcome is to identify solutions toward poverty caused by the absence of multiculturalism values in Ambon, through resource management. The consideration of choosing Ambon is because it is one of Indonesia’s most underdeveloped regions, though rich in natural resources. Interestingly, the condition was widely linked to ethnic issues occurred in Ambon since Suharto’s downfall in 1998. This research’s main concept is based on Amartya Sen’s notion of social exclusion, namely the capability deprivation. Additionally, the sociological perspective of structural-functionalism is employed as the research perspective. Other literature studies include historical review on the relation between poverty and multiculturalism in developing countries, as well as Iwan Gardono’s paper on primordial conflicts in Ambon. By analyzing the relation between the state’s ignorance of multiculturalism and poverty, we will understand how the ethnicity-based exclusion occurred in post-Suharto Ambon until recently. In turn, this phenomenon triggered marginalization of the dominant native ethnic groups. Eventually, the structural inequality caused by the marginalization enables the non-native ethnic groups to enjoy the natural resources exclusively. The finding offers an alternative solution of natural resource management in Ambon, as a blueprint of sustainable development. Therefore, results suggest that multiculturalism values should be structurally enforced by the state to ensure inclusivity among various ethnic groups. The importance of bottom-up policy-making to create compatible social policies within different social structures is also suggested.
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Muhammad Reza Zaini
Undergraduate Program, Department of Sociology, University of Indonesia
Methodology & Key Concept: Life Deprivation
Contemporary Studies on Poverty
MDGs & Pluralism: A Case Study
Theoritic Analysis
Suggestions & Solutions
ANALYTICAL METHOD DATA COLLECTION METHOD
Historical Analysis Literature Study
Description Description
This research employs historical-comparative method,
in which the researchers examine aspects of social life in a past historical era (Neuman,
2006). Researchers who use this technique focus on one
historical period or more, and try to analyze it.
Additionally, researcher also studied extensively on the history of the Ambonese conflict by Sudjatmiko
(2008).
Case-Study Research
Amartya Sen (Development as Freedom)
The main focus of poverty eradication is no longer the single issue of income.
The social aspect seen as the obstacle in terms of poverty eradication effort is the issue of life deprivation.
Life Deprivation: Individual or collective inability to fulfill his/her social needs (i.e. social service).
Why does the issue of life deprivation should be considered as an important issue?
Classical studies of poverty emphasizes solely on personal income aspect.
But on the reality, when an individual’s personal income had exceeds the poverty line, he/she still faces social problems, which makes as if he/she were living with insufficient income.
“Poverty isn’t about income; it’s about what an individual can achieve from it” (Sen, 1999:87).
Sex White Americans African Americans
Male 1.0 1.8Female 1.0 2.2
Table II: Comparison on Mortality Rate of African Americans to White Americans
Category Mean Household Income
Black American US$ 32,068
National Poverty Line < US$ 22,162
(Data as of 2010)
Table I: Comparison on Mean Household Income between Black American and U.S. National Average (US Fact Finder & US Census Bureau)
The UN is already aware of the importance of social aspects in its effort to eradicate poverty by means of MDGs.
MDGs commitments toward the improvement of education, gender equality, health, environmental protection, and development partnership which scheduled to be achieved by 2015.
Fact: MDGs isn’t holistic enough to eradicate absolute poverty.
History
Indonesian DemographyIndonesian
DemographyPlanned
MigrationPlanned
MigrationDestination:
AmbonDestination:
Ambon
Centralistic & Militaristic Government
Centralistic & Militaristic Government
BugisBugis
Finding of the Historical Analysis
Conflict Analysis & Failure of Development
Centralistic & Militaristic Government
Centralistic & Militaristic Government
Social Exclusion; Low Soc. CapitalSocial Exclusion; Low Soc. Capital
Ethnic AnimosityEthnic
AnimosityRegime ChangeRegime Change
Horizontal Conflict
Horizontal Conflict
Development Stagnation
Development Stagnation
De-Centralized Gov’tDe-Centralized Gov’t
1965 - 1998 1998 -
Resource ControlResource Control
Sociological perspective of structural-functionalism
A certain social structure will face disequilibrium, if some its functions are not compatible with the social structure
(Ritzer, 2008:103)
MDGs as a social structure doesn’t internalized well.
The case of Ambon Conflict is a good example of how multiculturalism values can be significantly important in sustainable development.
Ironically, the idea of multiculturalism is still not widely employed in the effort of poverty eradication, especially in the Third World.
Of the goals mentioned earlier, multiculturalism is still unseen in the Millennium Development Goals.
This explains why poverty eradication and economic development effort in Ambon stalled, even after the regime change in Indonesia.
Solutions will be emphasized on the structural element of state and society.
2. The state need to put forward the value of multicultural citizenship.
1. The need to conduct societal development in cultural aspect, to create better social capital in order to preserve the sustainability of poverty eradication programs.
bottom-up policy
Phase 1: Planning and Design
Phase 2: Selection and
Activation
Phase 3: Operation and
Control
Phase 4: Evaluation
POLICY
INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON SOCIAL SCIENCE RESEARCH 2013
PENANG
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