UNIT 3

Present Perfect Vs Simple Past

PRESENT PERFECT

● En general, es una mezcla entre el presente y el pasado.

● Lo usamos para acciones en el pasado que tienen importancia en el presente, y necesitamos hablar de ellas.

ESTRUCTURA +

+ have / has + Verb Past Participle + C

● She has learned a new lesson● They have built a house● I've bought a new appartment

ESTRUCTURA -

+ have / has + not + Verb Past Participle + C

● Ana has not chosen this shoes● Peter and Luis have not come with me● Ana hasn't chosen this shoes● Peter and Luis haven't come with me● I have never flown in a plane

ESTRUCTURA ?

Have / Has + + Verb P. Participle + C + ?

● Have they met the boss?● Has Tim paid the rent?● Has the cat spilt the milk?

Para hablar del pasado reciente.

● I've broken my watch so I don't know what time it is.

● They have cancelled the meeting.● She's taken my copy. I don't have one.

Es muy común el uso de palabras como: 'just', 'already' o 'yet' (in negatives and questions only).

● We've already talked about that.● She hasn't arrived yet.● I've just done it.● They've already met.

También lo usamos para hablar del pasado un poco mas distante.

● We've been to Singapore a lot over the last few years.

● She's done this type of project many times before.● We've mentioned it to them on several occasions

over the last six months.

Cuando lo usamos para hablar de un pasado mas distante usamos frecuentemente palabras como: 'ever' (in questions) y 'never'.

● Have you ever been to Argentina?● Has he ever talked to you about the problem?● I've never met Jim and Sally.

SIMPLE PAST

● Para expresar una acción que inició en el pasado y terminó en el pasado.

● We saw a movie yesterday.● I didn't see a play yesterday.● Last year, I traveled to Japan.● Last year, I didn't travel to Korea.● Did you have dinner last night?

Tambien se usa para hablar de un periodo de tiempo

● She lived in Tokyo for seven years.● They were in London from Monday to Thursday

of last week.

Present Perfect Vs Simple Past

● Recuerda que el Inglés Británico y el Americano tienen diferentes reglas para el uso del presente perfecto.

● Los ejercicios y ejemplos se refieren a la gramática correcta del “British English”.

● En Inglés Americano es casi siempre considerado aceptable el uso del pasado simple en varios de estos ejemplos

Present Perfect Vs Simple Past

● Simple Past: se usa para hablar acerca de acciones que sucedieron en el pasado y que ya han concluido. Se habla sobre entonces (then) y definitivamente excluye al ahora (now).

● Present Perfect: simplemente para hacer memoria sobre acciones pasadas en el presente. Siempre incluye el contexto ahora ('now').

Estas oraciones están hubicadas en el pasado con ninguna conexión con el presente.

● I first got to know him 10 years ago.● I started work here in 1989.● I had too much to eat at lunchtime.

Veamos las mismas situaciones pero desde el presente.

● I've known him for 10 years.● I've worked here since 1987.● My stomach hurts. I've eaten too much.

Diferenciarlos

● Usamos “time expressions” como: 'yesterday', 'ago', 'last year', 'in 1999' con el pasado simple.

● We spoke to him yesterday.● He came in a few moments ago.● She joined the company in 1999.

Nosotros usamos “time expressions” como 'ever', 'never', 'since' con el presente perfecto.

● I've never seen so many people here before.● Have you ever been more surprised?● I've done a lot since we last talked about it.

Tipicamente las “time expressions” son usados con el presente perfecto en “British English” pero es muy usual el emplearlas con el pasado simple en “American English” son 'already', 'just', 'yet'.

● I haven't done it yet. (UK)● I didn't do it yet. (US)● I've just done it. (UK)

Podemos usar la frase de tiempo 'for' con ambas formas, pero con diferente significado.

● I lived in Paris for a couple of years before I moved here.

● I've lived in Paris for a couple of years and still

love it.

Describing people

How to describe someone in English

● Height● Build● Hair

Appearances

● Eyes● Type of hair● Complexion

What does he / she look like?

Does he/ she wear _____ ?

NOTA: Si un hombre es gordo (especialmente abultado en la zona de la cintura) es muy usual decir que tiene “a beer beelly” (estómago de bebedor)

TYPE OF HAIR

Modifiers with participles and prepositions

Who is it?

● He's the man dancing in the living room.● She's the one wearing a dress.● She's the Japanese woman with dark hair.● He's the one in white pants.● She's the tall person next to the window.

Modifiers with participles&prepositions

● Necesitamos el presente participio.

● El Presente participio es una forma verbal acabada en -ing que es más utilizada como adjetivo o como verbo, a diferencia del 'gerund' que se emplea como sustantivo.

Modifiers with participles&prepositions

● Who's Raul?

A= He's the man wearing a green shirt.

● Which one is Raul?

A= He's the one talking to Liz.

Modifiers with participles&prepositions

● Prepositions: una clase de palabra que sirve para unir o enlazar dos términos.

● Who is Liz?

A= She's the woman with short black hair.● Which one is Julia?

A= She's the tall woman in jeans.

Modifiers with participles&prepositions

● Who are the Smiths?

A= They're the people nex to the window.

● Which ones are the Smiths?

A= They're the ones on the couch.

Modal Verbs( Can & Should )

+ Can / can't + verb + Comp.

+ should / shouldn't + verb + Comp.

Can

● Usamos 'can' para hablar acerca de 'possibility'.

● Can you do that?● I can't manage to do that.● You can leave your car in that parking space.● You cannot smoke in here.

● Nota que hay dos formas negativas: 'can't' y 'cannot'; sin embargo ambas significan lo mismo.

Cuando hablamos usamos generalmente: 'can't'.

Usamos 'can' para hablar acerca de 'ability'.

● I can speak French.● I can't drive.

● Usamos 'can' para pedir y conceder permiso. (También se usa 'may' pero este es mucho mas formal y menos común.)

● Can I speak to you or are you too busy?● You can use my phone.● You can't come in.

Usamos 'can' en ofrecimientos, peticiones e instrucciones.

● Can I help?● Can you give me a hand?● When you finish that, you can take out the

garbage.

Usamos 'can't' al realizar deducciones.

● You can't be hungry. You've just eaten.

● He was in London one hour ago when I spoke to him. He can't be here yet.

SHOULD

● Mas comunmente usado para hacer recomendaciones o dar consejos. También son usados para expresar obligación, así como expectación.

● When you go to Berlin, you should visit the palaces in Potsdam. (recommendation)

● You should focus more on your family and less on work. (advice)

● I really should be in the office by 7:00 AM. (obligation)

EXPECTATION