R. Raj Kumar,Master of Education,

Department of Education,Periyar University,

Salem - 636 011,2013-14.

Teacher – Learner Transaction

SEMINAR –II Teaching – learning Strategies

Activity-based strategies encourage students to learn by doing. They provide authentic, real-life opportunities for students to participate in active, self-directed learning experiences where they have opportunities to explore, make choices, solve problems, and interact with others. Activity-based learning is often referred to as project-based learning and shares many of the goals of independent and cooperative learning.

Activity-based Strategies activity/learning

•Activity Learning Centers

•Oral Presentation

•Carousel •Panel Discussion

•Debate •Rehearsal/Practice

•Field Trip •Retelling•Game •Stimulation

•Survey

The study of the arts helps students to develop the intellectual, creative, social, emotional, and physical aspects of their lives. Arts-based strategies encourage students to understand and appreciate a variety of the forms of music, visual arts, drama, and dance.

Through the study of the arts and the application of arts-based strategies to all disciplines, students learn to:relate their own culture to other cultures (e.g., in

history and classical studies);communicate using art forms (e.g., in mathematics

and science);Cont…

Arts-Based Strategies

express feelings and ideas through art (e.g., dramatizing scientific concepts);

connect art to history, geography, language, culture, and human interaction;

experience art as a source of pleasure and learning (e.g., puppetry strategies for foreign language acquisition and practice);

understand relationships between disciplines (e.g., mathematics and music, design and visual arts);

use technology in art (e.g., three-dimensional renderings, web pages).

Arts-Based Strategies•Ceremony •Mask Making•Chanting •Puppetry•Choral Reading

•Reader’s Theatre

•Choreography

•Role Playing

•Collage •Sketching to Learn

•Docudrama •Story Theatre•Forum Theatre

•Storyboard

•Improvisation

•Tableau

Cooperative learning strategies help students to become active, responsible, and caring citizens by promoting positive and collaborative group interactions, respectful listening behaviour, and the weighing of both sides

of an argument or issue.

Co-operative Strategies

group collaboration for positive interdependence (i.e., all must work together to achieve success);

individual accountability (i.e., each individual must contribute in order to learn);

interpersonal skills of communication, trust, decision making, and conflict resolution;

face-to-face interviewing, processing, and sharing skills;

final reflection and debriefing to assess the effectiveness of the process.

The key concepts of cooperative learning include:

Cooperative Strategies•Buddy System •Mentoring•Collaborative Teaching

•Number Heads

•Community Links •Peer Practice•Conflict Resolution •Peer Teaching•Discussion •Round Robin•Interview •Round Table•Jigsaw •Think/Pair/

Share•Literature Circles

Direct instruction strategies are used in a structured environment that is directed by the teacher/group leader. Direct instruction encompasses a wide variety of instructional strategies that are effective when:background information is required for

learning;new knowledge and skills are introduced and/or

deled by the teacher;it is necessary to communicate information

known only to the teacher (for example, safety information);

prior learning needs to be reinforced.

Direct Instruction Strategies

Direct Instruction Strategies•Advance Organizer •Prompt•Book Talks •Read Along•Cloze •Read Aloud•Conferencing •Reciprocal

Teaching•Demonstration •Review•Directed Reading-Thinking Activities

•Seminar / Tutorial

•Expository Text Frames •Socratic Dialogue•Flash Cards •Storytelling•Guest Speaker •Story mapping•Guided Exploration •Task Cards•Guided Reading •Textbooks•Guided Writing •Visual Stimuli•Lecture •Visualization

Independent learning strategies help students build knowledge and skills to become self directed, motivated, and independent learners. In order to be effective independent learners, students must also master time-management and self-monitoring strategies.

Independent Learning Strategies

•Home Work •Note Making•Independent Reading

•Portfolio

•Independent Study •Reading Response•Learning Contract •Reflection•Learning Log/Journal

•Report

•Memorization •Response Journal

The overall purpose of inquiry and research for students is not just to answer a specific question but more “to encourage high levels of critical thinking so that processes and resources are appropriate, conclusions are based on supporting evidence, problems are posed and solved, and decisions are made that will extend learning for a lifetime” (Ontario School Library Association, Information Studies, 2000, p. 16).

Inquiry and Research Models

Research and inquiry models share similar stages:

Stage 1: Preparing for Research and InquiryStage 2: Accessing ResourcesStage 3: Processing InformationStage 4: Transferring Learning.•Cognitive Skills Model •Questioning Process

•Decision – Making Models •Research Process

•Historical/Geographical Inquiry

•Scientific Method

•Inquiry Process •Technical Design Process

•Mathematical Problem Solving

•Writing Process

•Problem – Based Models

Learning styles have been “…at the centre of controversy for several decades now, and there is still little agreement about what learning styles really are” (Greg Gay)

The term “learning styles” suggests that individuals may have modalities of learning that are distinguishable, though as Gay points out “whether they represent learning styles or learning differences remains to be seen.”

Learning Styles

Learning Styles•Bodily-Kinesthetic Intelligence

•Musical-Rhythmic Intelligence

•Interpersonal Intelligence

•Verbal-Linguistic Intelligence

•Intrapersonal Intelligence

•Visual-Spatial Intelligence

•Logical-Mathematical Intelligence

Technology and media-based applications are vital aspects of the learning environment in an information-based society. It is therefore important that students learn the strategies and tools to use technology effectively and wisely in their learning – for productivity (databases, spreadsheets, graphic applications), research (the Internet and on-line public access catalogues), and communication (email, the Internet, and multimedia).

Technology/Media-Based Applications

The Ontario Curriculum: Program Planning and Assessment, 2000, identifies the role of technology in the curriculum as:assisting students to become computer

literate;developing information literacy skills;assisting students to become familiar with

a wide range of software applications;developing the ability to critically evaluate

information;ensuring students use technology safely,

effectively, confidently, and ethically.

Technology/Media-Based ApplicationsCommunication Applications

Media Presentation

Computer-Aided Design (CAD)

Media Production

Computer-Assisted Learning

Multimedia Applications

Database Applications

On-line Public Access Catalogues

Email Applications Spreadsheet Applications

Graphic Applications Time-Management Applications

Internet Technologies

Thinking skill strategies develop critical thinking, questioning skills, analytical skills, and reflective practices in students’ approach to learning. These strategies are also designed to foster creative and independent thinking and learning.Thinking skill strategies involve:organizational frameworks such as concept maps

and mind maps that extend the thinking processes;representational strategies such as graphs, maps,

charts, and visual organizers that facilitate communication and transfer of learning to other situations;

evaluative processes such as experimenting, fair test, and inquiry-based research that test assumptions and hypotheses for new learning.

Thinking skill strategies

Independent Learning Strategies•Analyzing Bias / Stereotype •Ma p Making•Anticipation Guide •Media Analysis•Brainstorming •Mental Calculation•Case Study •Meta cognitive

Reflection•Classifying •Mind Map•Concept Mapping •Oral Explanation•Estimating •Problem Posing•Experimenting •Problem Solving•Expressing Another Point of View

•Process Notes

•Fair Test •Semantic Feature Analysis

•Graphing •Serlation•Statistical Analysis •Issue-Based Analysis•Lateral Thinking •Think Aloud•Manipulative •Writing to Learn