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Notes on Sanskrit Lexicology J.S.R.A. Prasad University of Hyderabad

Sanskrit Lexicology

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Page 1: Sanskrit Lexicology

Notes onSanskrit Lexicology

J.S.R.A. PrasadUniversity of Hyderabad

Page 2: Sanskrit Lexicology

Tracing History

the fourteen vidyaasthaanas Vedic Indices Nighantu – the oldest available lexical work. has five chapters. Started with पृथि�वी (21) Niruktam – a commentary on Nighantu by Yaska purpose: to understand the meaning of the Vedic words

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समाम्नायः समाम्नातः । स व्याख्यातव्यः । तमिममं समाम्नायं निनघण्टव इत्याचक्षते । निनघण्टवः कस्मात् ।

निनगमा इमे भवन्ति#त । - Yaska

अ�ा%वबोधे निनरपेक्षतया पदजातं य�ोकं्त तमि-रुक्तम् । - Sayana most important alongside Vyakarana

Definition

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Classification

classified in to three major parts नैघण्टुककाण्डम् : deals with synonyms

नैगमकाण्डम् : deals with homonymsदैवतकाण्डम् : deals with deities

chapter wise divison:1st kanda 1-3 chapters2nd kanda 4th chapter3rd kanda 5th chapter

commentators - Ugra, Skandaswami, Durga

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Etymology(Lakshman Sarup)

etymology is essential for the proper understanding of the Vedic words ( अ�ापीदम#तरेण

म#ते्रष्व�%प्रयोगो न निवद्यते) etymology is the complement of grammar ( तदिददं निवद्यास्थानम् व्याकरणस्य कात्स्#य%म्) etymology is necessary for the analysis of samhita in to the padapatha, and of words in to their elements ( अ�%मप्रनितयतो नात्य#तंस्वरसंस्कारोदे्दशः)

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Etymology(Lakshman Sarup)

etymology has practical utility, for it enables one to discover the primary deity of a stanza which bears the characteristic marks of more than one deity and thus helps to perform the sacrifice with perfection ( अ�ानिप याजे्ञ दैवतेन बहवः प्रदेशा

भवन्ति#त । तदेतेनोपके्षिक्षतव्यम् । ) etymology is a science, and should be studied for its own sake, for knowledge is commended, and ignorance is condemned ( अ�ानिप ज्ञानप्रशंसा भवनित । अज्ञाननिन#दा च ।)

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Succession

before the classical lexicons such as amara kosa the gap has been filled by –

dhatupatha gaNapatha uNAdi sutra etc.

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prAtipadikam

word-meaning-relation : these are fixed ( थिसदे्धशब्दा�%सम्बने्ध, म.भा.) – निनयतोपस्थिस्थनितकः प्रानितपदिदका�%ः दीक्षिक्षतः।prAtipadika always gives a fixed meaning Panini supports both the derived and underived words – Yaska too Ashtadhyayi - 1.2.45-46 Sakatayana disagrees with the above ( सवC

धातुजमाह शाकटायनस्य..)

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Division of Words

तद् यानिन पदजातानिन नामाख्याते चोपसग%निनपाताश्च तानीमानिन भवन्ति#त ।

नाम (noun) आख्यातः (verb) उपसग%ः (preposition) निनपातः (particle)

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Definition of words (निन.1.2)

भावप्रधानमाख्यातम् । The verb is predominantly becoming six modifications of becoming: अस्तिस्त, जायते, निवपरिरणमते, वध%ते, अपक्षीयते, निवनश्यनित - वाष्या%यक्षिणः सत्त्वप्रधानानिन नामानिन । The noun is predominantly being ex: व्रज्या, पथिक्तः

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Definition of words (निन.1.2)

– उपसग%ः

न निनब%द्धा उपसगा%ः अ�ा%मि-राहुरिरनित शाकटायनः । नामाख्यातयोस्तु कमNपसंयोगद्योतका भवन्ति#त ।

(they are unconnected prepositions, have no meaning but only express a subordinate sense of nouns and verbs.)

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Definition of words (निन.1.2)

– निनपातः

अ� निनपाता उच्चावचेष्व�Pषु निनपतन्ति#त । (particles occur in various senses)

1. उपमा�P (comparative sense)2. कमNपसंग्रहा�P (conjunctive sense)3. पदपूरणा�P (expletive sense)

1.‘इव’ - अग्निUनरिरव, इ#द्र इव

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‘न’ – न

negation comparison

ने#दं्र देवममंसत । (they did not recognize Indra as god); negation

दुम%दासो न सुरायाम् । (like hard drinkers of wine); comparison

Definition of words (निन.1.2)

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1. – च अहं च त्वं च वृत्रहन् (I and you, O slayer of Vrtra)

2. उ (इदम्), – च इत्यादिद मृषेमे वदन्ति#त । सत्यमु ते वद#तीनित । (these people tell a lie, those

truth).. इदमु, तदु (this, that)

Definition of words (निन.1.2)

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Speech

Division of speech

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Yaska’s etymology of dandya – M.A. Mehendale

–तद्धिद्धतपदानां समासपदानां निनव%चनोपायाः तत्र प्र�मम् एकपदतद्धिद्धतोदाहरणण् ।

‘ दण्ड्यः पुरुषः’= दण्डमह%तीनित वा

कस्मिस्मंक्षिश्चदपराधे दण्डमह%तीनित । (a punishable person)

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Yaska’s etymology of dandya – M.A. Mehendale

दण्डेन सम्पद्यत इनित वा ।

= दण्डेन वा काषा%पणादिदना वा यः संपद्यते निनष्पद्यते । (something to be accomplished by punishment)

= दण्डो ददातेधा%रयनित कम%णः । ( दद् = to hold) धारणा�%स्य दद्धातोः कम%ण्यौणादिदके अनिन धातोणु%मागमे

षु्टत्वे च ‘दण्डः’ । धाय%ते हे्यषो।पराधेषु राजक्षिभः । अत्र लोकदश%नं तावत् प्रमाणयनित ।(दुगा%चाय%ः)

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‘ अकू्ररो ददते मक्षिणमिमत्यक्षिभभाष#ते’ ।

अकू्ररो नाम राजा वृष्ण्यन्धकामिधपनितः स मणिणं स्यम#तकनामानं भथिक्ततुषे्टन भगवता भास्करेण प्रदत्तं ददते

– थिशरसा धारयनित इनित एवं लोके।निप ददतितं धारणा�P। क्षिभभाष#ते थिशष्टाः ।

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THANK YOU!