Regional study on

small scale

agriculture in the

NENA region

Jacques Marzin CIRAD, Omar Bessaoud

CIHEAM-IAMM, Pascal Bonnet CIRAD,

International Coordination Team

FAO Cairo 03-03-2015

Small and Family Farms

study in NENA regions

Part 1. Concepts and approach

Jacques Marzin and Pascal Bonnet (CIRAD),

Omar Bessaoud CIHEAM-IAMM

Département

Environement et SociétéCairo, March 3rd, 2015

Origin of the study

Recent (or not) work on family agriculture from

CIRAD and CIHEAM-IAMM teams

For the IYFF

Maximization of synergies with RI SSA

Introduction (1)

www.fao.org/cfs/cfs-hlpe

Some publications

Some publications

RAFAC network

Regional Workshop on FF. FAO-Tunis. Nov. 2013

International Symposium of Montpellier. June 2014

Technical issues are essential, but focusing on SSA and FF imply not to do just business as usual

What are the consequences of the technical recommendations / activities on SSA / FF?

Why consequences of the same technical innovation may be different in different contexts?

So, need to understand if and why the technical issue is a success. Need for concepts and contextualization

Definition issues are important. But, the most important is to know them, rather than getting an unique and universal definition

Introduction (2)

Regional diversity of holding size patterns

in the 81-country subset of FAO-WCA

Size by volumes of sales (USA)

2007 2002

1997

Less than 50 000 US $ / year 78% 79%

76%

Source: USDA, 2009. 2007 Census of Agriculture. United States, 739 p.

With 30% increase in the less than 2500 US$ class and over 65% 500 000 US$

“Family farming can be defined as a form of agricultural operation where the domestic sphere and production activities share organic links, and which mobilizes only

family workers, excluding permanent hired labor”

Source : autors

A global definition and typology

consistent with census and with national strategies

1. Small scale agriculture and family farming

2. Structural change

3. Policy issues

Content

Not one but multiple pathways to increase

income generation:

labor intensification with increasing level of inputs

Diversification of incomes (in and off-farms)

Scale economy : mechanization

Integration of value added at level farm (certification, local transformation and consumption…)

Small family farms (1)

Small and family farms are not just

productive enterprises:

Production, indeed, but not just production.

Consumption, self-consumption, gender and generational issues

Different sources of inputs and destination of outputs

Social community interactions (access to resources)

Small family farms (2)

SSA –FF in the context of the LiveliHood:

Policy instruments that sustain the strategies of households

1. Small scale agriculture and family farming

2. Structural change

3. Policy issues

Content

Common long term dynamic : changes in

the economic specialization

But pathways differ, and challenges have

changed :

Existence of exit options from agriculture

Youth employment issues

Industrialization process change

Services, and RH preparation

Structural change (1)

-1-.

50

.51

4 6 8 10 12LNGDPpc (Constant US$-2000)

Agri. GDP Share (LCU) Agri. Employment Share

Agri. GDP Share (LCU)minusAgri. Employment Share

Timmer 2009

A trend …

… but multiple pathways

Agriculture versus rural approach or farms

versus landscape / territorial approach

Employment is not just and agriculture issue.

Off farms, migrations, mobility

Public investments matter: roads, local

markets, capacity building, provision of public

services …

Structural change (2)

Source: processing of UN data, World Population Prospects, 2010 Revision

South-Est Asia South and central Asia Sub-Saharan Africa

40

35

30

25

20

15

10

05

Billions of young workers arriving on the labor market

1950 1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020 2025 2030 2035 2040 2045 2050

Employment for youth is a huge challenge

ES and agriculture practices:

trade-off and synergies

(Foley et al. 2005 Science)

1. Small scale agriculture and family farming

2. Structural change

3. Policy issues

Content

One doesn’t fit all

Prospective and strategic vision :

what agriculture / population repartition / rural

landscape / natural resources availability do

we want in 20 years?

What are the real dynamics of :

SSA / family farms

Structural change

Policy coherence / diversity of the tools

Policy issues (1)

Family farming and natural resources managementNo evidence of FF good practices, but specific knowledge

Policies options exist:

Specific tools for SSA / FF or not

Different technical pathways (chemical

intensification, GMO, agroecology, organic

agriculture …)

Different organizations of value chain

Policy issues (2)

Many possible policy tools to support small

scale and family producers :

Land and tenure policies

Price policy and regulation

Credit and insurance policies

Extension and regulation / support

Public support to private investments

Public support to producers organizations

Public investments in infrastructure

Policy issues (2)

Thank you so much

Regional study on small scale

agriculture in the NENA region:

