Research & Reviews Journal of Agricultural Science Technology vol 5 issue-3

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Dr. Madhusweta DasDepartment of Agricultural and

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Professor, Alexandria University,

Alexanderia, Egypt.

Vinod Kumar SuriDepartment of Soil Science

CSK H. P.KV, Palampur, HP India.

Ravikant Radhakant UpasaniAgronomy Birsa Agricultural University

Ranchi, Jharkhand, India.

Prof. Proshanta GuhaDepartment of Agricultural and

Food Engineering

IIT Kharagpur, WB, India

Rintu BanerjeeDepartment of Agricultural and

Food Engineering

Indian Institute of Technology

Kharagpur, WB India.

Dr. Sohail AhmedDepartment of Agri. Entomology,

University of Agriculture, Faisalabad,

Pakistan.

Dr. M L KansalAssociate Professor (WRDTC),

IIT Roorkee, Uttarakhand India.

Dr. R KalaiyarasiUG Botany, Centre for Plant Breeding and

GeneticsTamil Nadu Agricultural University

Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India.

Dr. Marina Macukanovic JocicUniversity of BelgradeFaculty of

Agriculture, Belgrade-Zemun, Serbia.

Saket KushwahaDepartment of Agricultural Economics,

Institute of Agricultural Sciences,

Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi,

India.

Jiban Shrestha. Scientist,

Nepal Agricultural Research Council,

Nepal.

Dr. Savo VuckovicProfessor,

Department of Genetics and Plant

Breeding, Faculty of Agriculture,

Nemanjina 6, Belgrade, Serbia

Dr. A.K. SrivastavaNational Research Centre for Citrus ,

Nagpur Maharashtra, India.

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School of Agricultural Sciences and Rural

Development, Nagaland University,

Medziphema Nagaland, India.

Dr. Mohammad Aslam AnsariProfessor, Agriculture Communication

G B Pant University of Agriculture and

Technology, Pantnagar, Uttarakhand,

India.

Mahesh Rao Scientist, National Research Centre on

Plant Biotechnology, Pusa Campus,

New Delhi India.

Editorial Board

It is my privilege to present the print version of the [Volume 5 Issue 3] of Research & Reviews:

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1. Utilization of Press Mud for Quality Compost Generation under Waste to Wealth Programme through Adoption of Novcom Composting Programme: A Case Study from Balarampur Chini Mills, Uttar Pradesh, India Antara Seal, Ranjan Bera, Anupam Datta, Susmita Saha, Rupkatha Roy Chowdhury, Ashis Kumar Chatterjee, Arun Kumar Barik 1

2. Evaluation of Yield and Fruit Quality of Thirteen Selected Tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill) Cultivars in Southwest Nigeria Adetoro O.A., B.J. Amujoyegbe 12

3. Development of Soil Resource Mapping for Effective Organic Soil Management: A Case Study from FAO-CFC-TBI Project at Maud Tea Estate, Assam, IndiaAntara Seal, Ranjan Bera, Anupam Datta, Susmita Saha, Rupkatha Roy Chowdhury, Ashis Kumar Chatterjee, Arun Kumar Barik, Debashis Mazumdar 23

4. Farmer's Awareness about Climate Change and Adaptation Practices: A Review Rupan Raghuvanshi, M.A. Ansari 41

5. Research and Industrial Insight: Agricultural Science and Technology 52

ContentsResearch & Reviews : Journal of Agricultural Science & Technology

RRJoAST (2016) 1-11 © STM Journals 2016. All Rights Reserved Page 1

Research & Reviews: Journal of Agricultural Science and Technology ISSN: 2278-2206(online), ISSN: 2349-3682(print)

Volume 5, Issue 3

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Utilization of Press Mud for Quality Compost Generation

under Waste to Wealth Programme through Adoption of

Novcom Composting Programme: A Case Study from

Balarampur Chini Mills, Uttar Pradesh, India

Antara Seal1, Ranjan Bera

1,*, Anupam Datta1, Susmita Saha

1, Rupkatha Roy Chowdhury

1,

Ashis Kumar Chatterjee2, Arun Kumar Barik

2

1Inhana Organic Research Foundation, 168 Jodhpur Park, Kolkata, West Bengal, India

