Research & Reviews A Journal of Health Professions vol 6 issue 3

(RRJoHP)

Research & Reviews: A Journal of

Health Professions

September–December 2016

ISSN 2277-6192 (Online)

ISSN 2348-9537 (Print)

www.stmjournals.com

STM JOURNALSScientific Technical Medical

STM Journals, a strong initiative by Consortium E-Learning Network Private Ltd. (established 2006), was

launched in the year 2010 under the support and guidance by our esteemed Editorial and Advisory Board

Members from renowned institutes.

Objectives:

Promotion of Scientific, Technical and Medical research.

Publication of Original Research/Review, Short Articles and Case Studies through

Peer Review process.

Publishing Special Issues on Conferences.

Preparing online platform for print journals.

Empowering the libraries with online and print Journals in Scientific, Technical

and Medical domains.

Publishing and distribution of books on various subjects in the category of Nanotechnology,

Scientific and Technical Writing, and Environment, Health and Safety.

Salient Features:

A bouquet of 100+ Journals that fall under Science, Technical and Medical domains.

Employs Open Journals System (OJS)—a journal management and publishing system.

The first and one of the fastest growing publication website in India as well as in abroad

for its quality and coverage.

Rapid online submission and publication of papers, soon after their formal

acceptance/finalization.

Facilitates linking with the other authors or professionals.

Worldwide circulation and visibility.

Research & Reviews: A Journal of Health Professions

ISSN: 2277-6192(online), ISSN: 2348-9537(print)

Focus and Scope Covers

Audiologist

Cardiovascular Technology and Chiropractor

Cytotechnologist and Dietetic

Osteopathy

Podiatry, Radiology (X-Ray) and Respiratory Therapy

Speech therapy , Surgical (O.R.) Technology and Ultrasound Technology

Clinical Laboratory Technology

Research & Reviews: A Journal of Health Professions is published (frequency: three times a year) in India by STM

Journals (division of Consortium e-Learning Network Private Ltd.) The views expressed in the articles do not necessarily

reflect of the Publisher. The publisher does not endorse the quality or value of the advertised/sponsored products

described therein. Please consult full prescribing information before issuing a prescription for any products mentioned in

this publication.

No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in retrieval system or transmitted in any from without written

permission of the publisher.

To cite any of the material contained in this Journal, in English or translation, please use the full English reference at the

beginning of each article. To reuse any of the material, please contact STM Journals ([email protected])

STM Journals

STM Journals (division of Consortium e-Learning Network Private Ltd. ) having its Marketing office located at Office

No. 4, First Floor, CSC pocket E Market, Mayur Vihar Phase II, New Delhi-110091, India is the Publisher of Journal.

Statements and opinions expressed in the Journal reflect the views of the author(s) and are not the opinion of STM

Journals unless so stated.

Subscription Information and Order:

National Subscription:

Print - Rs 3750/- per Journal ( includes 3 print issues), Single Issue copy purchase: Rs 1500.

Online - Rs 3750/- per Journal inclusive Service Tax ( includes 3 online issues), Single Issue purchase: Rs 1500

inclusive Service Tax

Print + Online - Rs 5000/- per Journal inclusive Service Tax ( includes 3 print & online issues).

International Subscription:

Online Only- $199, Print Only-$299 (includes 3 print issues)

Online + Print-$399 (includes 3 print issues + online access of published back volumes )

To purchase print compilation of back issues please send your query at [email protected]

Subscription must be prepaid. Rates outside of India includes delivery. Prices subject to change without notice.

Mode of Payment: At par cheque, Demand draft, and RTGS (payment to be made in favor of

Consortium E-Learning Network. Pvt. ltd., payable at Delhi/New Delhi.

Online Access Policy

A). For Authors:

In order to provide maximum citation and wide publicity to the authors work, STM Journals also have Open Access

Policy, authors who would like to get their work open access can opt for Optional Open Access publication at

nominal cost as follows

India, SARC and African Countries: INR 2500 or 100 USD including single hard copy of Author's Journal.

