Tanzanian media position in framing crime issues

ST. AUGUSTINE UNIVERSITY OF TANZANIA

Faculty of Social Sciences and Communications

Tanzanian media position in framing crime issues

A case of TBC 1

Research Report on Partial Fulfillment of the Requirement for the Award of Bachelor Degree of Art in Mass Communication Submitted to the Department of Journalism and

Mass Communication of SAUT

Mary Kimiti

June, 2013

Declaration

I, Mary Kimiti, declare that this research is my original work and has not been presented

in any other University for similar award.

Signature: _________________________

Date:_____________________________

___________________________________

Denis Mpagaze (research supervisor)

Date: ______________________________

i

Copyright

This research report is a copyright material protected under the Berne Convection Act of

1999 and the other international and national enactments, on that behalf of the intellectual

property. It may not be reproduced by any means, in full or in part, except for short

extracts in fair dealing, for research or private study, critical scholarly review or

discourse with acknowledgement, without written permission of author or dean of

faculty, head of department, or supervisor of this research on behalf of the author and the

St Augustine University of Tanzania.

ii

Dedication

This work is dedicated to my late and lovely parents

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iv

Acknowledgment

First of all, I would like to thank the Almighty God for giving me the gift of life, strength

and wisdom to carry out this research.

Special thanks go to my major supervisor, Mr. Denis Mpagaze, for her patience,

understanding, guidance, and most of all the encouragement he has given me during this

work. May the Almighty God bless you with happy and healthy life all the time. I would

also like to thank all special people to me especially Sr. Immaculate Lekule ,Richard

Rupia, Eva Kimiti ,Paul Nyoni for their advice, encouragement and moral support

Very special thanks go all those people for their love, understanding and financial support

during my undergraduate studies at SAUT. Mentioning you all by names wouldn’t be

possible.

Thank you.

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Abstract

The major objective of this study was to assess the role of Tanzanian media in framing

crime issues. The study was guided by specific objectives; to find out the framing

progressions of crime stories reported by TBC 1 and to ascertain how TBC 1’s images

can directly affect the public perception about crime.

The study was guided by framing theory which is an extension of agenda setting theory

by Walter Lippmann and later extended by Maxwell McCombs. The theory states that

media doesn’t tell people what to think rather what to think about.

The researcher used interviews and questionnaires to collect data. The findings show

there are framing practices which are persisting in TBC 1's operations due to various

influences among others, the power of technocrats. The findings also show that not every

crime is framed but rather there are some categorizations according to the type of crime.

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ContentsDeclaration...........................................................................................................................ii

Copyright............................................................................................................................iii

Dedication...........................................................................................................................iv

Acknowledgment.................................................................................................................v

Abstract...............................................................................................................................vi

CHAPTER ONE..................................................................................................................8

Problem setting....................................................................................................................8

1.1 Introduction................................................................................................................8

1.2 Background of the study............................................................................................8

1.3 Statement of the problem...........................................................................................8

1.4 Research objectives....................................................................................................9

1.4.1 Main Objective........................................................................................................9

1.4.2 Specific objectives...................................................................................................9

1.5 Research questions.....................................................................................................9

1.6 Significance of the study............................................................................................9

1.7 Limitations of the study..............................................................................................9

1.8 Definition of key terms............................................................................................10

CHAPTER TWO...............................................................................................................11

Literature Review...............................................................................................................11

2.1 Theoretical argument................................................................................................11

2.2 Theoretical framework.............................................................................................13

2.2.1.Framing theory......................................................................................................13

2.3 Empirical Literature.................................................................................................14

2.4 Research Gap............................................................................................................15

CHAPTER THREE...........................................................................................................16

Research Methodology......................................................................................................16

3.0 Introduction..............................................................................................................16

3.1 Research design........................................................................................................16

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3.2 Population of the study.............................................................................................17

3.3 Area of the study......................................................................................................17

3.4 Sampling technique..................................................................................................17