Objectives, Results, Approach and

methodology

part 2: methodology, study planning, perspectives

Study In a Nutshell

• National studies Objectives – Gather Knowledge on

characterizing “Small Scale Family Farming SSA, FF”, structural change, public policies (refer to part 1 concepts)

– Identify and Analyze Experiences (projects /stories / case studies) + Policytools/instruments used

– Provide Recommandationsfor further support by PublicPolicy, and MethodologicalGuidelines to replicatingstudies in other contexts

• National studies Steps– Assembling skills

– Launching National workshop on methodology

– Data collection based on stats and documents,

– Interviews and focus groups: identification and analysis of relevant case studies

– Debriefing / Restitution to FAO / National Ministries

– Study Synthesis(comparative)

Steps

• Conceptual framework– Development 2014-2015

– Sharing in meeting held in Cairo, 2015 March 2nd and 3rd

• Selection of countries for National studies– five selected countries

(Lebanon, Egypt, Tunisia, Morocco, Mauritania)

• 4 focus countries (active in RI)

• 1 RI candidate country

• Countries with Long standing history of partnership with CIRAD and CIHEAM IAMM , with variety of experience and contrasted policies (including NARS, Ministries, civil society, private sector..) .. to avoid slow implementation of study

Steps

• National team formation

• National coordinator

– Role: Leads the implementation of country studies, with as

much interaction as necessary between country teams and the

coordination team (CIRAD and CIHEAM-IAMM)

• 5 country teams

– Analysts in their domain

– Strong interactions with FAO representatives and concerned

Ministries

– Role: Identify a circle of key informants to be interviewed /

consulted, Carry out Interview , Analyse document and Data

Deliverables5 national reports :

• A documented analysis based on available secondary data, describing characteristics and dynamics of SSA-FF and their integration into the national economy.– the identification of existing typologies, and how they have contributed -or

not- to the design and implementation of targeted public policy;

– the identification of necessary information to measure or estimate the contribution of SSA - FF to food, feed and non food production, food security, employment -especially women and young- and the provision of ecosystem services;

– the analysis of business models of the different kind of farms and of the modalities of public support (economic or social) that impacts farm incomes

• (Issues of access to market, to credit and the social policies for most vulnerable farmers / examples of success and failures;

– the situation of SSA-FF’s access to resources: land, water, capital as conditions for their sustainability in a global changing environment

– the elements of a prospective reflexion on how the SSA-FF could play a role at improving food security, tackling poverty, aligning agricultural income with the one of other sectors

Deliverables

5 national reports (2)

• The identification of the websites of organizations that focuses on the support to SSA-FF in the country in terms of :

• research, promotion of innovation and policy tools;

• supply of credit services, market information, technical and economic support;

• contribution of producers’ organizations, activities targeted to SSA-FF, their governance, and their capacity buildings programs.

• identifying the contribution of public institutions involved in SSA-FF’s support.

Deliverables5 national reports (3)

• A documented and historical analysis of the support that SSA-FF are receiving through public policy, including: – the identification of strategies, policies, programs or projects

specifically focused on SSA-FF, especially those with positive results (case studies);

– a business models analysis of success stories aiming at linking SSA-FF to markets and value chains. The analysis of the reasons for this success, when documented, will be included.

• An executive summary to be presented at the final national workshop– WS with key partners aiming at identifying common actions

that promote the development of SSA-FF, in the framework of a future national strategy for SSA-FF

DeliverablesRegional Synthesis Summary Report

• A regional synthesis summary report based on the 5 validated national reports, summarizing the reports of national dialogues & meetings and including:– An analysis of the dynamics of family / smallholder agriculture, conditions

to improve their productivity and to better access and benefit from markets/value chains

• (issues of rural youth jobs, and to the sustainability of production systems);

– Proposals for concrete actions to overcome the deficiencies and gapsidentified in terms of knowledge and coordination; in terms of lack of professionalization of farmers associations

– Policy recommendations that would lead to a medium-term development plan MTDP for the development of SSA-FF

• in order for FAO and its partners to establish plans of action with options for scientific collaboration with Research Organisations, Cirad and CIHEAM

• Final regional workshop planned at the end of the study with participation of national and international coordinators for presenting results organized by FAO (including activities for the preparation of the program).