Other Countries: USD 200 including single hard copy of Author's Journal.

B). For Subscribers:

Online access will be activated within 72 hours of receipt of the payment (working days), subject to receipt of

correct information on user details/Static IP address of the subscriber.

The access will be blocked:

If the user requests for the same and furnishes valid reasons for blocking.

Due to technical issue.

Misuse of the access rights as per the access policy.

Advertising and Commercial Reprint Inquiries: STM Journals with wide circulation and visibility offer an excellent

media for showcasing/promotion of your products/services and the events-namely, Conferences, Symposia/Seminars

etc. These journals have very high potential to deliver the message across the targeted audience regularly with each

published issue. The advertisements on bulk subscriptions, gift subscriptions or reprint purchases for distribution etc. are

also very welcome.

Lost Issue Claims: Please note the following when applying for lost or missing issues:

Claims for print copies lost will be honored only after 45 days of the dispatch date and before publication of the

next issue as per the frequency.

Tracking id for the speed post will be provided to all our subscribers and the claims for the missing Journals will

be entertained only with the proofs which will be verified at both the ends.

Claims filed due to insufficient (or no notice) of change of address will not be honored.

Change of Address of Dispatch should be intimated to STM Journals at least 2 months prior to the dispatch

schedule as per the frequency by mentioning subscriber id and the subscription id.

Refund requests will not be entertained.

Legal Disputes

All the legal disputes are subjected to Delhi Jurisdiction only. If you have any questions, please contact the Publication

Management Team: [email protected]; Tel : +91 0120-4781211.

Gargi Asha Jha

Manager (Publications)

PUBLICATION MANAGEMENT TEAM

Internal Members

External Members

Bimlesh Lochab

Assistant Professor

Department of Chemistry

School of Natural Sciences, Shiv Nadar University

Gautam Buddha Nagar, Uttar Pradesh, India

Dr. Rajiv Prakash

Professor and Coordinator

School of Materials Science and Technology

Indian Institute of Technology (BHU), Varanasi

Uttar Pradesh, India

Dr. Rakesh Kumar

Assistant Professor

Department of Applied Chemistry

BIT Mesra, Patna,

Bihar, India

Prof. S. Ramaprabhu

Alternative Energy and Nanotechnology Technology

Laboratory, Department of Physics

Indian Institute of Technology, Chennai

Tamil Nadu, India

Himani Pandey

Isha Chandra

Senior Associate Editors

Dr. Yog Raj Sood

Dean (Planning and Development)

Professor, Department of Electrical Engineering

National Institute of Technology, Hamirpur

Himachal Pradesh, India

Prof. Chris Cannings

Professor, School of Mathematics and Statistics

University of Sheffield,

Sheffield

United Kingdom

Dr. D. K. Vijaykumar

MS, MCh (Surgical Oncology), Professor and

Head Department of Surgical Oncology

Amrita Institute of Medical Sciences and Research Centre

Ponekkara, Cochin, Kerala, India

Dr. Durgadas Naik

Associate Professor (Microbiology)