3.5 Sample size...............................................................................................................17

3.6 Methods of data collection.......................................................................................17

3.7 Methods of data analysis..........................................................................................18

CHAPTER FOUR..............................................................................................................19

Findings..............................................................................................................................19

4.0 Introduction..............................................................................................................19

CHAPTER FIVE...............................................................................................................25

Discussion..........................................................................................................................25

Recommendations..........................................................................................................27

References..........................................................................................................................29

Appendix One....................................................................................................................30

Questionnaire for TV audience..........................................................................................30

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CHAPTER ONE

Problem setting

1.1 Introduction

This chapter presents background of the study, statement of the problem, objectives of

the study research question, significance of the study and limitations of the study and

definition of the terms.

1.2 Background of the study

News and stories about crimes are prominent in all media. While there is an evidence of

the increase of the attention to crime in some parts of the media, overall it has been

fascinating throughout media history. The risk of crime as it is portrayed by most of the

media is both quantitative and qualitatively although the media underplay the current

probabilities of victimization by property crime (Duorkin, 2005).

According to Crime has become one of the few enduring news topic together with

disasters and politics, both academic and public attention focused in media image of

crime.

VictimPolitics. Victim of crime reporting with their families and friends often are found

themselves in the subject of the media coverage, regardless whether they agree to

participate directlyectctly or not and this is against human rights.

1

1.3 Statement of the problem

At the heart of crime reporting there must be an intensive consultation and participation

of audience on what to be viewed and what not to be viewed due to some notable impacts

which are directed to them, somethem. Some advantages of doing so are inclusive inof

production of lesser aggressive contents which would not distort moral values of the

society. Therefore the focus of the present

1.4 Research objectives

1.4.1 Main Objective

To assess Tanzanian media position in framing crime issues

1.4.2 Specific objectives

To find out the framing progressions of crime stories reported by TBC 1

To ascertain how TBC 1’s images can directly affect the public perception about

crime

1.5 Research questions

What are the framing progressions of crime stories reported by TBC 1?

How TBC 1’s images can directly affect the public perception about crime?

2

1.6 Significance of the study

The major significance of this study is to create awareness to the society, government and

media men about crime reporting, chiefly on its practices and effects in the country. The

knowledge from this research will enable lead media practitioners to monitor their

reportingage values by reducing aggressive and violent contents in their daily reporting

which in larger contexts affects some members in the society negatively.

1.7 Limitations of the study

The study was is limited to one television station that is Tanzania Broadcasting

Corporation (TBC 1) because it wasill be easy to get relevant required information rather

than involving many television stations. also, among other reasons TBC 1 is one among

the prominent television stations which covers different stories including crime news in

comprehensive ways.

1.8 Acronym Definition of key terms

TBC 1- refers to Tanzania Broadcasting Corporation channel.

3

CHAPTER TWO

Literature Review

2.1 Theoretical argument

The public concern and fear of crime iscrime is influenced by different sources. It was

investigated that most of the public do not have direct contact with serious crimes.

Instead, the public is exposed to crime and criminal justice processes from vicarious

sources of information, such as news media. Newspapers, television and radios are

among the best influential sources used by public to develop opinions about crime and

criminal justice system. (Haines, 2007)

4

An important challenge to news media is to report on crime about victims without

victirevialimizing themthem. It should be understood that it, is important for as well that

victims who wanted to tell their stories had right respresented with the assurance that they

would still receive fair treatment. Giving victims a chance to feel their stories can help

their recovery (Mc Fadden, 1990)

Baran (2001) arguesd that most of the crimes are not reported, not recorded, and not

followed through or not able to be proved.

ButProved. But on his side Leon (2002)’s previous research shows that crime stories

compose a plurality of stories in local television news broadcasts, in addition as a public

issue, crime is covered more often than all other public issues combined.

Crime is sensationalized, with important implications for the fear of crime among certain

sections of the population. This fear was heightened by the way in which crime was seen

to be random in nature, with any one and every one a possible target for victimization.

