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South and Southeast Asia Before 1200
AP Art History
Catrina Chen
India and Pakistan
• Indus Civilization
• Vedic and Upanishadic Period
• Maurya Dynasty
• Shunga, Andhra, and Kushan Dynasties
• The Gupta and Post-Gupta Periods
• Early Medieval Period
Southeast Asia
• Sri Lanka
• Java
• Cambodia
India and Pakistan
Indus Civilization
• 2600 – 1500 BCE
• Archaeological sites– Mohenjo-daro– Harappa
Great Bath, Mohenjo-daro, Pakistan, ca. 2600-1900 BCE
Robed male figure
Mohenjo-daro, Pakistan
ca. 2000-1900 BCE
Steatite
Nude male torso
Harappa, Pakistan
ca. 2000-1900 BCE
Red sandstone
Seal with seated figure in yoga posture
from Mohenjo-daro, Pakistan
ca. 2300-1750 BCE
Seatite coated with alkali and baked
Vedic and Upanishadic Period
• ca. 1700 – 500 BCE
• Village life replaced urban culture
• Very little art
• Vedas – oldest Hindu scriptures
Vedas
• ca. 1500 BCE
• The Aryans
• First of 4 Vedas – Sanskrit compilations of religious learning
• Caste system
Upanishads
• 800 – 500 BCE
• Upanishads (religious texts)– Samsara– Karma– Moksha / nirvana
Buddhism
• Siddhartha Gautama
• Wheel (chakra) of the Law (dharma)
• Four Noble Truths– life is suffering – the cause of suffering is desire – one can overcome & extinguish desire – the way to achieve nirvana is to follow the
Buddha's Eightfold Path
Buddhism
• Theravada Buddhism – The Path of the Elders
• Mahayana Buddhism – Great Path– Bodhisattvas
• Amitabha Buddha (Amida)– the Buddha of Infinite Light & Life – Pure Land Paradise of the West
Lakshanas (attributes)
• Urna – curl of hair between eyebrows; dot
• Ushnisha – bump on the head
• Elongated ears
• Halo
• Mudras
Mudras (hand gestures)
• dhyana (meditation)
• bhumisparsha (earth-touching)
• dharmachakra (teaching)
• abhaya (do not fear)
Maurya Dynasty
• Chandragupta Maurya– r. 323 – 298 BCE– Founder of Maurya dynasty– Capital: Pataliputra
• Ashoka– r. 272 – 231 BCE– Converted to & spread Buddhism– Legal code based on Buddhist dha
rma– Monumental stone art / architectur
e
Lion capital of the column erected by Ashoka
Sarnath, India
ca. 250 BCE
Polished sandstone
Shunga, Andhra, and Kushan Dynasties
• Kushan empire– Mid first century CE– Northern India– Kanishka– Capital: Peshawar
Architecture
• Viharas – celled structures where monks live
• Chaitya halls – halls with rounded (apsidal) ends for housing smaller stupas
• Stupa – grand circular solid earthen mound housing relics of the Buddha
The Great Stupa, Sanchi, India,
third century BCE to first century CE
torana
circumambulation
The Great Stupa, Sanchi, India,
third century BCE to first century CE
torana
circumambulation
yakshi
The chaitya hall, Karle, India, ca. 50 CE
Meditating Buddha
Gandhara, Pakistan
Second century CE
Gray schist
Frieze from Gandhara, PakistanSecond century CE
Schist
Birth at Lumbini
Enlightenment at Bodh Gaya
First sermon at Sarnath
Death at Kushinagara (parinirvana)
Buddha seated on lion throne
Mathura, India
Second century CE
Red sandstone
The Gupta and Post-Gupta Periods
• 320 – 550 CE
• Captial: Pataliputra
• Chandragupta II (r. 375-415)
Seated Buddha preaching first sermon
Sarnath, India
Second half of fifth century
Tan sandstone
Interior of cave 19
Ajanta, IndiaSecond half of fifth century
Hinduism
• Shiva (Destroyer) – Represented by linga– Third eye– Rides the bull Nandi
• Vishnu (Preserver) – Four arms– Serpent– Avatars
• Devi / Shakti (Great Goddess) – Parvati / Uma, Lakshmi– Durga– Son is Ganesha
linga and yoni
Boar avatar of Vishnu rescuing the earth, cave 5, Udayagiri, India, early fifth century
Dancing Shiva, rock-cut relief in cave temple
Badami, India
Late sixth century
Shiva as Mahadeva
cave 1, Elephanta, India
ca. 550 – 575
Vishnu Temple
Deogarh, India
Early sixth century
Vishnu asleep on the serpent Ananta
Relief panel on the south façade of the Vishnu Temple
Deogarh, India
Early sixth century
Early Medieval Period
• 8th – 13th century
• Regional dynasties ruled parts of India
• Buddhism gradually declined
Rock-cut rathas
Mamallapuram, India
Second half of seventh century
Hindu Temples
• garbha griha – inner sanctuary• Northern
– shikhara (mountain peak) - beehive-like tower capped by an amalaka
– amalaka - a ribbed cusionlike form– has small towerlike roofs over the halls (mandapas)
• Southern– flat roofs– vimanas - shorter towered shrines; resemble multileve
l pyramids
Rajarajeshvara Temple
Thanjavur, India
ca. 1010
Vishvanatha Temple, Khajuraho, India, ca. 1000
mithunas
Shiva as Nataraja
ca. 1000
Bronze
Southeast Asia
Sri Lanka
• Formerly Ceylon
• Theravada Buddhism
Death of the Buddha (Parinirvana), Gal Vihara, Sri Lanka, 11th – 12th century
Java
Borobudur, Java, Indonesia, ca. 800
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dDAoA4qKfek
Cambodia
• Khmer King Jayavarman II (r. 802-850) founded the Angkor dynasty
Harihara
Prasat Andet, Cambodia
Early seventh century
Stone
Vishnu lying on the cosmic ocean, from the Mebon temple on an island in the western baray, Angkor, Cambodia, 11th century. Bronze
Angkor Wat, Angkor, Cambodia, first half of 12th century
King Suryavarman II
Bayon Temple
Angkor Thom, Cambodia
ca. 1200
Quiz
1). What art style influenced the sculptures at Gandhara?
a. Sumerian
b. Egyptian
c. Greco-Roman
d. Minoan
Quiz
2). Who erected the column with the lion capital during the Maurya dynasty?
a. Chandragupta Maurya
b. Ashoka
c. Jayavarman II
d. Chandragupta II
Quiz
3). What is a stupa?
a. a place where monks live
b. a Hindu temple
c. a monumental monolithic column
d. a circular mound housing relics of the Buddha
Quiz
4). What is this structure?
a. Angkor Wat
b. the Great Stupa
c. the Great Bath
d. Borobudur
Quiz
5). What style is the Rajarajeshvara temple?
a. southern style
b. northern style
c. western style
d. eastern style
Quiz
6). How do Buddhists venerate the Buddha’s remains at the stupa?
a. circumnavigation
b. circumambulation
c. circumcision
d. circumscription