Management and Science University,

University Drive, Seksyen13

Selangor, Malaysia

Prof. José María Luna Ariza

Department of Computer Sciences and

Numerical Analysis

Campus of Rabanales

University of Córdoba, Spain

Dr. Khaiser Nikam

Professor, Library and Information Science

Department of Library and Information Science

University of Mysore

Mysore, India

Quaisher J Hossain

Senior Editor

Group Managing Editor Dr. Archana Mehrotra

Managing DirectorCELNET, Delhi, India

Meenakshi Tripathi

Shivani Sharma

Chairman Mr. Puneet Mehrotra

Director

Shambhavi Mishra

Associate Editors

Sugandha Mishra

Prof. Priyavrat TharejaDirector Principal

Rayat Institute of Engineering and Information Technology

Punjab, India

Dr. Baldev RajDirector, National Institute of Advanced Studies

Indian Institute of Science campus Bangalore

Karnataka, India

Former Director

Indira Gandhi Centre for Atomic Research,

Kalpakkam, Tamil Nadu, India

Dr. Pankaj PoddarSenior Scientist

Physical and Materials Chemistry Division,National Chemical Laboratory

Pune, Maharastra India

Prof. D. N. RaoProfessor and Head

Department of BiochemistryAll India Institute of Medical Sciences

New Delhi, India

Dr. Nandini Chatterjee SinghAdditional Professor

National Brain Research CentreManesar, Gurgaon

Haryana, India

Dr. Ashish RunthalaLecturer, Biological Sciences Group

Birla Institute of Technology and SciencePilani, Rajasthan,

India

Dr. Bankim Chandra RayProfessor and Ex-Head of the Department

Department of Metallurgical and Materials Engineering

National Institute of Technology, RourkelaOdisha, India

Prof. Yuwaraj Marotrao GhugalProfessor and Head

Department of Applied MechanicsGovernment College of Engineering

Vidyanagar, Karad Maharashtra, India

Dr. Hardev Singh VirkVisiting Professor, Department of Physics

University of SGGS World UniversityFatehgarh Sahib, Punjab,

IndiaFormer Director Research

DAV Institute of Engineering and TechnologyJallandhar, India

Dr. Shrikant Balkisan DhootSenior Research Scientist, Reliance Industries Limited, Mumbai, India

Former Head (Research and Development)Nurture Earth R&D Pvt Ltd., MIT Campus

Beed Bypass Road, Aurangabad Maharashtra, India

STM JOURNALS

ADVISORY BOARD

Dr. Rakesh KumarAssistant Professor

Department of Applied ChemistryBirla Institute of Technology

Patna, Bihar, India

Prof. Subash Chandra MishraProfessor

Department of Metallurgical and Materials Engineering

National Institute of Technology, RourkelaOdisha, India

Dr. Shankargouda PatilAssistant Professor

Department of Oral PathologyKLE Society's Institute of Dental Sciences

Bangalore, Karnataka, India

Prof. Sundara RamaprabhuProfessor

Department of PhysicsIndian Institute of Technology Madras

Chennai, Tamil Nadu India

Dr. Baskar KaliyamoorthyAssociate Professor

Department of Civil EngineeringNational Institute of Technology, Trichy

Tiruchirappalli, Tamil Nadu, India

STM JOURNALS

ADVISORY BOARD

Editorial Board

Dr. Sanjay P. ZodpeyMD, PhD Director, Indian Institute of Public Health - Delhi, Director, Public

Health Education Public Health Foundation of India, New Delhi, India.

Abdulrahman Obaid MusaigerDirector of Arab Center for Nutrition,

Bahrain Professor of Nutrition and Public Health, University of Bahrain, Bahrain.

Swinder Pal SinghHuman Biology Department, Punjabi

University, Patiala, India.

Dr. Kaushik Sankar BoseDepartment of Anthropology, Vidyasagar

University, Midnapore, India.

Prof. Nirmal Kumar GangulyPresident Jawaharlal Institute of Postgraduate,Institute of Medical Education and Research

Distinguished Biotechnology Research Professor, Department of Biotechnology, National Institute of

Immunology, New Delhi, India.

Mohan Chander PrasantProfessor in Dental College

Ams Aosmi, India.

It is my privilege to present the print version of the [Volume 6 Issue 3] of our Research & Reviews: A

Journal of Health Professions, 2016. The intension of RRJoHP is to create an atmosphere that

stimulates vision, research and growth in the area of Health Professions.

Timely publication, honest communication, comprehensive editing and trust with authors and

readers have been the hallmark of our journals. STM Journals provide a platform for scholarly

research articles to be published in journals of international standards. STM journals strive to publish

quality paper in record time, making it a leader in service and business offerings.

The aim and scope of STM Journals is to provide an academic medium and an important reference

for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high level learning, teaching

and research in all the Science, Technical and Medical domains.

Finally, I express my sincere gratitude to our Editorial/ Reviewer board, Authors and publication

team for their continued support and invaluable contributions and suggestions in the form of

authoring writeups/reviewing and providing constructive comments for the advancement of the

journals. With regards to their due continuous support and co-operation, we have been able to publish

quality Research/Reviews findings for our customers base.