2Department of ASEPAN, Visva Bharati University, Santineketan, West Bengal, India

Abstract Sustainable crop production is a function of soil quality and plant health, two aspects which

can be fostered only under a nature harnessed approach. However, the task at hand is highly

challenging due to severe loss of natural soil productivity under few decades of chemical

farming. To restore and develop soil quality, rejuvenation of native microflora is crucial;

which can be served only by application of microflora (self- generated) rich, organic

manure/compost. Press mud is a rich source of different plant nutrients, but at the same time a

complex raw material for biodegradation due to its high wax content. In the present study,

Novcom Composting method, an aerobic heap composting process was adopted for on- farm

and large scale production of quality compost using press mud. Aero tiller and JCB bulldozer

was utilized for the purpose. Mature compost was produced within 21 days as indicated by

dark brown colour, earthy smell and formation of whitish layers of fungal hyphae. Quality

analysis indicated that Novcom press mud compost was rich in nutrient and more importantly

contained very high population of self-generated microflora. Stability and phytotoxicity

analysis confirmed the potential of this compost towards rejuvenation of soil biological

functions; moreover absence of toxicity indicated no threat in terms of plant growth

inhibition. The study reflected that adoption of Novcom composting method on commercial

scales can help to get quality end product with minimum production hazard and within short

time period. Short biodegradation process and intense microbial activity during Novcom

composting helps towards higher carbon sequestration and lesser greenhouse gas emission,

as compared to other biodegradation processes.

Keywords: Self-generated microflora, Large scale composting, Phytotoxicity, Greenhouse gas

emission

INTRODUCTION With increase in world population and the

consequent necessity for the intensification of

food production, the management of soil has

become increasingly important [1]. On the

other hand, continuous use of fertilizers,

pesticides and other synthetic chemicals to

address problems in agricultural production

had led to poor soil health and resistance in

insects, diseases and weeds. In order to bring

back the desired sustainability, a healthy soil is

entailed where all its components viz.,

physical, chemical and biological components

are in balance with each other to support plant

growth by providing the necessary energy to

them [2]. Now to develop healthy soil,

compost is the best option available that

restores and enhances soil potential in order to

attain sustainable soil and crop productivity

[3]. However, in a country like India, scarcity

of raw materials for compost preparation

necessitates the search for potential raw

material to generate compost.

In these regard, sugar cane press mud can

serve as a good source of organic manure as

well as an alternate source of crop nutrients

and soil ameliorates [4, 5]. But, the high wax

content of press mud is one the factors that

hinders its soil application as because it



Volume 5, Issue 3

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Evaluation of Yield and Fruit Quality of Thirteen Selected

Tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill) Cultivars in

Southwest Nigeria

Adetoro O.A.*, B.J. Amujoyegbe Department of Crop Production and Protection, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Nigeria

Abstract Assessing the morphology, fruit yield, proximate composition and phytochemical properties of

some grown tomato cultivars from southwest Nigeria is needed to identify quality and promote

performance for tomato industry. Thirteen tomato cultivars that are prominently grown by

farmers were purposively collected from farmer’s field across the region and evaluated for

fruit yield and nutritional quality. Fruit yield and quality were evaluated on field and

laboratory of Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Nigeria in 2012 and 2013 early and late

cropping seasons. Seedlings of the cultivars were raised and transplanted at 4 weeks to a plot

of 33.6 m per cultivar at the spacing of 0.6 by 0.5 m between and within rows, respectively.

