VERBS ACTION OR LINKING AUXILIARY (= HELPER) 4 PRINCIPAL FORMS SIMPLE TENSES PERFECT TENSES PROGRESSIVE TENSES PERFECT PROGRESSIVE TENSES

VERBS• ACTION OR LINKING• AUXILIARY (= HELPER)• 4 PRINCIPAL FORMS• SIMPLE TENSES• PERFECT TENSES• PROGRESSIVE TENSES• PERFECT PROGRESSIVE TENSES

•THERE ARE 2 MAIN CATEGORIES INTO WHICH VERBS MAY BE DIVIDED: ACTION AND LINKING.

•Action verbs express action: either mental or physical. The subject of the sentence performs the action described by the verb in such situations.

•Linking verbs are used to link the subject to the predicate word (either the p.n. or the p.a.).

ACTION LINKING

Forms of “BE”am, is, are, was, were, will be, been, being

VERBS

Verbs Expressing Condition

look, smell, feel, sound, taste, grow, appear, become, seem, remain

AUXILIARY VERBS

• These are also called helping verbs when they are part of a verb phrase.

• Some auxiliary verbs can also be used as the main verb in certain situations.

• Common Auxiliary Verbs: – be (am, is, are, was, were, will be, been,

being) – have (have, has, had, will have)– do (do, does, did)– can, could, shall, should, will, would, may, might,

must

THE 4 PRINCIPAL FORMS OF A VERB

• Every verb has 4 principal forms: – the present tense– the present participle – the past tense – the past participle

• Participles ALWAYS need a helper. They may never function alone as a verb phrase.

• These 4 parts are used to make all of a verb’s tenses and forms.– He looks at the sky every night. (present tense)– He is looking for answers to his questions. (A

helper and a present participle were used to form a verb phrase in a particular tense.)

Verbs to MemorizePresent Tense Present

ParticiplePast Tense Past

Participle

freeze(s) freezing froze frozen

fall(s) falling fell fallen

ride(s) riding rode ridden

come(s) coming came come



Participle

burst(s) bursting burst burst

cost(s) costing cost cost

cut(s) cutting cut cut

hit(s) hitting hit hit

hurt(s) hurting hurt hurt



Participle

let(s) letting let let

put(s) putting put put

set(s) setting set set

shut(s) shutting shut shut

bring(s) bringing brought brought



Participle

catch(es) catching caught caught

get(s) getting got gotten

lay(s) laying laid laid

lead(s) leading led led

lend(s) lending lent lent



Participle

lose(s) losing lost lost

make(s) making made made

say(s) saying said said

sit(s) sitting sat sat

seek(s) seeking sought sought



Participle

teach(es) teaching taught taught

begin(s) beginning began begun

drink(s) drinking drank drunk

ring(s) ringing rang rung

shrink(s) shrinking shrank shrunk



Participle

sink(s) sinking sank sunk

spring(s) springing sprang sprung

swim(s) swimming swam swum

beat(s) beating beat beaten

break(s) breaking broke broken



Participle

choose(s) choosing chose chosen

lie(s) lying lay lain

speak(s) speaking spoke spoken

steal(s) stealing stole stolen

tear(s) tearing tore torn

wear(s) wearing wore worn



Participle

blow(s) blowing blew blown

do(es) doing did done

draw(s) drawing drew drawn

eat(s) eating ate eaten

give(s) giving gave given

go(es) going went gone



Participle

grow(s) growing grew grown

know(s) knowing knew known

rise(s) rising rose risen

run(s) running ran run

see(s) seeing saw seen

take(s) taking took taken

throw(s) throwing threw thrown

write(s) writing wrote written

TENSES• Tense indicates when an action

occurred.• We will learn several different tenses:

simple, perfect, progressive, and perfect progressive.

• SIMPLE TENSES: past, present, future. You know these already since they are the most commonly used tenses. Conjugate a verb to see its form(s) in any of the simple tenses.

HELPERS FOR TENSES

BE HAVE

PRESENTAMIS

ARE

HAVEHAS

PASTWAS

WEREHAD

FUTURE WILL BE WILL HAVE

PERFECT TENSES

•past perfect = past tense of have + past participle of main verb

•present perfect = present tense of have + past participle of main verb

•future perfect = future tense of have + past participle of main verb

HELPER PARTICIPLE

past perfect

had past participle

present perfect

have or has past participle

future perfect

will have past participle

PERFECT TENSES

write HELPER PARTICIPLE

past perfect

had written

present perfect

havehas

writtenwritten

future perfect

will have written

PERFECT TENSES

PROGRESSIVE TENSES

•past progressive = past tense of be + present participle of main verb

•present progressive = present tense of be + present participle of main verb

•future progressive = future tense of be + present participle of main verb

HELPER PARTICIPLE

past progressive

was, were present participle

present progressive

am, is, are present participle

future progressive

will be present participle

PROGRESSIVE TENSES

play HELPER PARTICIPLE

past progressive

waswere

playingplaying

present progressive

amisare

playingplayingplaying

future progressive

will be playing

PROGRESSIVE TENSES

PERFECT PROGRESSIVE TENSES

• past perfect progressive = past tense of have + “been” + present participle of main verb

• present perfect progressive = present tense of have + “been” + present participle of main verb

• future perfect progressive = future tense of have + “been” + present participle of main verb

HELPER EXTRA HELPER

PARTICIPLE

PAST PERFECT PROGRESSIVE

HAD BEEN PRESENT PARTICIPLE

PRESENT PERFECT PROGRESSIVE

HAVE, HAS

BEEN PRESENT PARTICIPLE

FUTURE PERFECT PROGRESSIVE

WILL HAVE

BEEN PRESENT PARTICIPLE


RUN HELPER EXTRA HELPER

PARTICIPLE

PAST PERFECT PROGRESSIVE

HAD BEEN RUNNING

PRESENT PERFECT PROGRESSIVE

HAVEHAS

BEENBEEN

RUNNINGRUNNING

FUTURE PERFECT PROGRESSIVE

WILL HAVE

BEEN RUNNING


SIMPLE TENSES OF “FREEZE”

•SIMPLE PRESENT: FREEZE(S)

Why are there two forms?

•SIMPLE PAST: FROZE•SIMPLE FUTURE: WILL

FREEZE

PERFECT TENSES OF “FREEZE”

•PAST PERFECT: had frozen•PRESENT PERFECT: have/has frozen•FUTURE PERFECT: will have frozen

PROGRESSIVE TENSES OF “FREEZE”

•PAST PROGRESSIVE: was/were freezing•PRESENT PROGRESSIVE: am/is/are freezing•FUTURE PROGRESSIVE: will be freezing

PERFECT PROGRESSIVE TENSES OF “FREEZE”

• PAST PERFECT PROGRESSIVE: had been freezing

• PRESENT PERFECT PROGRESSIVE:

have/has been freezing• FUTURE PERFECT

PROGRESSIVE: will have been freezing

Documents

VERBS ACTION OR LINKING AUXILIARY (= HELPER) 4 PRINCIPAL FORMS SIMPLE TENSES PERFECT TENSES PROGRESSIVE TENSES PERFECT PROGRESSIVE TENSES