I hope you will enjoy reading this issue and we welcome your feedback on any aspect of the Journal.

Dr. Archana Mehrotra

Managing Director

STM Journals

Director's Desk

STM JOURNALS

1. Association of Depression with Sociodemographic Variables and Rural Old-Aged People Manpreet Kaur, Sukhpreet Kaur, Rajwant Kaur 1

2. Nutritional Status among Adolescents: Contributing Factors Navjot Kaur, Jasbir Kaur, Prabhjot Saini 5

3. Correlates of Clinical and Dietary Factors on Nutritional Status of People Living with HIV on Anti-retroviral Therapy: A Case-control Study in Central Zone of Tigray, Northern EthiopiaNegassie Berhe Weldehaweria, Elsa Hagos Abreha, Kebede Haile Misgina, Meresa Gebremedhin Weldu 11

4. Knowledge and Practice of Pain Assessment and Management and Factors Associated with Nurses' Working at Hawassa University Referral Hospital, Hawassa city, South EthiopiaFikru Tadesse, Zemenu Yohannes, Lemlem Beza 24

5. Disparity in Health and Nursing Education, Practice in the Developed Countries and IndiaMeena Ganapathy 32

ContentsResearch & Reviews: A Journal of Health Professions

RRJoHP (2016) 1-4 © STM Journals 2016. All Rights Reserved Page 1

Research & Reviews: A Journal of Health Professions ISSN: 2277-6192(online), ISSN: 2348-9537(print)

Volume 6, Issue 3 www.stmjournals.com

Association of Depression with Sociodemographic Variables and Rural Old-Aged People

Manpreet Kaur*, Sukhpreet Kaur, Rajwant Kaur Department of Nursing, Shri Guru Ram Dass College of Nursing,

Sri Guru Ram Das Institute of Medical Sciences and Research, Vallah, Amritsar, Punjab, India

Abstract Ageing is a natural process always associated with physiological and biological decline. It is the outcome of certain structural and functional changes that takes place in the major parts as the life years increases. In the words of Seneca, “Old age is an incurable disease”. It affects every individual, family, community and society. It is a normal, progressive and irreversible process. Ageing is the process of physical, psychological and social change. Mental health has an impact on physical health and vice-versa. For example, older adults with physical health conditions such as heart disease have higher rates of depression than those who are medically fit. Keywords: Ageing, psychological, heart disease, depression, geriatric population

INTRODUCTION Depression is recognized as a serious public health concern in developing countries. The Global Burden of Disease study showed that depression will be the single leading cause of Disability Adjusted Life Years by 2020 in the developing world [1].` Depression is a state of low mood and aversion to activity that can affect a person's thoughts, behaviour, feelings and sense of well-being [2]. Depression is a common illness and is affecting approximately 121 million people worldwide. In 2000, it was the leading cause of disability and the fourth leading contributor to the global burden of disease. There has been increasing evidence that depression is correlated to mortality and health service utilization among the elderly [3]. The Local National Morbidity Survey of India showed that the prevalence of mental problems among the elderly was 26% reported that prevalence of depression among the elderly in rural areas was slightly higher (7.6%) as compared to urban areas (6.3%) [4]. MATERIALS AND METHODS The present study was undertaken to find out the prevalence of depression and also to seek association of depression with demographic variables among rural elderly residing at the

village Chappa Ram Singh, Amritsar, Punjab, India. A descriptive survey design was employed in the study, among 95 samples of elderly selected through systematic random sampling. Informed consent was obtained from the study subjects. The final tool for data collection had three parts. Part A consists of sociodemographic profile which includes twelve items related to demographic data of the elderly such as age, gender, educational status, marital status, past occupational status, present work status, type of family, history of previous illness, family monthly income, personal income source, perception of economic dependency, and house bound status. Part B consists of standardized Geriatric Depression Scale which includes 30 items (r = 0.92). For each correct response, one mark was given and for each incorrect response, zero mark was awarded. Reliability for Geriatric Depression Scale (Punjabi version) was also computed by test–retest method and calculated by Karl Pearson’s coefficient correlation (r = 0.97). The data were analyzed by descriptive and inferential statistics through SPSS 16 version. RESULTS The findings of the study revealed that 81 (85.3%) of the elderly had mild depression and only 4 (4.2%) were severely depressed, whereas 10.5% were normal (Table 1). The