The arrangement was a completely randomized block with three replications. Data were

collected on morphological parameters, phenology and yield performance; while laboratory

analyses for fruit quality assessment were also carried out and data on proximate and

phytochemicals properties were collected. The results were analyzed subject to analysis of

variance (ANOVA) to determine seasonal and cultivars response while significant means were

separated using Duncan Multiple Range Test (DMRT) at 5% level of probability. The result

showed highly significant varietal variations which were also influenced by seasons also late

season significantly favoured fresh yield. The fresh fruit yield per hectare per plant was

highest in the descending order of Roma VF>NHLe-110>NHLe-3 (430.83, 361.50 and

345.00 g), respectively. There were significant varietal differences in the lycopene content and

phytochemical properties which affected the nutritional quality of the cultivars.

Keywords: Tomato, yield, fruit quality, cultivars

INTRODUCTION Tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill) is one

of the most important fruit vegetable crops

grown all over the world and in Nigeria in

particular. It is grown in all ecological zones

of Nigeria with an average yield of 5–7 tons

ha-1

recorded in the rainforest and 10 tons ha-1

reported in the savanna ecological zone [1].

Tomato has gained wide use in every Nigerian

home [2]. Every person consumes on an

average around 10 g tomato per day in Nigeria

which results to an average of 600 tons per day

or 584,000 tons annually for 160 million

people [3]. Tomato production in the rainforest

ecological zone is relatively low compared to

its level of utilization and consumption than

any other part of the country as it is beset with

many problems, such as diseases, nematodes,

insect pests, high flower abortion, all these

resulting in low yield and poor quality fruits in

addition to climatic factors, which includes

temperature, humidity and high rainfall [4].

Tomatoes are important in the daily meal

preparation since it can be eaten raw or

cooked. The fruits are frequently grinded and

used as condiments in soups and dishes while

larger quantities are used to produce juice,

ketchups, purees and paste. It is a very cheap

source of vitamins essential in the metabolic

activities of man [3]. It is also a cheap source

of vitamins A, C and E; calcium and niacin all

of which are of great importance in the

metabolic and protects the body against

disease [5]. Considering the health of human,

larger percentage of dietary lycopene is

derived from tomato. The fruit of tomato

contributes immensely to the antioxidants like

β-carotene. It is one of the antioxidants that

can better be described to dissociate free

radical chain reactions [6].



Volume 5, Issue 3

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Development of Soil Resource Mapping for Effective

Organic Soil Management: A Case Study from

FAO-CFC-TBI Project at Maud Tea Estate, Assam, India

Antara Seal1, Ranjan Bera

1,*, Anupam Datta

1, Susmita Saha

1, Rupkatha Roy Chowdhury

1,

Ashis Kumar Chatterjee2, Arun Kumar Barik

2, Debashis Mazumdar

3

1Inhana Organic Research Foundation, 168 Jodhpur Park, Kolkata, West Bengal, India

2Department of ASEPAN, Visva Bharati University, Santineketan, West Bengal, India

3Department of Agricultural Statistics, Bidhan Chandra Krishi Viswavidyalaya, Mohanpur, West

Bengal, India

Abstract Development of soil resource mapping is an important tool towards identification of problem

and potentials of soils towards organic soil management. Soil resource inventory of Maud

T.E., Assam, India, was developed through preparation of the various thematic maps based on

the analysis report of soil samples collected before initiation of project and post the practice

of Inhana rational farming (IRF) for a period of three years under FAO-CFC-TBI project

entitled ‘Development, Production and Trade of Organic Tea’ (2008–09 to 2012–13). Soil of

Maud T.E. was moderate to strongly acidic in reaction (pH 4.31–5.50), however; minimal

variation of soil pH was noted post three years of organic soil management under IRF. This is

of special significance considering that in chemical gardens, yearly application of lime

becomes necessary for maintenance of soil pH. Evaluation of soil organic carbon stock before

initiation of project revealed a status of 4500–6500 kgha-1

in major portion of the garden.