(Rainer, 2005)

Many subsequent studies show that the role of the media to is shapeing the boundaries of

criminality by creating new categories of offence, or by changing perceptions and

sensitivities, leading to fluctuations in apparent crime.

Victims of crime reporting with their families and friends often are found themselves the

subject of media coverage, regardless whether they agree to participate directly.

Frame setting

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Frame setting refers to the interaction between media frames and individuals’ prior

knowledge and predispositions. Frames in news may affect learning, interpretation, and

evaluation of issues and events.

Moreover Iyengar (2005) examined the use of episodic (event-based) and thematic

(issue-based) forms of presentation in news production on people’s responsibility

attribution on each issue. He found that the types of responsibility for crime and terrorism

fell into three categories: individual, punitive and societal responsibilities.

He also argued that opinions and attitudes on crime issues are more vulnerable to the

effects of the news than to political leanings. However, he suggested that an expanded

look at crime stories in local television news would be appropriate, considering the

relatively strong effects of framing in crime stories on national news (Iyengar Ibid, 2005).

2.2 Theoretical framework

2.2.1.Framing. Framing theory

Framing theory was an extension of Agenda setting theory which primarily developed by

Walter Lippmann and later patented by Maxwell McCombs as it states that media doesn’t

tell us what to think but rather what to think about, Howeverabout. However, the framing

theory is more focused. , Baran and Davis (2009) explain that the framing theory

“examines the idea about how people use expectations to make sense of everyday life”.

The basis of framing theory is that the media focuses attention on certain events and then

places them within a field of meaning. This field of meaning can have an effect on

audiencesaudience’s beliefs, attitudes, and behavioursbehaviors by connecting a

particular meaning on interpretation on an issue.

6

The framing theory refers to not only how audience is influenced and interprets what is

presented to them by the media, but also refers to the media ability to persuade its

audiences to accept one meaning of a concept over another (Ibid,Baran, 2009)

Framing a news story regarding the public issue creates a slant or spin that may affect the

way news consumer understands the issue, as well as the policies they prefer as a remedy.

Framing is inherently a part of news construction, certain fact exists for each issue or

event reported in the news, and newsmakers must choose which facts to include or

exclude in their reporting.

The researcher appliedy this theory as a building block of the entire study which

established the basis for defining the practices and influences of media in projecting the

composed sets of messages to audience. Theory will guided the researcher to study about

the position of Tanzanian press in framing crime stories.

2.3 Empirical Literature

Media coverage of crime had long been the focus of researchers in the field of mass

communication. The empirical studies of crime news reporting process suggested that the

deterministic implications of hegemonic model require qualification. They did not

overthrow its fundamental implications, however criteria leading to the selection of

particular types of stories and perspective (Greer, 2007)

Gant and Dimmick (2006) asserted that althoughthat although media shaped our

perceptions of reality of crime around us .Such media cratesd reality influencinge people

who express their opinion that crime is the most important problem facing the society.

7

Broadcast news generally devoted more attention to crime reports than newspapers.

There arewere also variations in the proportion of crime news items between different

markets. Commercial of crime news stories overall than the BBC, although the later

carried more reports about crime in general and criminal justice, crime news was more

frequent than any other category for every medium at each market level (Cumberbatch,

2005).

Crime news exhibits remarkably similar patterns in studies conducted at many different

times and places. From earliest studies example (Harris 1932) onwards, analyses of news

reports have found that crimes of violence are featured disproportionately compared to

their incidence in official crime statistics. Indeed a general finding has been the lack of

relationship between patterns and trends in crime news and crime statistics.

Crime reporting has been a major issue in the world today .The culture of crime reporting

is an interesting phenomenon. This is supported by (Friedman, 2006) crime and

punishment in America, Crime reporting has risen by 700 percent since 1970, even the

nation’s crime rate has declined by 4 percent during that same period.