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mood_(psychology)

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subjective_well-being




Nutritional Status among Adolescents: Contributing Factors

Navjot Kaur*, Jasbir Kaur, Prabhjot Saini

Department of Pediatric Nursing, College of Nursing, Dayanand Medical College and Hospital, Ludhiana, Punjab, India

Abstract

Nutritional status of adolescents is of much concern. Faulty eating habits can make them overweight and ultimately obese and even malnourished also. Obesity is a complex disorder involving an excessive amount of body fat. Obesity is not just a cosmetic concern; it increases the risk of diseases and health problems. There are various factors like biological, genetic, behavioural and environmental which contribute to obesity. An exploratory design was used to assess nutritional and its associated factors among 200 adolescents studying in selected schools of city Ludhiana, Punjab, selected by stratified random sampling technique. Data was collected by using anthropometric measurement i.e. height and weight to assess the BMI of children and structured interview schedule to assess the associated factors. Both descriptive and inferential statistics was used for analysis. The study revealed that slightly less than half of the children (48%) were underweight, whereas 46% of children were normal and 5.5% of the children were overweight and only 0.5% of children was obese. The prevalence of overweight/obesity in private school is 10% which is significantly (p<0.001) higher than government school (2%). The children whose mothers are housewives are more likely to be overweight. The study concluded that overweight was more prevalent in private school children as compared to government school children. Many adolescents are underweight also. Keywords: Overweight/obesity, nutritional status, contributing factors, adolescents

INTRODUCTION Over the past decade, there has been an increasing concern about the impact of chronic and communicable diseases on the health of world population. But recent studies indicate that in 20s non-communicable diseases will count for 60% of the disease burden and mortality in the developing world. A non-communicable disease is a medical condition, which is non-transmissible or non-infectious among people. These include autoimmune diseases, heart diseases, stroke, cancers, asthma, diabetes, chronic kidney disease, osteoporosis, obesity, Alzheimer’s disease, cataract and many more. The World Health Organization (WHO) identified obesity as one of the greatest public health challenges of the 21st century [1].

Obesity is a medical condition in which excess body fat has accumulated to the extent that it may have an adverse effect on health [2].

Overweight and obesity are linked to more deaths than underweight. Obesity is recognized as an underlying disease in developing countries which is also strongly influenced by diet and lifestyle [3]. It is the leading preventable cause of death worldwide, with increasing prevalence in adults and children. Obesity is most commonly caused by a combination of excessive food energy intake, lack of physical activity and genetic susceptibility; although few cases are caused primarily by genes, endocrine disorders, medications or psychiatric illness [4]. A cross sectional study to determine the prevalence of obesity among adolescents and its associated risk factors was conducted in Ludhiana, Punjab, India. The results showed that overall incidence of obesity were 3.4%, with no significant difference between boys and girls. A significantly greater number of boys (15%) as compared to girls (10.2%) were overweight. More than half of the adolescents




Correlates of Clinical and Dietary Factors on Nutritional Status of People Living with HIV on

Anti-retroviral Therapy: A Case-control Study in Central Zone of Tigray, Northern Ethiopia

Negassie Berhe Weldehaweria1, Elsa Hagos Abreha

2, Kebede Haile Misgina

1,

Meresa Gebremedhin Weldu1,*

1Department of Public Health, Aksum University, College of Health Sciences, Aksum, Ethiopia 2Department of Biomedical Sciences, Semara University, College of Health Sciences, Semara,