Study Planning in 3 phases

Phase 1

• Program within 6 month period

• Phase 1 / Month 1.5 (W1-6): Preliminary work & Focus on Methodology

• The Validation of the methodology between the international coordination team and national teams with the participation of FAO

– Methodology, team formation and precise definition and sharing of tasks

• Finalization of database structures to host– Scientific bibliography

– Economic secondary data (SD)

– Regulatory framework: SD

– Institutions and Networks: SD

– Emblematic examples / case studies: SD

– Interviews: Ministries, Producers Organizations, private sector, political parties, civil society

• National Methodological Workshops

Four types of information will be

collected• National (Ministries, POs, think tanks …) or International documents

– Institutional: Committee on World Food Security / HLPE, FAO (including the synthesis of the regional dialogue in October 2013 in Tunis), IFAD, the World Bank, IMF, CIHEAM, European Union ...)

– Academic and Non-academic literature focusing on the SFF, on the regulatoryframework and on agricultural public policies will be mobilized;

• Macroeconomic data to identify the dynamics of structural change (national statistics);

• Information and messages sourced from websites of institutions and networks working on the theme

– including national institutions and international organizations such as FAO, the World Bank, ICARDA, ACSAD, ILRI, CIHEAM, CIRAD, World Rural Forum, ADB (AFDB) and key NGOs;

• Interviews with national and local stakeholders in the agricultural and rural development:

– Key informants: government ministries and local governments - within agriculture, social security, employment, decentralization / local authorities ... - and politicians at national and local level, leaders of producers organizations, organizations of civil society, local development associations, researchers and representatives of private agricultural sector and value chains;

Study Planning in 3 phases

Phase 2

• Phase 2 / (W4-18-26): Country study

• CS Country study W4: Kick off meeting

• Informing W4-W11: Structural change analysis, Access to secondary data, Interviews, Synthesis macro economy, Synthesis SFF, Synthesis success stories, Synthesis regulatory framework / sectorial policies –credit, extension,

• First draft of country reports (Country Teams) W11

• Improvement of country reports, exchanges between country team members and national coordinator (Team members) W11-13

• Improvement & Finalisation of country reports W13 -18 (International Coord + National)

Study Planning in 3 phases

Ph3

• Regional synthesis

– Final global report (synthesis) including final

versions of country studies W18-26

• The presentation of the study summary and the

debate on results, with eventually the facilitation

of a political dialogue and the formalization of

final proposals and recommendations.

Perspective and vision…built on the

“lessons learnt”• FAO

– RI framework: improved coordination and integration with partners involved

– Proposals : • knowledge platform to share informations - strengthening appropriation of results of

actions supporting Family Farming

• Exchange mechanisms (exchange experience and skills..) on FF& SSA

• Countries

– Thematic Workshop (employment opportunities for youth, rural diversification of activities, gender approach, public policy tools…)

– To feed Prospectives (Agriculture for the futur ? Farms models ? Tenure legislation? Rural society..)

• Research

– Conjointly building of research questions (typologies of SSA, technicalmodel,…) and assisting capacity building (training sessions …)

– Promote research networks and research activities in line with your efforts

Thank you so much

Thank you for your attention

Adoption of the regional study on

small scale agriculture in the NENA

region proposal

Discussions Points of clarification,

Emphasis

Context /

trends

Structure Activities Performance /

sustainability

Environment /

determinants

Access permitted

by…

Livelihood platform Composed of and resulting in

Composed of

With effects on

National & internat. trends & contextPopulation & migration..

technological change, ..national policies,

ShocksDrough, Floods, Pests, Diseases, Civil war.

Institutions

•Rules and customs

•Land tenure

•Markets in practice

Organisations

•Local associations

•NGOs

•Local administration

•State agencies

Liveliho

od

Strategi

esSpecialization

Diversification

Intensification

(chemical

Ecological),

Extensification,

Concentration /

fragmentation

Migration,

Rental strategies

Combined

strategies,

including

collective

dynamics

Naturel ressources basedactivities•NR-based non farm and non farmactivities•Cultivation (food & market)•Cattering (food & market)•Livestock

Non naturel ressources basedactivities•Wages•Rural trade•Rural services•Rural manufacture•Remittances•Others transfers

Economical sust.Production & income

level and stability

Seasonality

Degrees of risk

Food security

Market integration

Environm. sust.ESS/ES

Soil & land qualitiy

Water

Rangeland

Forests

Biodiversity

Energetic balance

Carbon balance

capabilities / functioning

Social relations

•Gender /Class

•Age

•Ethnicity

•Urban/rural

•Social & political

participation

Social and

human

sustainabilityGain in education

Health situation

Social & political

part.

Collective dynamicsTangible &

intangible

(claims) assets

Natural capital

Physical capital

Human capital

Financial capital

Social capital

Local trends & contextlocal economic trends (incl. comoditychains), collective dynamics,

access to public goods, natural ressources

Sourisseau et al, 2012 (derived from Chambers 1991 and Scoones 2009 SRL)