In Tanzania the study conducted by “Tanzania Crime News” showed that mostly in

national news crime is reported involving celebrities and world leaders, crime of unusual

nature, trials of crime which challenge the law and set precedents, crime that presents

trends of national concern. The reporters yet do not know the type of crime to be shown

to the audience since when they report about a particular crime, they do not show the

viewer discretion to warn the audience about a particular crime story which may be

harmful to some people like children and old people (Tanzania Crime News, 2010)

8

2.4 Research Gap

Different research concerning crime reportage in media had tried to look at the negative

side effects of crime reporting such as aggressive behavioursbehaviors. i.e. (Friedman,

2006), “Crime and punishment in America”. Greer (2007) in his research argued that

television networks are essential sources of increasing aggressive behavioursbehaviors to

the audience due to the kind of crime news they showed. But they had failed to show the

practices of it which led to media people to produce news which had criminology content

with viewer discretion.

Also some studies have indicated that children are the mostly affected group when it

come to crime coverage (Yankey, 2006) while, there are other affected people like old

people and other minor groups. This research will filled out the gap by providing

necessary information about crime reporting on its practices and effects.

9

CHAPTER THREE

Research Methodology

3.0 Introduction

This chapter discusses included research design, population of study, area of the study,

sampling techniques, sample size, methods of data collection and methods of data

analysis.

3.1 Research design

Research design is defined as the arrangement of conditions for collecting and analysis of

the data, aiming to combine relevance to the research purpose with economy in procedure

(Kothari, 2004,p.: 31). It is therefore a framework for the data collection and analysis

relating them to the research objectives. The design helps the researcher to get relevant

data to achieve the objective of the study.

The researcher used case study research design, which gaveives the directions and

systematizes the research and concern with qualitative phenomena. relating or involving

quality or kind. The researcher obtained data by studying the general public viewers and

media professionals working in TBC 1. The research design was useful for testing

whether scientific theories and models could were actually work in real world,world; also

it provided more realistic responses than purely statistical survey.

A case study is in depth study of a particular situation rather than a sweeping statistical

survey. It is a method that is used to narrow down a very broad field of research into one

easily researchable topic. (Martyn, 2008)

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3.2 Population of the study

The targeted population of the study wasis the media professionals who are working at

TBC 1 in Dar-es-salaam and other ordinary viewers of TBC 1 news. A research

population is generally a large collection of individuals or objects that is the moving

focus of a scientific query.

3.3 Area of the study

The study was carried out in Dar es Salaam region where TBC 1 television headquarters

is located. , thisThis is the mediuma which broadcast news and programmes throughout

the country, Itcountry. It also functions as educative and informative tool of Tanzanian

society.

3.4 Sampling technique

The research was conducted using purposive sampling technique because it will helped

her to increase the utility of the findings and it is also it is less costly. Therefore this

sampling waswill be more convenient to the researcher to accomplish the main objective

of the study.

3.5 Sample size

The study included 25 respondents from the total population whereby 20 respondents

were will be the viewers of TBC 1 news programmes and 5 respondents will be thewere

media professionals who are working at TBC 1 Television.

3.6 Methods of data collection

The researcher employed questionnaires and interviews. According to Kothari (2004)

questionnaires and interviews are useful when the research does not take time to be

11

conducted when an observation method can be used. Also Cohenel et al (2000)

discourage the use of only one technique as it ownowns distant the reality of what the

researcher is investigating, the study employed two instruments for data for data

collection which are questionnaires and interviews as indicated before..

The researcher used both structured and unstructured questions to the respondents from

which the structured or pre-determined questions provides limited response from the

respondents and some few unstructured questions which gave the freedom to respondents

to give further elaborations about the study.

3.7 Methods of data analysis

The researcher used qualitative and quantitative method in analyzing and interpreting the

information obtained in the field. Both primary and secondary data werewas presented

and analyzed using quantitative method where percentages and tables were was used

effectively, while qualitative method used the elaborations and descriptions of facts.

