THE ANCIENT REGIME AND ITS TRANSFORMATION

THE ANCIEN RÉGIME AND ITS TRANSFORMATIONEl siglo XVIII en España.

In this unit we will study:

• The Ancien Régime: definition and elements.

• Changes during the 18th century.

• The Enlightenment.

• Enlightened politics in Europe and America.

• Social changes due to Enlightenment.

• Art during the Enlightenment.

• The 18th century in Spain.

THE ANCIEN REGIME

What is the Ancien Regime?

The Ancient Regime is the social, political and economic system that existed in Europe before the French Revolution during the Early Modern Age (16th-18th centuries).

Elements

Low growth of the

population

Agrarian-based

economy

The estates of the realm

Absolute monarchy of divine origin

Low growth of the populationDuring the Early Modern Age there was a low natural growth because

high birth rates were counteracted by high death rates. It depended on human and natural disasters which caused famines and epidemics.

Agrarian-based economy● The 75% of the population belonged to the Primary sector.● There was a closed or subsistence economy:

○ the population depended on resources, goods and services that were provided by its own members.

○ There was little or no trade with other regions.

Agrarian-based economy

Agrarian-based economy

Survival of the Feudal system○ Lords owned the biggest lands or large estates. ○ Landowners rented plots of lands to the peasants. ○ Lords received a significant amount of incomes from the rent of lands

.

Landowners

Nobility Clergy

Craft-industry● Craftsmen made their products by hand

.● They worked in small workshops, which

were located in the owner´s house.

● Their products were sold there too.

● They controlled the whole production process, from the beginning to the end.

● They used very little machinery.

● The sources of energy were: human, animal or the one given by water or wind.

Trade● Long-distance trade

● The triangular trade:○ capture slaves in Africa and

take them to America in order to work in mines and plantations,

○ export the raw materials produced by slaves to Europe, make manufactured products in Europe,

○ exchange those products in Africa for slaves, repiting the cicle.

● Controlled by the bourgeoise, who became very rich.

ACTIVITES

•Do the following activities:oPage 65: 18 and 19 (Trade)

Economic systemAfter the discovery of America, two economic systems developed:

Commercial capitalism Mercantilism

16th-century Parisian fair, showing how trade facilitated great economic expansion (John James Chalon, 1822)

Economic System

THE 16TH CENTURY: COMMERCIAL CAPITALISM

● Thanks to the discovery of the New World there was a significant economic growth in Europe.

● The New World became an important new market for European exports.

● Commercial capitalism developed:○ A new system that enabled private businesses to accumulate profits,

especially through trade.○ Factors:

■ The emergence of new forms of craft production in workshops and through the domestic system.

■ The establishment of banks (commercial operations)■ New commercial and financial practices (bills of exchange,

loans)

Economic System

THE 17TH CENTURY: MERCANTILISM

● There was a serious economic crisis, caused mostly by the enormous amounts of gold and silver that arrived in Europe from America.

● An excess of these precious metals caused their value to fall, while prices increased.

● Mercantilism○ imposed by Europe´s absolute monarchs○ Based on the idea that a country´s wealth depended on how much

gold and silver it possessed.○ In order to accumulate more of these precious metals, monarchs

implemented protectionist policies to limit imports and encourage exports.

ACTIVITES

•Do the following activities:oPage 43: 13 (Economy)

The estates of the realm● In the Early Modern Age, there was still a closed society:

○ There was a rigid social system which didn´t allow people to change groups easily.

● The estates of the realm continued to be the dominant form of social organisation in Europe.




The estates of the realmTHE BOURGEOISIE

● Upper middle class or bourgeoisie○ was composed of prominent merchants and business owners,

bankers, investors, functionaries, lawyers…○ They become richer and more powerful as the European economy

prospered.

● The lower middle class, or petite bourgeoisie○ composed mostly of small merchants and

craftsmen


THE PEASANTRY

● It was the most numerous group in society.

● It was composed of poor farmers and labourers

● They suffered during the 17th century because of:○ poor harvests, ○ rising prices ○ and the higher taxes which they

had to pay to the crown, nobility and clergy.

ACTIVITES

•Do the following activities:oPage 47: 15 (Society)

Political system

Three types of monarchyduring the Early Modern Age

16th century

Authoritarian monarchy

17th century

Absolute monarchy

17th century

Parliamentary monarchy

Political systemAuthoritatian monarchy

Authoritarian monarchy

It existed in the 16th century.

