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HISTORICAL PERIODS
Historians have divided
the past in different
periods or stages to help
people understand past
events:
Prehistory
Ancient Age
Middle Ages
Early Modern Age
Contemporary History
Prehistory: is the
historical period that
began with the
appearance of the first
human beings on Earth
and ended with the
invention of writting
(3500 B.C.)
STAGES:
Prehistory is divided in
different stages or ages
usually connected to the
material of the tools used at
the time:
The Stone Age: dividided into
Palaeolithic and Neolithic.
The Metal Age: dividided into
the Copper Age, the Bronze
Age and the Iron Age.
HOMINIDS
Homo Antecessor:
800.000-5000 B.C.
Oldest hominid in
Europe.
Discovered in
Atapuerca (Burgos).
Followed by the Homo
Neanderthal and the
Homo Sapiens
HOMO ANTECESSOR
Chronology: 800 000 years
ago
Geographical location:
Europe (found in
Atapuerca, Burgos, Spain)
Height: 1,60 m
Characteristics:
Mixed physical features: old
ones as protruding
eyebrows, new ones as fine
jaw.
Made more evolved tools to
cut, break…
LIFE IN THE PALAEOLITHIC AGE
Humans lived in small
groups (20-30 members)
Nomadic hordes or tribes:
caves and huts. When
resources ran out in a place,
they moved to another one.
Hierarchy within each group:
the strongest warrior, the
wisest old man, the witch
doctor or sorcerer…were the
most important members.
EXAMPLES
Cave of Morín
(Cantabria): burial sites
Jarama site: tools and
bones.
Cave of Cova Negra
(Jativa): tools and
paintings
Cave of Altamira:
realistic paintings
Cave of Cogull:
schematic paintings.
ART IN THE PALAEOLITHIC
Realistic style (tried to copy
nature) or schematic style
(basic features)
Magical purposes
Cave paintings
Mobile art
Cave paintings:
Cantabrian paintings:
Colours obtained from natural
elements (blood, coal, minerals…)
mixed with grease.
Isolated animal figures (bison, deer,
horse…) and their own hands.
Realistic: Used the parts of the rock
and the cave ceilings to give an
impression of relief
Purposes:
Magical
Personal expression of what they
saw
Examples:
Altamira cave (Santillana del Mar,
Cantabria, Spain)
Cave paintings:
Mediterranean or Levantine
paintings:
Colours obtained from natural elements
(blood, coal, minerals…) mixed with grease.
Group scenes of everyday life, such as
hunting.
Schematic: The forms of the humans and
animals are simplified.
Usually only one colour.
Purposes:
Magical
Personal expression of what they saw
Examples:
Caves in Valltorta (Castellón de la
Plana)
Mobile art:
Portable artistic objects.
Animals, amulets, Venus.
Venus statues: female
figurines made of stone, ivory
or bone.
Large pregnant bellies and
breasts symbolising fertility.
Materials: stone, bone, ivory
or horn.
Purposes:
Magical
Ornamental
Examples:
Baston Cueva del Castillo
Estela de Logrosán
NEOLITHIC MAN
The Neolithic man reached the Iberian
Peninsula from the Middle East through:
The Mediterranean route
The North African route
LIFE IN THE NEOLITHIC AGE
Sedentary as they
produced their own
food.
Houses made of clay
and wood. Later also of
stone
Population
increased:more food
meant more safety.
Social division according
to their activity (division
of labour)
AREAS
North-east:
Lived in caves. Cult of death.
Cave of Montserrat
(Barcelona)
East:
Lived in caves.
Ceramic pots: Cardial pots
(imprinted with shells). Cave
of La Sarsa (Bocairent,
Valencia)
Andalucía:
Dyed pots in red and Cardial
pots
ART IN THE NEOLITHIC
Realistic style and abstract
style
Idols
Ceramic pots
Cave paintings in Levante. Cave
of Cogull, Valltorta. Dancing and
hunting scenes with schematic
drawings of animals and warriors
painted red and black.
ECONOMY IN THE METAL AGE
Metal tools:
Cooper Age (from 3000 B.C)
Bronze Age (from 1800 B.C.)
Iron Age (from 750 B.C. to the Roman Empire)
Metalwork imported by people from the eastern
Mediterranean region who arrived on the southern and
eastern coasts.
THE COPPER AGE
Different cultures.
Los Millares (Almería):
Walled-in villages and
circular or oval dwellings.
Cereals and livestock
Cooper tools (axes,
daggers) and jewelry
(necklaces, bracelets,
amulets)
Necropolis close to the
village: collective tombs
with an access corridor and
a circular chamber
Different cultures.
Bell Beaker:
Bell-shaped
ceramics decorated
with geometric
designs.
Centre and periphery
of the peninsula
Expanded through
Europe. A theory
says that it would
have been a fashion
instead of a culture.
THE BRONZE AGE
Different cultures:
El Argar:
Settlements in areas that
could be easily defended
People buried in the floors
of dwellings or individual
burial sites, in large
vessels that may also
contain their possesions.
Bronze objects (knives,
swords…)
Dark ceramics with no
decoration
Different cultures.
Talaiotic:
On the Balearic Islands.
Typical constructions:
Taulas: 2 flat stones in the shape of a table.
Navetas: the shape of an upturned boat
Taliot: circular or elliptical stone tower.
Different cultures:
Tartessos:
Kingdom and culture.
South-west of the
Iberian Peninsula.
Jewellery
Traded with other
cultures
THE IRON AGE
Different cultures:
Iberians:
Levante and Andalucía
Celts:
North of the peninsula.
They came from
Europe and mixed with
the inhabitants of the
peninsula.
CELTS Farmers. Poor agriculture.
Greater specialisation of
labour wich brought
greater social differences.
Metal became a symbol of
wealth.
Conflict and war
expanded. Possesing
weapons made some
settlements gain power
over others.
No writting
RELIGION IN THE METAL AGE
Worshipped the forces of
nature such as the stars and
the sun as their crops
depended on them.
Believed in spirits.
Ceremonies in caves and
sacred places where they
offered metal objects to their
gods.
Cult of the dead: constructions
with funerary function. The
dead were buried with their
personal possesions (pots,
jewels, tools, weapons,etc.)
ART IN THE METAL AGES
Megalithic constructions
Schematic paintings on
rocks and caves
Metalwork: decoration,
social position and political
power
MEGALITHIC CONSTRUCTIONS
Mega =big; lithos=stone
Funerary function and
sanctuaries
Not very good at
supporting structures: not
able to construct domes.