Moreover data displayed enabled, the researcher to organize and assemble the data to

permit drawing of conclusions and actions. The data collected was be codedwere coded,

decoded and analyzed using percentages and tables.

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CHAPTER FOUR

Findings

4.0 Introduction

This chapter presents findings collected through questionnaires and interviews on the

study conducted in Dar es salaamSalaam city. The study aimed at assessing Tanzania

media in framing crime issues with the case of TBC 1. The data have been analyzed and

presented by using objectives of the study which are to assess Tanzanian media position

in framing crime issues, to find out the progressions of crime stories reported by TBC 1,

and to ascertain how TBC 1’s images can directly affect the public perception about

crime.

4.1 Demographic characteristics

All tTwenty five questionnaires distributed were filled out and returned to the researcher.

Out of 25 filled out questionnaires, 20 respondents were TBC1 viewers (audience),he

study was conducted using (25) questionnaires which were distributed and returned filled

from respondents whereby (20) were filled by viewers of TBC 1, and the remaining (5)

were given to media experts. This can be illustrated in table 4.1.the following figure:-

Table 4.1 characteristics of respondents

Respondents Male Female

TBC 1Mediamen 3 2

TBC I Viewers 12 8

13

Total 15 10

Source: Researcher 2012

4.2. Findings

Objective One: To find out framing progressions of crime stories reported by TBC 1

The respondents under this objective were asked to fill out questionnaires which

magnified the essence of the study as follows;.

4.2 .1. State of crime news framing

Question Measurement

Response Percentage

Are there any attempts that show framing of the crime stories?

Yes 19 76%

No 6 24%

Total 25 100%

Source: Field data 2012

The above findings shows that (19) respondents equals to 76% said there are attempts

which show framing of the crime stories while (6) respondents equals to 24% denied that

there are no any attempts that show framing of crime stories. Among the respondents (4)

respondents from TBC 1 corresponding to 16% denied that there is any news framing

element.

4.2.23 Genres which observes framing crime news

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Question Measurement Response

Percentage

In which element of TBC 1 reports do you think the crime stories can be framed?

News stories 15 60%

Documentaries 4 16%

Interviews 1 4%

Non among mentioned 5 20%

Total 25 100%


According to findings presented in Table 4.2.2. (15) respondentsRespondents

corresponding to 60% noted that framing can be done in TBC 1’s news stories, (4)

respondents equal to 16% said it can occur in documentaries, (1) noted it can occur in

iInterview and (5) rejected the possibility of news framing in TBC 1’s elements.

4.2.3.4 Influence of framing news

Question Measurement Response Percentage

Among these which can be a possible influence behind the crime news framing in TBC 1?

Authoritarian power

10 40%

Self-censorship 8 32%

Ethical implications

5 20%

All mentioned factors

2 8%

Total 25 100%


The Table 4.2.3.figure above illustrates the responses showing possible influences of

news framing from which (10) respondents equals to 40% cited authoritarian power as

the influence behind news framing, (8) respondents the same to 32% mentioned self-

15

censorship, (5) respondents equals to 20% cited ethical implication and (2) corresponding

to 8% said all mentioned factors can influence news framing.

Objective two: to ascertain how TBC 1’s images can directly affect the public

perception about crime.

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4.2.4.5 The public perception over news facts produced by TBC 1


Response

Percentage

How do you regularly perceive news from TBC 1?

Unframed 9 36%

Framed 11 44%

Neutral 5 20%

Total 25 100%

Source: Field data, 2012

The findings revealed that (9) respondents equal to 36% perceive TBC 1’s news as

unframed while (11) respondents equivalent to 44% perceived the station’ news as

framed and (5) respondents equal to 20% perceived TBC 1’s news as neutral.