Adoption of organic soil management under IRF led to notable reduction in the low

(<5500 kgha-1

) carbon stock area and enabled uplifted status of 6500–7500 kgha-1

in

significant portion of the plantation. Nitrogen, a critical nutrient for tea production varied

from moderately low to moderate status and was found to respond positively under organic

soil management. However, the most remarkable finding was the increase in area

representing moderately high to very high phosphate status, which confirmed the positive

impact of compost application containing huge self-generated microbial pool; towards

enhanced availability of phosphate in soil. Organic soil management under IRF also elevated

the potash content of a significant area of the garden from low to moderate status. In terms of

available SO4, major portion of the garden (55.51% of Total Geographical Area (TGA))

represented low to very low status which needs to be brought under the radar of priority soil

management. Microbial load varied within 2000 to 4000 kgha-1

in major area of the garden

(61.97% of TGA), however; organic soil management under IRF uplifted the status to

>4000 kgha-1

in significant portion of the garden.

Keywords: Soil resource mapping, organic soil management, fertility index, organic carbon

stock, soil microbial load

INTRODUCTION Soil resource mapping and development of

thematic maps is the most useful tool for

identification of potential and problematic

areas of any plantation in order to enable the

formulation of an effective and customized

soil management programme. Soil evaluation

especially in terms of the microfloral activity

and soil quality; followed by resource

mapping can enable the maintenance of soil

resource base while tapping the potential areas

simultaneously with the target of better farm

productivity [1]. This can also serve as the

guiding material for the garden authority in

terms of taking up decisions regarding yearly

soil management protocol. Significance of this

increases manifold especially in case of

organic soil management, where judicious

application of organic soil inputs has a direct

bearing on the related economics because

plantations generally depend on off-farm soil

inputs due to general scarcity of resources for



Volume 5, Issue 3

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Farmer’s Awareness about Climate Change and

Adaptation Practices: A Review

Rupan Raghuvanshi, M.A. Ansari* Department of Agricultural Communication, College of Agriculture, G.B. Pant University of

Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar, Uttarakhand, India

Abstract Climate change is a burning issue in the global discussions on agriculture as it affects all

other sectors of development. Climate change directly affects agriculture production as this

sector is inherently sensitive to climatic conditions and is one of the most vulnerable sectors to

the risk and impact of global climate change. Agriculture system responds to changing

climate through the process of adaptation. Adaptation to farming practices is largely

dependent on awareness about climate change. It is also a threat to the food security of the

growing population of the world. Awareness of farmers about the climate changes, its causes

and consequences are the important aspect to deal with changing climatic conditions. Despite

availability of adaptation measures like HYVs, mixed cropping, integrated farming, change in

irrigation, crop insurance etc., farmers were not adapting them due to lack of knowledge and

awareness about climate change. Majority of the farmers were unable to identify the causes

and consequences of climate change, that’s way they had not made adjustments in their

farming practices. It is important to create awareness about climate change among the

farmers by using various methods like ICT, community radio, extension agent etc., so that they

can adopt the various adaptation practices available to cope up with the adverse impact of

climate change.

Keywords: Climate change, agriculture, awareness, adaptation

INTRODUCTION

Climate change has emerged as an integral

component of development dialogue and

debate globally as it is affecting all the

countries, developed or developing. Global

warming and changing weather parameters are

being discussed and debated at various UN

and inter-governmental forums necessitating

formulation of relevant and adequate policy

measures for minimising the damages being

inflicted upon human population. Since

climate is the primary determinant of

agriculture productivity, UN as well as

national governments are worried that climate

change may endanger world food security.

Hence, the governments, especially

developing countries are more worried about

its adverse impact on agriculture.

Climate is a measure of the average pattern of

variation in temperature, humidity,

atmospheric pressure, wind, precipitation,

atmospheric particle count and other

meteorological variables in a given region

over long periods of time. It is considered as a

base for survival of flora and fauna because

climatic factors such as temperature,

precipitation, wind, humidity etc. directly or

indirectly affect the growth and development

of organism. It is also a fact that the climate

has changed, is changing and will continue to

change regardless of what investments in

mitigation are made [1]. Climate change is a

significant time variation in weather patterns

occurring over periods ranging from decades

to millions of years. Due to alarming situation

of climate change and its effect on society, the

term climate has drawn the attention of policy

makers, scientist as well as general public.

