Physiological Basis of Behavior

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1 . Nervous System 2. Left Brain-Right …

Renedict De LeonAbigail Agapito, Chrischelle Baduel …

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Physiological Basis of Beha…

Nervous System

Central Nervous System Peripheral Nervous System

Brain Spinal Cord Somatic Nervous AutonomicSystem Nervous

System

Forebrain, midbrain SYMPATHETIC &and hindbrain PARASYMPATHETIC

NERVOUS SYSTEM



Nervous system – complex network of nerve cells that regulates our bodily functions and permits us to reach the external world.

CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEMSpinal cord 1. causes sensory information to the brain via: afferent nerves and efferent nerves).2. it plays a key role in various reflexes.

P. N. system (Peripheral Nervous System) – consist of nerves, bundles of axons from many neurons connects C.N.S with sense organs and muscles and glands throughout the body. Nerves are attached to the spinal cord (spinal nerve) to serve all of the body below the neck.



Division of Peripheral Nervous System1. Somatic Nervous System – connect the Nervous system to voluntary muscle throughout the body.

2. Autonomic Nervous system – connects the C.N.S to internal organs and glands and to muscles over which we have little voluntary center.

Division of Autonomic Nervous system1. Sympathetic - stimulates the body only for using energy

2. Parasympathetic – stimulate the body processes that conserve energy.



Three Basic Functions of Nervous System

1. Receiving sensory input can be manifested in various forms, including pressure, taste, sound, light, or hormone levels, which are converted to a signal and then sent to the brain or spinal cord.

2. Integrating the input through the sensory centers of the brain or in the spinal cord.

3. Responding to stimuli then converted to action.



BASIC STRUCTURAL UNIT: The Neuron




------ THREE MAIN PARTS OF A NEURON -----1. Dendrites - receive the information from another cell and are the

one to transmit the message to the cell body.2. Cell body - serves as the center of nourishment3. Axon - conducts messages away from the cell body.

------ THREE TYPES OF NEURON -------1. Sensory neurons as classified into its appearance typically possess a

long dendrite and short axon, and its role is that they carry messages from sensory receptors to the central nervous system.

2. Motor neurons based into appearance, have a long axon and short dendrites and responsible to transmit messages from the central nervous system to the muscles or even to the glands.

3. Inter-neurons are located only in the central nervous system where there is a connection of neuron-to-neuron.



SYNAPTIC VESSICLES CONTAIN NEUROTRANSMITTER SUBSTANCES*Acetylcholine *Serotonin*Endorphin *Nor epinephrine*Gamma-amino butyric acid *Dopamine

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CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM (CNS)BRAIN the largest part of the nervous system that is protected by the skull. It weighs 3 pounds and contains 90% of the body neurons Spinal cord runs along the dorsal side of the body and links the brain to

the rest of the body.

4 LOBES

1. Parietal lobe located in in the central fissure from the frontal lobe. function: information to the skin senses (touch, temperature and pressure). If left hemisphere is damage may lose ability to read/ write and difficulty of knowing the parts of the body. If right hemisphere : difficulty of recognizing the left part of the body.



2. Frontal lobe – nearest to the face ( motor cortex) Function: controls the body movement.

3. Occipital lobe – near the back of the head. Function: sensory area for awareness ( visual) Damage in the right hemisphere – loss of vision in the left. If in the left – loss vision ion the right.

4. Temporal lobe - along the side of each hemisphere. Function: concern with hearing Damage in left hemisphere – inability to understand spoken words. If in the right – can recognize speech but unable to recognize other organizations of sounds.



HINDBRAIN – INCLUDESMedulla controls respiration, digestion, and circulation; Cerebellum Governs body balance, posture and muscular coordinationPons

Contain nerve fibers from both sides of the cerebellum as well as the tracts of sensory and motor nerve fibers that connect upper brain to the spinal cord

MIDBRAIN> Tracts between the cerebrum and the spinal cord and functions as part of the overall impulse conduction system.> It also controls some auditory and visual responses such as regulation of the size of the pupil of the eye.



FOREBRAIN> Occupies the largest of the three divisions of the brain and occupies the entire upper portion of the skull.Cerebrum> The main area of the forebrain, governs emotion, learning, thinking, remembering and sense perception.

CEREBRAL CORTEX• The outer layer of the cerebrum, directs the activities directs the activities of the entire nervous systemThalamus• Interprets and sorts the sensory and motor impulses that travel to and from the cerebrumHypothalamus• Controls body temperature, metabolism, hunger and thirsts



RETICULAR ACTIVATING SYSTEM• A group of neurons that occupy a portion of the hindbrain and midbrain that serves as an arousal systemCorpus Callosum• Connects two brain hemisphere



PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM (PNS)Autonomic nervous system• It connects the glands and organs of your body that are involuntary in

nature. It has two subsystems:• the sympathetic nervous system and • the parasympathetic nervous system

Sympathetic Nervous System• involved in the “fight or flight” response during emergency situation

or in high emotion. • It increases alertness, stimulates tissue, and prepares the body for

quick responses to unusual situations. activities, such as digestion. Parasympathetic nervous system • that is involved in “rest or repose” system as it quiets the body and

returns it to a lower intensity of arousal.• It is involved in relaxation. It conserves energy and controls

sedentary



HOMEOSTASIS - Tendency of the body to maintain a balance among internal physiological conditions.

ENDOCRINE SYSTEM is made up of glands that produce and secrete hormones. These hormones regulate the body’s growth, metabolism, and sexual development and function. HORMONESDirectly released on the bloodstream because they have no ducts or structured passageways to the organs that they serve.



ENDOCRIN GLANDS• Secrete special messengers known as hormones that are directly

released into bloodstream because they have no ducts. Pituitary Glands• Has been called the “master gland”, influences growth, metabolism

and regenerationOxytocin • Influence the contraction of the uterus during childbirth and the

reflexive reaction of milk from the mammary glands.

VASOPRESSIN• Regulates the amount of water in the body cells and thus directly

controls blood pressureAnterior pituitary hormones – include control of timings and

amount of body growth• Too little can lead to condition called DWARFISM• Over secretion can produce GIANTISM





ANDRENAL GLANDS• Located just above the kidneys• Important in neural functioning and in the ability to cope with stress• The inner core of the adrenal gland secretes EPINEPHRINE also called

ADRENALIN and NOREPINEPHRINE (NORADRENALIN)

GOITERThe swelling of the thyroid gland brought about by the glands overworking, hence the inability to secrete enough hormones.



PARATHYROID GLANDS• These are two small pea-shaped glands close to the thyroid glands• Hormones called PARATHORMONEPARATHORMONE• Regulates utilization of calcium and phosphorous in the body• Under secretion of this hormone results in condition known as tetany

PANCREAS• Located near the stomach secretes two hormones which control the

level of blood sugar or glucose in the bloodstreamGlucagon• Releases glucose into the bloodstream from the glycogen stored in

the liverInsulin• Enables glucose to move out of the blood into the cells of muscles

and tissues



GONADSThe sex or puberty glands which produce the sperm and egg cells for reproductionTESTES – testosteroneStimulates development and maintenance of male secondary sexual characteristics and behaviorOVARIES – estrogen and progesteroneESTROGEN – stimulates development and maintenance of female secondary sex characteristics and behavior

PROGESTERONEStimulates female secondary sex characteristics and behavior and maintains pregnancy

REFERENCEPhysiological Basis of Behavior. (June 23 2010). Retrieved February 28 2015, from http://www.slideshare.net/mypzi/physiological-basis-of-behavior



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Physiological Basis of Behavior