4.2.5.6 Correlation between TBC 1’s presentations and publics’ experience of crime


Response Percentage

Does TBC 1 reports appealing to your personal experience of crimes

Yes 13 52%

No 12 48%

Total 25 100%


The findings indicated that (13) respondents equal to 52% said TBC 1's presentations are

appealing to their personal experience of crime while (12) respondents the same to 48%

noted that the reports are not appealing to their experience of crime issues.

17

4.2.6.7 Relevance of TBC 1’s crime stories to social groups


Response Percentage

Does TBC 1’s images of crime stories relevant to all groups

Yes 18 72%

No 7 28%

Total 25 100%


According to above table (18) respondents equivalent to 72% said the images of crime

stories given by TBC1 are relevant to all groups while (7) respondents equals to 28% said

that the images of crime stories are not relevant to all groups.

4.2.67 Critics for relevance of TBC 1’s images on crime stories

According to Table 4.2.6figure 4.7, 28% of respondents argued that the images of crime

stories are not relevant to all social groups giving out some reasons to defend their claim

as outlined below:-

The mode of presentation was characterized by unethical practices such as

presenting images showing grief or bloodsheds for example killings of suspects,

accidents,

Suspects are presented by the station as if they are innocent and not attached to

any crime scandals. For example the framed events of fundraising and social

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responsibility are covering some corrupt leaders as if they are good figures and

hence making us forget about their corrupt nature.

Most of events are narrated out of the reality, journalists of TBC 1 are regularly

producing delayed crime events and sometimes without pictures. They are usually

on their interpretations rather than freshness of the facts.

19

CHAPTER FIVE

Discussion

5.1 Introduction

This chapter presents discussions and analysis of the findings which were presented in

the previous chapter based on research specific objectives. Further in this chapter

summary and recommendations will be discussed accordingly.

5.2 Objective one

The first specific objective to be discussed in this study was to find out the framing

progressions of crime stories reported by TBC 1 whereby the findings shows that there

are outstanding news framing in TBC 1 where by 76by 76% affirmed that there are some

notifications which shows framing practices, while 24% among them 16% were TBC 1's

media men disagreed with the existence of framing in TBC 1. While identifying the

major areas where crime issues are framed 60% cited news programs, 16% mentioned

documentaries 4% interviews and 20% cited nothing among mentioned.

On the influence of crime news framing, 40% of respondents cited authoritarian

influence, 32% self censorship, 20% ethical implications and 8% said all the mentioned

tenets influences crime news framing. Beyond such description the issue of crime news

framing has mentioned for a long time as undisclosed and operated in a highly

20

confidential manner, but according to responses it seems that some of crime issues are

intentionally framed or misrepresented in order to serve personal interests. Some

researches done in Tanzania indicates that public responses over media messages

concerning corruption is less, and therefore the findings of this study shows that

individuals are aware of framing and priming and therefore such understanding might be

among the factors for less response in crime reports especially corruption scandals.

5.3 Objective two

The second and last specific objective of this study was to ascertain how TBC 1’s images

can directly affect the public perception about crime. The findings presented in previous

chapter indicates that 44% respondents label TBC 1's images as framed, 36% perceived

them as unframed and 20% perceive them as neutral. In other research question the

findings shows that 52% of respondents perceive TBC 1's images as appealing to their

personal experience while 48% asserted that crime images presented by TBC 1 are not

appealing to their personal experience of crimes. 72% of respondents said TBC 1's

images are relevant to all social groups while 28% said images are not relevant.

Respondents who said that the images are relevant did not give out more attributes of

how relevant are the images but in contrast respondents who rejected that the images are

relevant pointed out that presentations are sometimes characterized by unethical practices

such as presenting images showing grief or bloodsheds likefor example killings of

suspects

21

, Also they added that suspects are presented by TBC 1 as if they are innocent and not

attached to any crime scandals. For example events of fundraising and social

responsibility are covering some corrupt leaders as if they are good figures and hence

making us forget about their corrupt nature.