CLIMATE CHANGE Climate change refers to the changes in

various climate parameters over a period of

time. There exists a natural climate cycle.

However, increased human activities can also

lead to unaccounted and unexplained

variations in the frequency and intensity of

various climate parameters. Climate change in

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temperature

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humidity

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atmospheric_pressure

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wind

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Precipitation_(meteorology)

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meteorology



Volume 5, Issue 3

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Research and Industrial Insight: Agricultural Science and

Technology

Utilization of waste water: A new beginning

to feed the world

Ever thought of utilizing waste water? Yes,

waste water should no longer be treated as

rubbish as it has turned out to be an asset and

can be utilized in the fields. It can be safely

and securely managed either by irrigation or

by recharging aquifers. But it requires constant

monitoring and checking for health risks.

During the Annual Global Forum for Food and

Agriculture, in Berlin, the experts discussed

how the nations can apply technologies to

utilize the waste water. According to Marlos

De Souza, a senior officer with FAO's Land

and Water Division, “A very limited amount

of treated waste water is being utilized by

agriculture sector, but countries like Egypt,

Jordan, Mexico and Spain are continuously

investigating the potential outcomes as they

are facing water shortage. Use of recycled

waste water is much in practice in areas close

to cities or where there are ample opportunities

for agricultural produce. The small farmers

have been efficiently utilizing this since years.

The thing which needs to be taken care of is

that it should be treated and managed skillfully

that suits the local conditions. What was once

a nuisance is now been looked upon as an

opportunity for overcoming water shortage.

Wetlands built in Egypt have turned out to be

successful as economically viable approach to

farming. The continuous increase in

population and economic expansion has

known to be a liability on freshwater

resources. What's more is these pressures are

currently progressively being exacerbated by

environmental change. Currently agriculture

represents 70 pc global freshwater usage with

a demand of 50 pc by 2050 is expected to

increase and the demand from urban areas and

industries will follow. The emphasis needs to

be laid upon the use of non-conventional as

well as alternate sources of water. De Souza

further adds that waste water not only helps in

coping up with the shortage of water it also

serves as a good alternative to fertilizer since it

is high in nutrition content. At the same time it

also contains pathogens, microbes etc. which

pose a threat both to the farmers and

consumers. Various technologies and

methodologies have been developed and are

being utilized globally. Other than handling

the issue of water shortage, reducing

environmental contamination, and supporting

food production, waste water management, its

treatment and utilization can also serve as an

employment generator activity. The Global

Forum for Food and Agriculture held annually

and organized by the German Federal Ministry

for Food and Agriculture (BMEL) is dedicated

to bringing together the experts, scientists,

researchers and farmers for discussing the

issues influencing agribusiness around the

globe.

A Mobile App that serves as a boon to the

small groundnut farmers of Andhra

Launched as a pilot project in Devanakonda,

Mandal of Kurnool District in June 2016, a

sowing app developed by Microsoft and

International Crop Research Institute for the

Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT)is gaining

popularity and has elevated the yields by 30

percent.The project was in association with

Andhra Pradesh Government.

The application was developed with a motive

to benefit small farmers involved in the

growing groundnuts. With the help of this app

they are aware of the best time to sowing and

irrigating crops etc.

The success story was shared in the two-day

twentieth National Conference on E-

Governance. The application consists of an

easily accessible dashboard which can be

customized provides updates regarding soil

quality, recommended fertilizer as per the crop

and soil type as well as seven day weather

forecast. During the testing phase 10 farmers

were sent updates through SMS. These

updates included treatment of seed, sowing

depth, preventive weed management,

preparation of land, harvesting, shade drying

and storage. This information could be

incorporated with other information gathered

from the Rythu Kosam project and it could be

of help in fabricating the prescient models for



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