But they had to respect

institutions that were able to limit

their power.

Monarchs were described as «authoritarian» because they had forced the nobility

to accept their authority.

The Cortes in Spain


• Authoritarian monarchs´ measures in order to govern their kingdoms more effectively:

Measures

They unified all the territories that were under their control.

They established administrative unity for the entire kingdom.

They created royal armies to end their dependence on the nobility for military support.


• They unified all the territories that were under their control.

Before uniting the kingdoms in the Iberian Peninsula. After uniting the kingdoms in the

Iberian Peninsula.


• They established administrative unity for the entire kingdom.

Administrative unity of the

Catholic Monarchs

Holy Brotherhood

Corregidores

Royal Council

Royal Treasure


• In Spain, the Catholic Monarchs established religious unity for the entire kingdom.

Religious unity of the Catholic Monarchs

Tribunal of the Inquisition

The expulsion on the

Mudejars

Imposition of the Catholicism

The expulsion of

Jews


• They created royal armies to end their dependence on the nobility for military support.

Political systemat the beginning the 18th century

Political systems

Absolute

monarchy

In almost every European monarchy

Parliamentary monarchy

The exception in Europe

Political systemAbsolute monarchy

• The authoritarian monarchies evolved and became absolute monarchies.

Absolute monarch head of a strong central government

Legislative power

Executive power

Judicial power Militar power

Centralised administration

Control over the Church and

other institutions


• It´s impossible for the Absolutism to separate monachy and State.

Monarchy

State

I am the

State!

Louis XIV of France


• Absolutism was born in France in the 17th century.

• It was supported by the theories of some philosophers like Bossuet, who believed in the Divine Right of Kings.

o These theories believed that monarchs represented God on Earth and everyone should obey them.

o Neither laws nor institutions could be above the king.

Jaques-Bénigne Bossuet


• Louis XIV of France was the first absolut monarch.

• He took control of the government without a prime minister.

• He ruled according to his own wish without asking advice from his ministers or the General Estates (similar to a parliament).

• He created a system of centralised and efficient power.

• He controlled his people tightly, including the nobles.

• He defended the divine origin of his power.• He considered himself to be the incarnation of

the State: «Létat, cést moi» (I am the State).• He developed a complete programme of

propaganda and self-glorification.

Louis XIV

Political systemParliamentary monarchy

• English parliamentary monarchy was the exception in the absolutist Europe.

• English monarchs´ power was limited by the parliament.

• In 1215 the Magna Carta Libertatum (Great Charter of Freedoms) had begunto limit the power of the King.

• Over the following centuries, Parliament became increasingly important and more representative.

English Magna Carta Libertatum. 1215


• In the early 17th century, the kings of the House of Stuart wanted to govern as absolute monarchs.

• Charles I of England wanted to impose the Absolutism.

• The bourgeoise didn´t support the absolute monarchy.

• In 1642 there was a civil war between the supporters of absolute monarchy and the defenders of Parliament.


• The civil war was led by Oliver Cromwell.

• He was in favour of the trial and execution of Charles I.

• In 1649 Charles I was tried by Parliament, found guilty of treason and executed.

• The Republic was proclaimed and Oliver Cromwell became the ruler of England between 1653 and 1658.

Oliver Cromwell


• In 1660, Parliament re-established the monarchy and Charles II was named King.

• In 1679 the Habeas Corpus Act was passed by the Parliament:o It prevented the King from arbitrarily

imprisoning people.

Charles II of England


• In 1688, the «Glorious Revolution» took place:o Parliament overthrew James II.o They offered the throne to his daughter

and her husband: Mary II and Wlliam III (1689).

o They swore to respect the Bill of Rights. It limited the powers of the monarch. It submitted some of his decisions to

Parliament. The monarch could not impose taxes

without Parliament´s

consent.• In this way, in England the separation of the three powers were imposed.

James II of England


Revision

Political liberalismFreedom every person had rights

Equality before the law (the opposite to the privileges)

The property as criteria for social differentiation.

Only those who owned properties contributed to the State. Consequently, only these had the right to take part in the

political system (restricted suffrage)

Political systemTHE IMPORTANCE OF THE ENGLISH MODEL OF PARLIAMENTARY MONARCHY

• In the late 17th century, the English philosopher John Locke:

o Criticised absolutism.o Defended the principles and values of the English

model of parliamentary monarchy.o He enunciated the doctrine of the political

liberalism:

John Locke, by Herman Verelst.