Ethiopia

Abstract Background: Malnutrition compounds the immunosuppressive effects of HIV and speeds the disease progression among people living with HIV on ART. However, little is documented on the effect of clinical and dietary factors. Therefore, the aim of this study was to determine the correlates of clinical and dietary factors on nutritional status of people living with HIV on ART in central zone of Tigray region, North Ethiopia. Methods: A matched case-control study design was conducted in two purposively selected hospitals on a total of 340 samples (170 cases and 170 controls) on March 2014. Cases were selected by simple random sampling and controls purposively to match the selected cases. Data were collected by reviewing ART registration chart, anthropometric measurements and pretested structured questionnaire and checklist. Conditional logistic regression was executed to determine the association among the variables by STATA version 12. Results: From the 170 paired subjects participated in the study, 72 (42.7%) pairs were males and 98 (57.3%) pairs were females. The mean age (±SD) was 39.3 ± 8.2 years in the malnourished participants whereas 39.2 ± 7.9 years in the well-nourished participants. Of the clinical factors being on ART for 37–60 months (AOR, 2.7; 95%CI, 1.3–5.7), altitude adjusted mean Hgb of < 11 mg/dl (AOR, 3.1; 95%CI, 1.5–6.4) and mean TLC (total leukocyte count) of < 103cells/mm3 (AOR, 5.1; 95%CI, 1.7–15.1) were predictors of malnutrition. From the dietary factors, eating pattern less than two meals per day (AOR, 4.9; 95%CI, 1.1–20.9) and poor diet diversity (AOR, 2.2; 95%CI, 1.1–4.6) were significantly associated with malnutrition. Conclusion: In this study, the duration of ART use, altitude adjusted mean Hgb level, mean TLC, eating pattern less than two meals per day and poor diet diversity had significant effect on nutritional status of people living with HIV on ART. Therefore, there is a need to design an appropriate program which aimed in assessment, counseling and management of the clinical and nutritional aspects of people living with HIV on ART. Keywords: HIV, ART, Dietary and clinical factors, nutritional status, Ethiopia

INTRODUCTION Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) continues to be a major public health issue in resource limited settings [1]. It claimed more than 34 million lives until the end of 2014. Approximately 35 million people in the world currently live with HIV [1, 2]. Sub-Saharan Africa is the most affected region, with 25.8 million people living with HIV in 2014. The region also accounts for almost 70% of new

HIV infections occur yearly worldwide [1]. Ethiopia is among the countries hard hit by HIV pandemic [3]. Advances in the treatment of HIV infection during the last two decades have resulted in rapid antiretroviral therapy (ART) it is changing the global HIV pandemic in momentous ways. The rapid scaling up of ART averted 6.6 million acquired




Knowledge and Practice of Pain Assessment and Management and Factors Associated with Nurses’ Working at Hawassa University Referral Hospital,

Hawassa City, South Ethiopia

Fikru Tadesse1,*, Zemenu Yohannes

1, Lemlem Beza

2

1School of Nursing and Midwifery, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Hawassa University, Hawassa, Ethiopia

2Department of Emergency Medicine, School of Medicine, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia

Abstract

Pain assessment and management is the pivotal nursing care. It affects patients’ improvement and quality of life. Cross sectional study was conducted to assess nurses’ knowledge and practice towards pain assessment and management in Hawassa University referral hospital, Hawassa city, South Ethiopia. An institution based cross sectional study was conducted in 2014. A total of 184 nurses working in Hawassa University referral hospital were recruited. Data were collected by semi-structured, self-administered questionnaire of pain assessment and management. The study participants were selected by simple random sampling technique. Binary logistic regression with 95% confidence interval was used to identify factors associated with pain assessment and management. Overall, the participants’ pain assessment and management was found to be: 35.9% were knowledgeable; nurses who have degree and above were 1.9 times knowledgeable on pain assessment and management than diploma nurses [AOR=1.9; 95% CI: (1.07–3.47)]. Nurses who have nine and above service years had 2.35 times more practice in pain assessment and management than those having service years less than nine years [AOR=2.35; 95%CI:(1.01–5.45)]. In this study, nurses’ pain assessment and management was very low. The hospital manager was assigned nurses’ low experience with high experience and nurses who have degree and above with diploma nurses in each ward. Keywords: Nurse’s knowledge and practice pain assessment and management, Ethiopia

