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Presentation of Dr. Raymond Tan, DLSU, on "Sustainable Consumption and Sustainable Production" during the UP Manila Conference on Global Climate Change, October 22-23, 2009, Pearl Garden Hotel, Manila.
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Sustainable Production and
Sustainable Consumption
Raymond R. Tan, Ph.D.
Full ProfessorChemical Engineering Department
Center for Engineering & Sustainable Development ResearchDe La Salle University, Manila, Philippines
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What environmental impacts are caused by these emissions?
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Major Issues of the 21st Century
• Climate change• Resource depletion
Fossil fuelsWater and food (e.g., fisheries)Soil
• Biodiversity loss• Pollution• Wealth Inequity
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E3 Framework of Sustainability
ETHICS
ECONOMICS
ENVIRONMENT
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Achieving Sustainability
There are two fundamental types of problems:
Designing industrial systems to be more inherently efficient and green
Selecting the best technology or management action for a given application
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Measuring Environmental Performance
• Concentration based metricsmg/l BODppm
• Efficiency based metricskg CO2 per kWh
kg CO2 per km
• Macro level intensity metricskg CO2 per US$ GDP
kg CO2 per per capita
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Waste Management Hierarchy
Source Reduction
Recycle/Reuse
Treatment
Disposal
Cleaner production
Pollution control
Often essential to ensure compliance to environmental regulations
May yield joint environmental and economic benefits
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What is LCA?
Life-cycle assessment is an objective process to evaluate the environmental burdens associated with a product, process or activity by identifying and quantifying energy and materials used and wastes released to the environment and to evaluate and implement opportunities to effect environmental improvements.
-- SETAC (1993)
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Key LCA Concepts
• Extended system boundaries – “cradle to grave”• Fair comparison – define the functional unit• Multiple pathways by which environment is
damaged constitute decision criteria• Inherently quantitative approach involves:
Models (mathematical representation)Streamlining (simplification) Cut-off (identification of system boundary)
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Some problems for which life cycle framework is appropriate
• Can a country reduce oil imports or greenhouse gas emissions by using biofuels?
• Does the use of fluorescent lamps increase mercury releases to the environment?
• Should a retail company encourage reuse of plastic bags or reduce plastic film thickness?
• Should governments mandate producers of electronic goods to handle their disposal?
• To what extent does water supply limit the potential of large-scale bioenergy systems?
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The Generic Life Cycle
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A Typical Life Cycle System(Culaba and Purvis, 1999)
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Components of LCA
• Goal & scope definition• Inventory analysis (LCI)• Impact assessment (LCIA)
ClassificationCharacterizationValuation
• Interpretation
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LCA Components and Framework
Goal and scope
definition
Interpretation
Impact assessment
Inventory analysis
Applications: Product
development & improvement
Strategic planning
Public policy making
Marketing Others
LCA Framework
Source: ISO 14040 (1997)
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Impact Assessment
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Information Flow In LCA Models
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“Forward” LCA Model(Heijungs and Suh, 2002)
The LCA model allows environmental effects to be estimated for a given state of technology:
g = BA-1f (Life cycle inventory)
h = Qg (Life cycle impacts)
Environmental Index = f(g, h)
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The ISO Standards for LCA (as of 2005)
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Current ISO Standards
Standard Title and Content
14040 Principles and framework
14044 Requirements and guidelines
14047 Examples of application of ISO 14042
14048 Data documentation format
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LCA Uses: Products & Processes
• Fuels• Electricity• Cars• Packaging Materials• Appliances• Paper• Diapers• Drinking Cups• PCs and Accessories
• Chemicals• Food Products• Beverages• Batteries• Construction
Materials• Garments• Semiconductors• Iron and Steel• Buildings and houses
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LCA Users: Private Firms
• Procter & Gamble• General Motors
Corp.• Volvo• Credit Suisse• The Body Shop• BP Amoco• IBM• Motorola• AT&T
• Dow Chemical• Nestle• Coca-Cola Co.• TetraPak• Scott Paper Co.• ExxonMobil• Shell• Hoechst• Monsanto
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Illustrative Case Studyon
Carbon Footprints
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Carbon Emissions
• Emissions of greenhouse gases such as CO2 are widely believed to be driving global climate change
• These emissions are highly correlated with energy use and industrial activity
• Global emissions are in the order of 30 109 tons per annum
• The Philippines contributes about 0.3% of global emissions
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What is a Carbon Footprint?