His reflections became the origin of the Enlightenment in France.

Political systemTHE IMPORTANCE OF THE ENGLISH MODEL OF PARLIAMENTARY MONARCHY

ACTIVITES

•Do the following activities:oPage 43: 8, 10 and 12 (Politics)

ACTIVITES

•Do the following activities:oPage 65: 18 and 19 (Trade)oPage 43: 13 (Economy)oPage 43: 15 (Society)oPage 43: 8, 10 and 12 (Politics)

THE TRANSFORMATION OF THE ANCIEN RÉGIME

The 18th century: the Early Modern and Modern Ages


Read the text and look for the answers to the following questions:

1.- What is the importance of the 18th century?

2.- What happened during this period?

3.- What was one of the main developments in the 18th century?

4.- What did the supporters of the Enlightenment want?

5.- What was the consequence of the ideas of the Enlightenment?

Go to page 52

Voltaire


• Transformation of the basic structures of the Ancien Régime:

The Enlightenment: a change in thinking.

The Enlightenment

Go to page 53

Read the text and answer the following questions:

1. What was Enlightenment?2. What was Enlightenment thinkers´ opinion about the Ancien

Régime?3. What did Enlightenment thinkers want?4. Name the main principles of Enlightenment thought.5. What did Enlightenment thinkers say about reason?6. What did Enlightenment thinkers say about learning and

thinking?7. What did Enlightenment thinkers say about equality and

liberty?8. How were enlighted ideas spread?9. Where did Enlightenment thinkers organised meetings? 10. Describe the picture on page 53.11. What did the intellectuals D´Alembert and Diderot do?12. What was the importance of the Encyclopaedia?

Voltaire

Enlightenment

Principles of Enlightenment

Reason versus

tradition or

superstition

Learning and

teachingEducate

and «enlighten»

society.

Tolerance

to coexist in society.

Social equality:- Oposition

to the estates of the realm.

- Every person could

progress in society

thanks to his/her

abilities, in stead of the economic

privilegies of noble

families.

Enlightenment

• The salon of Madame Geoffrin in Paris gathered wise men, politicians, soldiers, nobles, philosophers and aristhocrats.

Enlightenment

• The Encyclopaedia

o It summarised knowledge from

many areas of study, including

science, philosophy, art and grammar.

Enlightenment criticisms and proposals.

PROPOSALS ABOUT POLITICS

He argued for the separation of powers.

The three branches of power should be

separated from one another (not in the

same person or institution).

Montesquieu

He supported the existence of parliaments.

Voltaire

He introduced the idea of popular

sovereignty.

Rousseau

Citizens establish a treaty with the State in the Constitution:- Citizens allow the State to govern in their name.- The power is not the monarch´s but the citizens´.- The king is just a representative of the nation.

Enlightenment criticisms and proposals.

PROPOSALS ABOUT ECONOMY

• Phsiocracy versus Mercantilism

• Phisiocrats argued that agriculture was the true source of wealth of a country.o Industry just transformed the agricultural

products.o Trade just exchanged them.

• They proposed to eliminate the lands of the Church and the Nobility which weren´t exploded.

The phisiocrat QuesnaySome ministers such as Turgot in France and Jovellanos in Spain tried to carry out this policies but they didn´t succed because of the oposition of the privileged people.

A nation should reach the full agricultural production to be rich.

Enlightenment criticisms and proposals.PROPOSALS ABOUT SOCIETY

• Enlightenment thinkers criticised the social inequalities of the estates system:

o No group should have special privileges under the law.

The Enlightenment in Spain

• Spanish Enlightenment thinkers

Jovellanos The count of Floridablanca

We wanted to use Enlightenment ideas to improve economic, social and cultural conditions in Spain.

Spain had declined during the reigns of the

Lesser Hapsburgs.

The Enlightenment in Spain

• To communicate Enlightenment ideas:

JovellanosThe Count of Floridablanca

We established schools, academies and special associations known as

sociedades económicas de amigos del país in Madrid.

We published scientific and

literary papers.

Ruta por el Madrid de los Borbones

Imágenes del Madrid de los Borbones.

http://www.guiaturisticamadrid.com/madrid-de-los-borbones-ruta.php



https://www.google.es/search?q=academia+de+san+fernando+madrid&source=lnms&tbm=isch&sa=X&ei=8_ZPUoakFpHJswbO2YGoAg&ved=0CAcQ_AUoAQ&biw=1366&bih=643&dpr=1



Enlightenment politics in Europe, America and Spain

ENLIGHTENED DESPOTISM

•Who is a despot?


