PERFECT TENSES

Miguel Ángel Rodríguez López

Present PerfectFORM[has/have + past participle]

Examples:Examples:• You You have seenhave seen that movie many times. that movie many times. • HaveHave you you seenseen that movie many that movie many

times? times? • You You have not seenhave not seen that movie many that movie many

times.times.

Present Perfect

USE 1 Unspecified Time Before NowWe use the Present Perfect to say that an

action happened at an unspecified time before now. The exact time is not important.

I I have beenhave been to France. to France.

Doctors Doctors have curedhave cured many deadly diseases many deadly diseases.

Present Perfect

USE 2 Duration From the Past Until Now

We use the Present Perfect to show that something started in the past and has continued up until now. "For five minutes," "for two weeks," and "since Tuesday" are all durations which can be used with the Present Perfect.

I I have hadhave had a cold for two weeks. a cold for two weeks. Mary Mary has lovedhas loved chocolate since she was chocolate since she was

a little girl. a little girl.

Present Perfect Continuous

FORM[has/have + been + present participle]Examples:• You have been waiting here for

two hours. • Have you been waiting here for

two hours? • You have not been waiting here

for two hours.

Present Perfect ContinuousUSE 1 Duration from the Past Until Now

We use the Present Perfect Continuous to show that something started in the past and has continued up until now. "For five minutes," "for two weeks," and "since Tuesday" are all durations which can be used with the Present Perfect Continuous.

They They have been talkinghave been talking for the last hour. for the last hour.

What What havehave you you been doingbeen doing for the last 30 for the last 30 minutes? minutes?

Present Perfect Continuous

USE 2 Recently, LatelyYou can also use the Present Perfect Continuous

WITHOUT a duration such as "for two weeks." Without the duration, the tense has a more general meaning of "lately." We often use the words "lately" or "recently" to emphasize this meaning.

Recently, I Recently, I have been feelinghave been feeling really really tired. tired.

She She has been watchinghas been watching too much too much television lately.television lately.

Past Perfect

FORM [had + past participle]Examples:• You had studied English before you

moved to New York. • Had you studied English before you

moved to New York? • You had not studied English before

you moved to New York.

Past PerfectUSE 1 Completed Action Before

Something in the PastThe Past Perfect expresses the idea that something occurred

before another action in the past. It can also show that something happened before a specific time in the past.

I I hadhad never never seenseen such a beautiful beach such a beautiful beach before I went to Kauai. before I went to Kauai.

I did not have any money because I I did not have any money because I had had lostlost my wallet. my wallet.

Past PerfectUSE 2 Duration Before Something in

the Past (Non-Continuous Verbs)We use the Past Perfect to show that something

started in the past and continued up until another action in the past.

We We had hadhad had that car for ten years before it that car for ten years before it broke down. broke down.

By the time Alex finished his studies, he By the time Alex finished his studies, he had had beenbeen in London for over eight years. in London for over eight years.

Past Perfect Continuous

FORM[had been + present participle]You had been waiting there for more than

two hours when she finally arrived. Had you been waiting there for more than

two hours when she finally arrived? You had not been waiting there for more

than two hours when she finally arrived.

Past Perfect ContinuousUSE 1 Duration Before Something in the

PastWe use the Past Perfect Continuous to show that

something started in the past and continued up until another time in the past. "For five minutes" and "for two weeks" are both durations which can be used with the Past Perfect Continuous. Notice that this is related to the Present Perfect Continuous; however, the duration does not continue until now, it stops before something else in the past.

They They had been talkinghad been talking for over an hour before Tony for over an hour before Tony arrived. arrived.

She She had been workinghad been working at that company for three at that company for three years when it went out of business.years when it went out of business.

Past Perfect Continuous

USE 2 Cause of Something in the Past

Using the Past Perfect Continuous before another action in the past is a good way to show cause and effect.

Jason was tired because he Jason was tired because he had been had been joggingjogging. .

Sam gained weight because he Sam gained weight because he had been had been overeatingovereating..

Future Perfect

FORM Future Perfect [will have + past participle]Examples:• You will have perfected your English by

the time you come back from the U.S. • Will you have perfected your English by

the time you come back from the U.S.? • You will not have perfected your English

by the time you come back from the U.S.

Future PerfectUSE 1 Completed Action Before

Something in the Future The Future Perfect expresses the idea that

something will occur before another action in the future. It can also show that something will happen before a specific time in the future.

By next November, I By next November, I will have receivedwill have received my my promotion. promotion.

WillWill she she have learnedhave learned enough Chinese to enough Chinese to communicate before she communicate before she movesmoves to Beijing? to Beijing?

Future PerfectUSE 2 Duration Before Something

in the Future (Non-Continuous Verbs)

We use the Future Perfect to show that something will continue up until another action in the future.

I I will have beenwill have been in London for six in London for six months by the time I leave. months by the time I leave.

By Monday, Susan By Monday, Susan will have hadwill have had my my book for a week. book for a week.

Notice:

Future Perfect Continuous:You will have been waiting for more than two hours

when her plane finally arrives. Will you have been waiting for more than two hours

when her plane finally arrives? You will not have been waiting for more than two hours

when her plane finally arrives.

The particles for, since, already, yet, ever (never)…for, since, already, yet, ever (never)… are normally used with perfect tenses

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