The carbon footprint of a product or a service is the cumulative level of CO2 (or greenhouse gas) emissions generated directly or indirectly to deliver the commodity to the end-user.
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What is the carbon footprint of this meal?
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Carbon Emissions Breakdown of Fossil Power Sources
SOURCE: Varun et al., “LCA of renewable energy for electricity generation systems—A review.” Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews (in press)
0
200
400
600
800
1000
Coal
Oil
Gas
Nucle
ar
gC
O2/k
Wh
Decommissioning
Operation
Construction
Fuel combustion
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Carbon Intensities of Different Power Sources
0
200
400
600
800
1000
Coal
Oil
Gas
Nucle
ar
Win
d
PV
Bio
mass
Sola
r th
erm
al
Hydro
g C
O2/k
Wh
.
SOURCE: Varun et al., “LCA of renewable energy for electricity generation systems—A review.” Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews (in press)
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Input-Output Models of Carbon Emissions
• Emissions from highly interconnected economic systems need to be modelled using life cycle concepts.
• It is necessary to account not just for direct emissions, but also indirect emissions arising from sectoral interdependencies.
• Input-output based modeling is appropriate for this application (Heijungs & Suh, 2002; Hendrickson et al., 2006)
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Input-Output Models of Carbon Emissions
x = (I – A)–1 y
g = R x
where:
I = identity matrix
A = technical coefficient matrix
y = net output vector
x = gross output vector
R = direct emissions intensity matrix
g = emissions vector
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Application of I/O Model to Analysis of Philippine Carbon Emissions
• Obtained 2000 IO Tables from Philippine Government at three levels of disaggregation:11 Sectors60 Sectors250 Sectors
• Obtained published sectoral direct carbon emissions (http://earthtrends.wri.org/pdf_library/country_profiles/cli_cou_608.pdf)
• Currently reconstructing detailed/disaggregated emissions profile from energy use statistics
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Philippine Sectoral Carbon Intensity
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Partial Results Using 60-sector I/O
Tables • Carbon emission levels per P1,000 of major
agricultural crops:Rice, 5.8 kgCorn, 5.1 kgCoconut, 4.7 kgSugarcane, 8.5 kg
• Carbon emission levels for services provided by:Private educational institutions, 2,200 kg per
P150,000Hotels and restaurants, 11.7 kg per P1,000
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LCA Research in the Philippines
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What Our Research Group at DLSU Has Done
• Advised Philippine Government (DOE, DOST) on life cycle issues leading to policy actions
• Basic R&D published in LCA journals and books• Integrated LCA into postgraduate and
undergraduate curriculum • Delivered workshops and seminars for NGO’s.• Collaborated with overseas partners• Developing e-learning materials on LCA• Established LCA information clearinghouse
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LCA R&D
Applications• Transportation systems
Fuels Modes
• Energy systems Power plants Biofuels Efficient lamps
• Manufacturing systems Pulp and paper Electronics Biopharmaceuticals
Methods• Fuzzy modelling• Artificial intelligence• Monte Carlo• Linear and non-linear
programming• Data quality• Decision analysis• Hybridization and
streamlining
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Conclusion
• Life cycle thinking blurs the boundary between production and consumption
• Quantitative methods such as LCA allow for rational evaluation of different goods from an integrated systems standpoint
• Carbon footprinting applies some aspects of life cycle thinking to climate change issues.
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Thanks for your attention
Comments and questions are welcome
Or contact me at
Phone/Fax: +632-524-0560
http://sustech.dlsu.edu.ph