In addition to above descriptions the issue of crime news framing has less impact in

changing the way individuals view crimes since individuals are aware of news framing

and the influence behind the framing.

5.4 Summary

The research came out with observations which responded to research questions where as

the responses indicated that crime news faming is progressively conducted in TBC 1's

programs whereby news category was cited as most framed genre than others. All these

wasthese were done with a relatively sensitive awareness of audience.

However, the influence from authoritative technocrats of TBC 1 has been cited as the

major reason for crime news framing whereas major crime issues which are restructured

before presented were explicitly mentioned as corruption and violence committed by

individuals who are possessing high reputation in the state.

In other dimension, respondents created the paradox on their identification concerning

crime news framing and relevance of respective images. theyThey have asserted that they

know that images are framed but at the same time responded that such images are

relevant to all groups of people. Such assertion reveals the kind of audience who tends to

22

agree with media messages despites that they have noted some manipulative elements

behind such messages.

Recommendations

Following the findings and analysis of this research, the researcher would like to make

the following recommendations:-

First, because news framing is a core aspect in media operation, crime news framing in

TBC 1 has to observe ethical implication than any influence whether backed by

institutions or individuals. If the goings-on will be tolerated more people will lose trust in

images and reports produced by not only TBC 1 but also entire media in Tanzania.

Second, eExpanding the scope of crime news reporting, Tanzanian media has to expand

the conception of crime news so that to indicate more hidden incidences which are likely

to occur regularly without public awareness.

For example TBC 1 has to report public embezzlement issue as among the hilting crimes

and not like scandalized materials. Bbroadening the scope went hand in hand with

increasing investigative techniques which might reveal undisclosed crimes information

happening among individuals as well as within private and public institutions.

Third, regulative organs have to become sensitive over extreme framing and priming of

crime images which in greater context they tend to mislead the audience from the truth

and cause chaos, hatred and grief.

23

Fourth, since TBC is operating in a society which has less response to sensitive issues it

has to frame issues in a way that could stimulate the public-debate on how to combat

crimes at every societal level.

24

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The study conducted by Tanzaniaby Tanzania crime news(news (2010)

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Fairhurst,G&Star,R.(1996).The art of framing. Sanfrancisco Josse-Bass

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Appendix One

Questionnaire for TV audience

PLEASE TICK THE ANSWERS OF YOUR CHOICE ([S) AND MENTION OR GIVE SUGGESTION WHERE APPROPRIATE

1.Sex1. Sex

a)MaleA) Male ( ) b)Female) (Female ( )

2.Education2. Education level

a)PrimaryA) Primary level ( ) b)Secondary) Secondary level ( ) c) c)University) University level(level ( )

3.Do3. Do you watch news that being reported by TBC1?

a)YA) Y es ( ) b) No ( )

4.Do you understand the concept of crime reported by media?

a)YesA) Yes ( ) b)No) No ( )

5.To5. To what extent does television shows high rated crime stories to the viewrsviewers?

a) Low(Low ( ) b) Average(Average ( ) c)High) (High ( ) d)Highest) Highest ( )

6.Does6. Does crime reported by media affect you in one way or another?

a) Yes ( ) b)No) No ( )

7.Have7. Have you ever been a victim of crime reported by media?

a)YesA) (Yes ( ) b)No) (No ( )

8.Do8. Do you approve of the way TBC1 report crime news?

a)YesA) (Yes ( ) b) b)No) (No ( )

9.By9. By your understanding,whichunderstanding, which group in the society is mostly victimized with crime reporingreporting by televiosiontelevision?

a) Women ( ) b)Children) (Children ( ) c)Men) (Men ( ) d)Old) Old people(people ( )

Gives reasons to the account;…………………………………………………………………………account …

10.Do. Do you think television’s owners are aware of the kind of crime stories which are being reported by their stations lead to victimization and effect to the audienceaudience?

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a)YesA) (Yes ( ) b) No) (No ( )

Gives reasons to the account;……………………………………………………………………………..account…

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