Definition

It was a new form of government that developed in some European countries in the 18th century.

Objective

To modernise the country To improve quality of life by combining:

Absolute monarchy

Enlightened ideas

Charles III of Spain

They are despots (absolute monarchs) who use the enlightened ideas to improve society but imposing their laws to the people without asking.


CharacteristicsCentralised governements

To consolidate their power

Enlightened thinkers as ministersTo promote reform

Making changes pacefully, through education and law

To avoid challegnes to their power

How did absolute monarchs introduced the Enlightenment to their politics?

This system didn´t succeed as a form of government because it maintained the privileges of the estates system.

Which monarchs in Europe were Enlightened despots?

Carlos III Catherine the Great of Russia

Joseph II of Austria Frederick II of Prusia

These monarchs implemented various enlightened reforms, such as:

Unification of the legal system.

Modernisation of the army.

Promotion of agriculture, industry, education and culture.

Enlightened despotism

• Famous sentences that summarize the Enlightened despotism:

Everything for the people,

nothing by the people.

Argue as much as you will and about

whatever you will, but obey!

Holy Roman Emperor Joseph II Frederick II of Prusia

Europe in the 18th century

18th-century society

• What changes did the Enlightment introduce in the estates of the realm?

oNobility and clergy?

oWealthy middle class, or bourgeoisie?

oPeasants?

THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION


• What is the importance of the American Revolution?

o It was the first revolution inspired in Enlightenment ideology of equality and liberty.

o It was a model for the French Revolution and the independent movements of the rest of America.

o It established the first liberal political system.

o The first Constitution of the world was written in 1787.

THE THIRTEEN COLONIES OF AMERICA

1.When did the first settlers arrive to the colonies in North America?

2.What was the name of the first British colony?

3.When and when was Jamestown established?

4.Why did Virginia became rich?

5.How many colonies were there? Name them.

6.Where did «Pilgrims» come from?

7.Were these colonies free? Why?

8.Wat were their most important products?


Problems between the colonists and the British government

Political causeThe colonists paid taxes to Great

Britain, but they had no

representation in the British

government.

Socio-economic causeThe colonists could not do business with

other countries, and therefore

could not make a good profit.

• CAUSES OF THE CONFLICT


• The slogan of the colonists

• They wanted to become independent with their own government.


• A conflict with taxes

Explain why the colonists were very angry


• The Boston Tea Party

Explain what happened in Boston on 16 December 1773


• What happened in April 1775?

Explain who the patriots were

You can watch this

film.


Thomas Jefferson wrote the Bill of Rights of

Virginia in 1776.

What is th

e

importa

nce

of this

document?

What happened in this picture? When did it happen?


• What happened in the battle of Yorktown, Virginia, in 1781?

Who is the man riding a horse?


Who is this man?

1.-

2.-

3.-

THE UNITED STATES CONSTITUTION

THE USA CONSTITU

TION1787

Popular sovereignty

A Federal republic

Separation of powersLegal equality of ALL

citizens

Limited suffrage to men

THE UNITED STATES CONSTITUTION

CHANGES IN SPAIN

A CHANGE OF DINASTY

The Catholic Monarch

s

Charles I Philip II

Philip III Philip IV Charles II

Who will inherit the Spanish throne?

A CHANGE OF DINASTYCHARLES II

• He was the last Spanish king of the Hapsburg line.

• He had no children, so he designated the Bourbon Philip of Anjou as his heir.

Charles II (Hapsburg) Philip of Anjou (Bourbon)

A CHANGE OF DINASTY

• When Charles II died in 1700, there was a dispute for the throne in Europe.

• The archduke Charles of Austria didn´t accept a Bourbon in the throne of Spain, and he demanded his rights to the throne.

Archduke Charles of Austria (Hapsburg)

THE WAR OF THE SPANISH SUCCESSION (1701-1714)


• END OF THE WAR => THE TREATY OF UTRECHT (1714)

TREATY OF

UTRECHT

Philip of Anjou became King of Spain as Philip V

Spain lost some of its territories and it was not a great european power any

more.



Philiip of Anjou of the Bourbon dinasty became the king of Spain as Philip V, the first monarch of the Bourbon dynasty.



