SUBMITTED TO:-

SUBMITTED BY:-ISHAN JAIN

RAJIV SIR

CLASS -9TH F

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History of computers

and latest technology.

(coming soon)

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History of Computers

• Mechanical Computers– Abacus– Jacquard Loom– Player Piano– Difference Engine– Analytical Engine– Hollerith and the 1890 US Census

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The Jacquard Loom

• Program cards with punched holes to control the pattern being woven.

• Less talented people could make cloth as fancy as highly skilled weavers.

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Player Piano

The typical upright player piano was operated by pumping two large foot pedals which came out from inside the lower panel of the instrument. Pumping these pedals created a vacuum, which operated a perforated paper roll located behind sliding doors in the front panel of the instrument. The perforations in the paper roll passed over a series of holes through which vacuum was pulled to activate the keys.

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The Difference Engine

• Predecessor to the Analytical Engine

• Calculated value of polynomials via the addition of differences

• Single purpose - not programmable for other purposes

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The Difference Engine

• Calculates a polynomial such as the square of a number via a sum of the differences.

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The Analytical Engine

• Added the concept of storing on cards the sequence of operations for a machine such as the difference engine to make it programmable.

• Augusta Ada, Countess of Lovelace was the first computer programmer.

• We have named a programming language (Ada) in her honor.

Charles Babbage

Augusta Ada8

Hollerith Cards

• Hollerith used punched cards to hold data and could mechanically sort the cards and add/print data from cards in sorted order.

• Hollerith cards were used for utility bills and US Savings Bonds as recently as the 1980’s.

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Hollerith Card Processing

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History of Computers

• Early Electrical/Electronic Computers– Atanasoff-Berry Computer – Vacuum

Tubes– Konrad Zuse and Helmut Schreyer -

Relays– Howard Aiken (Harvard Mark I) – Relays

• Typical Uses – Compute Ballistic Firing Tables for

Artillery– Solutions for Algebraic Equations

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Relays versus Vacuum Tubes

Relays are switches controlledby a magnetic field

Input VoltageAnd Current

Output Voltage(s)And Current(s)

Electromagnet

Switches

Filament Power

Output Voltage(s)And Current(s)

Input VoltageAnd Current

Vacuum Tubes are

switches controlled

by an electric field

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Relays versus Vacuum Tubes

• Both were in mass production at the time (1940’s)– Relays were used in telephone switches– Vacuum tubes were used in radios.

• Relays used mechanical switches that could fail due to dirt, etc. and were slower than vacuum tubes

• Relays were more reliable than vacuum tubes which had a filament (like a light bulb) that could burn out.

• Both used a relatively large amount of power by comparison to today’s electronic circuits

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History of Computer Hardware

• Electronic Computers – First Generation– British Colossus– Electronic Numerical Integrator and

Computer (ENIAC)– IBM 7090

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ENIAC

• A 30 by 50 foot room• 18,000 Vacuum Tubes• Programming done via

wires on patch panels• Not as powerful as the

machine in front of you

• Mean Time Between Failure (MTBF) shorter than many practical jobs

Lots of heat generated by the vacuum tubes - needed cooling

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History of Computer Hardware

• Electronic Computers – Second Generation– Transistors (invented 1957)– IBM 360– Honeywell 316

• Many large racks of equipment using a lot of power and needing an air conditioned room

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History of Computer Hardware

• Electronic Computers - Third Generation– Integrated Circuits

(invented 1963)– IBM 370– DEC VAX

• Fewer smaller equipment racks, but still using a lot of power / needing an air conditioned room

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History of Computer Hardware

• Electronic Computers – Fourth Generation– Large scale/Very Large Scale Integrated

Circuits–Microprocessors (Computer on a chip)– IBM PC and Apple Macintosh– IBM Mainframes and Servers– Apollo/HP/Sun Workstations

• Single shelf, Desktop, and Laptop Possible

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The Computer as a Tool• Calculators– “Modern” Mechanical Calculators

– Slide Rules

– Modern Pocket Calculators

– Windows Calculator Accessory• Programs/Accessories/Calculator on PC Screen• Easy to use because it looks like a modern pocket

calculator19

Latest technology (coming soon)

There are a hundred of technologies which are coming nowadays are wearable computers, 3d holographic phones, paper

phones, piezo electricity generators, motion gaming, nano technology cell phones, virtual reality, G-speak , 3d

games e.t.c.

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Wearable computers

Now a days the latest technology that is coming is wearable computers. In this technology the mobile phones or computers are embedded in the human skin only and that converts your skin into a touch screen !!! This technology would take about 10- 15 years. Amazing!!!!!!!!!!!!

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3d holographic phones

3D holographic phones are the most amazing phones of the 5TH generation. In these type of phones there is a projector in such type of phones. these projector generates 3D images in air which can be touch to see output. There is also motion gaming on such type of phones. The best example is PS3.

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Paper phones

In these phones the internal circuit and the screen both are made from flexible displays which can be folded and even they don’t break after turning into a circle.

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Augmented reality

Augmented reality is a type of technology which uses Your camera ,GPS, and your internet connection and creates a separate layer where you have focused your camera.

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Piezo electricity generatorsPiezo electricity generators are

very small generators and

are round in shape. They can generate energy whenever they are put near a

vibrating resource. They

are also the most amazing objects

of the 5th generation. They have also been tested in Japan.

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Motion GamingThis has been introduced in PS3 and kinect with Xbox. This is been the most adventures way for gaming. It’s console has 3 cameras (in kinect) one has a simple sensing and other have only two camera for sensing the player.

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Nano technology cell phonesNokia recently has been announced to the concept of morph phone which uses nanoscale technology. It is being researched in Cambridge university, but still it is about 15- 20 years away from materialization. Its main specialty is it can be turned as a elastic at a electronic level.

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Virtual realityToshiba has been developed a new type of helmet which gave user 360 view and in VR environment. It works on the principle of Immersion where 3D images are made to appear life size from the perspective of the user along with audio and video hap tic feed back based ion the user eye movements and head movements images are correspondily adjusted and responds to every action of user.

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G-Speak technology G-speak is developed by John Underkoffler. It’s a system which allows users to navigate and interact with data in a unprecedented, visually rich , natural and responsive manner.

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Thank you for Seeing my slides

Bye Bye