SOCIOLOGY

The

Challenge F

SCIence

From

5

Group

#Nurhijrah Ismail #Sri Mulyati S.

Aldit Prima A. #Alvianus T. Rerung #Muhammad Mahmudin M

#Nurhijrah Ismail #Sri Mulyati S.

Aldit Prima A. #Alvianus T. Rerung #Muhammad Mahmudin M

ROBERT MERTON AND THE

“OLD SOCIOLOGY OF

SCIENCE”

THE RISE OF THE STRONG PROGRAM

LEVIATHAN AND LATOUR

DEFINITON OF SOCIOLOGY

Acc to Cambridge Dictionary :

Sociology the study of the relationships between people living in

Enterprise an organization, especially a business, or a difficult and

SOCIOLOGY Social Enterprise

important plan, especially one that will earn money

groups, especially in industrial societies

But we have to understand the fact that Sociology is the general study of human structure

developed in the middle of

20th century

Robert King Merton

The founder of the field and the central figure for many years

SOCIOLOGY F SCIence

Mertonian sociology of

science is basically

mainstream sociology

aplied to the structure of

science and to its historical

development.

4 Norms or Basic Values that Govern

Scientific Communities

Merton’s Account of Science

Reward System of Science

universalism personal attributes and social background

irrelevant to value of person’s ideas

communalismcommon ownership of scientific ideas and

results

organized skepticism challenge and test ideas instead of taking

them on trust or authority

disinterestedness scientists act for the greater benefit of the scientific enterprise, not for their personal

gain

Merton’s Reward System

Recognition the basic currency for

scientific reward, especially recognition for being The First Person to come up

with an idea

Published a scientists rewarded by having

the idea named after him Ex : Boyle’s Law and etc

evidence for this is found in fervor with

which prioritydisputes are fought

collateral damage: deviant behavior (fraud, plagiarism,

libel, slander)Christian

“Too much willingness to receive basic

beliefs makes for chaos in science”

-Kuhn-

SOCIOLOGY F SCIence

Changed, expanded, and become more ambitious in the

1970s

OLD NEW

The older work wanted to

describe the social structure

and social placement of

science as a whole but did

not try to explain particular

scientific beliefs in

sociological terms

The newer approach has tried to use sociological methods to explain why scientists believe what they do, and how scientific thinking and practice change over time

Before

Strong Program

description of social

structure of science as

whole

explain particular scientific belief in

sociologicalterms

sociology has ambition to

replace phil of science

Strong Program in the Sociology

of Scientific KnowledgeSymmetry Principle

“ all forms of beliefs and behaviour must

begiven the same kind

of explanations”

all communities (not just scientific ones)

have sociallyestablished local norms for

regulating beliefs

Scientists are people who work in an unusual kind of local community which is

characterized by high prestige, lengthy training and initiation, notoriously

bad fashion choices

LEVIATHAN AND THE AIR

PUMP

Seen as a very important case for our understanding of science very important for its historical role in establishing the social structure that science has illustrating the social structure clearly

Seen as sophisticated development of the strong

program (new sociology of science) the rise of

experimental science in 17th century England

SHAPIN

&

SHAFFER

Robert Boyle

Proposed new way of bringingexperience to bear on theoretical investigation

Argued for distinction about public investigation ofexperimental “matters of

fact” from all other kinds of beliefs

Reconstructed questions

about vacuum to bring

them into

contact with his

experiments

S&S argue that Boyle’s treatment of terms like

“vacuum”established new “language

game”, i.e. pattern of linguistichabits that contribute to a

“form of life”

Boyle and friends engage in the manufacture of facts, i.e.

ideas are made rather than found

based on a guess and not on information an idea or explanation for

something that is based on known facts but has not yet been proved

Boyle wanted to show that scientific argument was

compatible with social order

“It is ourselves and not reality that is

responsible for whatwe know.” -(p. 344)-

LATOUR

&

WOOLGAR

LABORATORY

LIFE

LABChemicals, small animals, paper, etc.

Scientific papers, technical report

objects of scientific study are constructed

within lab andthus cannot be

attributed with an independent existence

scientific activity as system of beliefs, oral traditions andlocal practices, i.e. not as

procedure, method, or principles

but as a culture

both S&S and Latour close to social constructivism

THANKS FOR THE ATTENTION