The end of the European imperial policy for Spain.

CENTRALISATION UNDER THE BOURBONS

• Philip V reformed the political structure of Spain.

• He was inspired by French centralised government.

• He took mesures to establish administrative uniformity in their territories:

Central government

Regional government

Local government

CENTRALISATION UNDER THE BOURBONS

• DECRETOS DE NUEVA PLANTAo Castilla´s laws were imposed.o The various cortes were consolidated into one for the whole kingdom.

Spain was divided into provinces governed by an intendant.

ECONOMIC REFORMS IN SPAIN

• The Spanish economy experienced enormous growth in the 18th century as a result of reforms introduced by Felipe V and Carlos III.

Reforms

Agriculture Industry Trade Society


REFORMS IN AGRICULTURE

• Canals were built to facilitate irrigation and to improve transports through navigation.

Canal of Castilla (Vídeo)

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nAHtcDYOzHI&list=PLUxQ3vkfI8VWJRxqsuiG0VprWoAIK8OOo

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nAHtcDYOzHI&list=PLUxQ3vkfI8VWJRxqsuiG0VprWoAIK8OOo


REFORMS IN AGRICULTURE

• Uninhabited areas were colonised, like the Sierra Morena. (link)

http://www.cosasdeandalucia.com/web/index.php/identidad-topmenu-48/sede-identidad-topmenu-50/1064.html


REFORMS IN INDUSTRY

Royal manufactures produced various luxury goods.

These products adorned royal palaces and were also bought by the nobility and the bourgeoise.

Royal manufacture of crystal objects. La Granja. Segovia.

SOCIAL REFORMS IN SPAIN

• Carlos III eliminated the legal dishonour of labour.

Members of nobility could now work for a living.

• The Esquilache Riots (El motín de Esquilache)

SOCIAL REFORMS IN SPAIN

• Carlos III expelled the Jesuists from Spain in 1767.

The Jesuists were a Catholic Order which had a lot of power over education in Spain.

ART DURING THE ENLIGHTENMENT

NEW STYLESTWO NEW ARTISTIC STYLES DURING THE

18th CENTURY

ROCOCO

NEOCLASSICISM

ROCOCO

• What is Rococo style?

The Rococo was a popular artistic style between the 1730s and 1760s. It reflected the aesthetic tastes of nobility, who wanted homes and decorations that represented the joy of life.

The swing, by Fragonard

ROCOCOARQUITECTURE

• Rococo interiors (inside the building)

• Irregular forms• Curves• A lot of decoration in ceilings

and walls inside the palaces.• A lot of furniture, courtains

and other luxury objects.• Seashells and floral elements.

• What is it? It is a room of the Hôtel de Soubise in Paris.

• Who did it? Germain Boffrand• Which is its approximate date? 1735-1740• How is it? There is a lot of decoration in

ceilings and walls. Arquitecture and furniture show irregular forms and a lot of curves. There are some luxury objects on some furniture.

• What information from the past does it give us? It reflects the aesthetic tastes of the nobility, who wanted homes and decorations that represented the joys of life. The nobility tried to resist changes that would reduce their dominance due to the ideas of Enlightenment.

• What was it used for? (function) The Hôtel de Soubise was a palace built for the Prince and Princess de Soubise in Paris.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%B4tel_particulier

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soubise

ROCOCO IN SPAIN

• What is it? It is the Gasparini Salon in the Royal Palace in Madrid.

• Who did it? Gasparini• Which is its approximate date? 1735-1740• How is it? There is a lot of decoration in

ceilings and walls. Arquitecture and furniture show irregular forms and a lot of curves. There are a lot of luxury objects on some furniture.

• What information from the past does it give us? It reflects the aesthetic tastes of the nobility, who wanted homes and decorations that represented the joys of life. The nobility tried to resist changes that would reduce their dominance due to the ideas of Enlightenment.

• What was it used for? (function) Charles III used this room for both receiving guests and as a dressing room.

ROCOCOSCULPTURE

• They were often small and represented joyful and mythological themes.

• What is it? It is Bouchardon´s Cupid.• Who did it? Bouchardon• Which is its approximately date? 1750• How is it? It is sculpted in marble and depicts a

mythological theme: Cupid, the Roman god of love.• What information from the past does it give us? It

reflects the aesthetic tastes of the nobility, who wanted decorations that represented the joys of life. The nobility tried to resist changes that would reduce their dominance due to the ideas of Enlightenment.