INTRODUCTION Nurses play a pivotal role in pain assessment and management [1]. Pain which is undiagnosed and untreated by nurse has devastating effects and significantly interferes with the patient’s physical, emotional and spiritual wellbeing, and thus can alter the patient’s quality of life [2]. Pain is unpleasant sensory and emotional experience resulting from actual or potential tissue damage [3]. It is an untreated a stressful experience that is considered to be a global health problem in developing and developed countries [4]. Especially in Africa, human rights’ Watch’s report showed that, only 10% of patients are able to receive optimal pain management [5]. Even if pain assessment is the first step to relieve pain properly, it is an important goal in

patients’ cares [6]. However, poorly managed acute pain may cause serious medical complications (e.g. pneumonia, deep venous thrombosis), impaired recovery from injury or procedures, and/or progress to chronic pain. Undertreated chronic pain can impair an individual’s ability to carry out daily activities and diminish quality of life [7]. The main principle of pain management is recommended to assess regularly like other vital signs [8]. However, self-report is considered to be the best tool for the assessment of pain by health care providers, rather than focusing on the patients’ behavior [9, 10]. The self-report of pain is the gold standard of pain assessment given the subjective nature of pain [11]. Nurses are important member of the health care team to give care and spend more time




Disparity in Health and Nursing Education, Practice in the Developed Countries and India

Meena Ganapathy*

Principal, Smt. Bakul Tambat Institute of Nursing Education, Karvenagar, Pune, Maharashtra, India

Abstract Nurses are the heart of the health care delivery system, now and in future the profession is of great importance to politicians, policy makers, the general public and the nursing profession. However, this needed profession is never given its due that is its right. The Government/Union Government and State Governments should stress the value building and supporting of nursing work force, quality care and patient outcomes. Every year we hear about patients, children and new born dying in government hospitals due to poor quality care. Keywords: Health delivery, care, developed country, trained nurses, nursing bodies, children

INTRODUCTION In India the key stakeholders for health are the Central Government, State Government through health policies. For Nursing are Indian Nursing Council, Trained Nurses Association, and State Nursing Council, and nursing bodies [1].

Table 1: Key Area identified by WHO.

Strengthening health systems

Contributing to patient centered care

Empower nurse leadership in health.

Nursing and midwifery education, training and career development

Building and maintaining a competent nursing and midwifery work force.

Encouraging career development through mentoring and other activities.

Policy and practice

Building a robust nursing evidence base

Active nursing participation on policy decisions and national agendas.

Work force management

Ensuring robust work force management strategies and ways to enhance nursing and health performance.

Partnership working within nursing and midwifery services

Encouraging stakeholders to monitor and implement SDNM priorities.

The vision statement of SDNM was comment to improving health outcomes for individuals, families and communities through provision of competent, culturally sensitive, evidence-based nursing and midwifery services [2].

The key area identified by WHO is given in Table 1. UK’s Commission on Future Nursing and Midwifery had Identified Seven Cross-cutting Themes. They are: 1. High Quality Compassionate Care Recommendations included: 1. Protecting the title of nurse 2. Regulating advance nursing and

midwifery practice 3. Regulating support workers 4. Nurses and midwives pledging to tackle

variations in delivering high quality care 2. Political Economy of Nursing and

Midwifery Recommendation including evaluating

nursing and midwifery care to ensure a return on investment and measuring progress and nursing out comes [3].

3. Health and Wellbeing Recommendation including nurses and

midwives contributing to health and wellbeing improvements and reducing inequalities.

Ensuring a named midwife for every expecting mother.

Promoting staff health and wellbeing.

(RRJoHP)

Research & Reviews: A Journal of

Health Professions

September–December 2016

ISSN 2277-6192 (Online)

ISSN 2348-9537 (Print)

www.stmjournals.com

STM JOURNALSScientific Technical Medical