• What was it used for? (function) To decorate the nobility´s palaces with the representation of the joys of life.

ROCOCOPAINTING

• They used pastel colours.• They represented mythological

themes, rural festivals and domestic scenes.

• What is it? It is «Rinaldo and Armida»• Who did it? François Boucher• Which is its approximate date? 1734• How is it? It uses pastel colours and

represents a scene of a poem by an Italian poet, about the Christian Rinaldo being bewitched by the magician Armida.

• What information from the past does it give us? It reflects the aesthetic tastes of the nobility, who wanted decorations that represented the joys of life. The nobility tried to resist changes that would reduce their dominance due to the ideas of Enlightenment.

• What was it used for? (function) To decorate the nobility´s palaces with the representation of the joys of life.

NEOCLASSICISM

• What is Neoclassicism?

• It was an artistic style that was popular in Europe between the 1760s abd 1830s.

• It imitated classical art and reflected the aesthetic tastes of Enlightenment thinkers and the middle class.

• They rejected the leisurely lifestyle of the nobility and Rococo´s excessive decoration.

• It reflected ideas of order and moral correctness.

Puerta de Alcalá, by Sabatini

NEOCLASSICISMARQUITECTURE

• Buildings were well-proportioned• They used classical elements:

o Rounded archeso Columnso Domes

• Straight lines were used.• They built balanced, simetrical and

solid buildings.

• What is it? It is the Pantheon in Paris.• Who did it? Soufflot.• Which is its approximately date? • How is it? It is a building made of stone. It

uses classical features, such as classical columns, corinthian capitals, pediments decorated with scuptures and a dome. Lines are straight and show a well-proportioned building.

• What information from the past does it give us? It reflects the aesthetic tastes of the Enlighenment thinkers and the middle class. It reflects the ideas of order and moral correctness.

• What was it used for? (function) First, it was thought to be a church. During the French Revolution, it became the mausoleum of great Frenchmen.

NEOCLASSICISM IN SPAIN

• What is it? The former Gabinete de Ciencias Naturales, which is now the Prado Museum in Madrid.

• Who did it? Villanueva.• Which is its approximately date?

1786• How is it? It is a building made of

stone. It uses classical features, such as classical columns, doric capitals, pediments decorated with scuptures and a dome. Lines are straight and show a well-proportioned building.

• What information from the past does it give us? It reflects the aesthetic tastes of the Enlighenment thinkers. It reflects the ideas of order and moral correctness.

• What was it used for? (function) It was built for the Gabinete de Ciencias Naturales in Spain.

NEOCLASSICISM

SCULPTURE

• They were made of marble• They represented mythological

themes or famous people.

• What is it? It is «Eros and Psique»• Who did it? Canovas• Which is its approximately date? 1793• How is it? It is made of marble. It represents

the mythological scene of Eros and Psique.• What information from the past does it give

us? It reflects the aesthetic tastes of the Enlighenment thinkers and the middle class. It reflects the ideas of order and moral correctness.

• What was it used for? (function) It was a new interpretation of the classical sculpture.

NEOCLASSICISM IN SPAIN

• What is it? The Cibeles Fountain, in the Plaza de Cibeles, Madrid.

• Who did it? Ventura Rodríguez.• Which is its approximately date?

1782• How is it? It is sculpted in marble

and depicts a mythological theme: a chariot pulled by lions driven by Ceres, the Roman goddess of fertility.

• What information from the past does it give us? It reflects the aesthetic tastes of the Enlighenment thinkers. It reflects the ideas of order and moral correctness. • What was it used for? (function) It was a new

interpretation of the classical sculpture. It was used to beautify that square of Madrid, following the orders of Carlos III, who wanted to remodel the city.

NEOCLASSICISM

PAINTING

• People are painted like statues.• The themes were frequently

mythological or historical, with idealised images of famous people.

• What is it? It is «El juramento de los Horacios»

• Who did it? Jacques-Louis David• Which is its approximately date? 1784• How is it? Figures are painted as if they were

statues. It represents the Roman greeting.

• What information from the past does it give us? It reflects the aesthetic tastes of the Enlighenment thinkers and the middle class. It reflects the ideas of order and moral correctness.

• What was it used for? (function) It was a new interpretation of the classical themes.

• Elaborated by Prof. Mª Isabel Aguña Aguerri Social Science bilingual teacher

Education

THE ANCIENT REGIME AND ITS TRANSFORMATION