Physiological basis of human bechaviour. Work activity

The first signaling system

• The analysis and synthesis of the direct stimuli from surroundings first signal system performs. This includes impressions, sensations.

• This functional mechanism is common in human and animals. In the course of his social development and labor activity second signal system, which based on using verbal signals, develop. This system includes perception of words, reading and speech.

The second signaling system• The development of the second signaling system

was incredibly broadened and changed by quality of higher nervous activity of cerebral hemispheres. Words are signals of other signals. Man uses verbal signals for everything he perceives through the receptors. Words are abstraction of reality and allow generalization, processing of surrounding primary information. This gives the first general human empiricism and finally science, the instrument of man's higher orientation in the environment and its own self.

• So, second signaling system is socially determined. Outside the society, without association with other people second signaling system is not developed.

Nerve substrate of speech • There are two aspects of communication:

sensory, involving reading, hearing of speech, and second, the motor aspect, involving vocalization and its control.

• The formation of thoughts is the function of associative areas in the brain. Wernicke's area in the posterior part of the superior temporal gyrus is most important for this ability.

• Broca's speech area lies in prefrontal and premotor facial region in the left hemisphere. The skilled motor patterns for control of the larynx, lips, mouth, respiratory system and other accessory muscles of speech are all initiated from this area.

• Wernicke's area is a part of auditory associative cortex, that makes possible to the person to interpret the meanings of words. This Wernicke's area is located in dominant hemisphere, which is usually the left.

• The process of speech includes two principle stages of mentation: formation of thoughts to be expressed and motor control of vocalization.

 

 

Schema of the relationship of temperament characteristics (by H. Eizenck)

Sanguine person Phlegmatic person

Melancholiac Choleric subject

Ekstroversion Introversion

Emotional stability (balanced emotions)

High neuroticism (unbalanced emotions)

Sociable, talkative, contact, sympathetic, relaxed, cheerful, prone to lead, not prone to anxiety

Passive, cautious, thoughtful, friendly, manageable, credible,

smooth, quiet

Easy to became frustrated, anxious, rigid, prone to

arguments, pessimistic, reserved, unsociable and quiet

Sensitive, restless, aggressive, excitable, fickle, impulsive, optimistic and active

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Types of higher

nervous functioning depending

on peculiarities of nervous

processes

Strong unbalanced type, characterized by predominance

of excitation over inhibition

Strong well-balanced active type, characterized by high mobility of

nerve processes

Strong well-balanced passive type, characterized by low

mobility of nerve processes

Weak type, characterized by extremely weak development of

both excitation and inhibition, fatigue and low workability

Attention as psychical function

• Attention is selectiveness of psychical processes or any kind of mental activity, which helps in getting and processing the information. There are sensory, motor, intellectual and emotional forms of attention, depending to kind of activity of a person.

• There are voluntary and involuntary levels of attention. Involuntary attention is present from the birth of man. Voluntary attention develops in life course, due to mental activity, formation of speech function and studying languages.

 

Video

A model to explain the

differing states of

consciousness

Notion “emotions”

Emotions are aspect of higher nervous activity that characterize subjective attitude of person to various stimuli

arousal in surroundings.

Emotions and motivations

Person’s needs

Role of emotions for the goal-derected bechaviour

Role of emotions for the goal-derected

bechaviour• Negative emotions

give fusty evaluation of current situation does it useful or not.

• Mobilizing of efforts helps then to satisfy current needs of person.

• Positive emotions help to put in memory scheme of behaviour, which was useful and have lead to success.

Role of emotions for the goal-derected bechaviour

Emotional status reflects actual needs of man and Emotional status reflects actual needs of man and helps in its realization.helps in its realization.

The notion “consciousness”

General characteristic of mental work

Work of operator

•Work of operator includes professions, which require machining control of some technologic processes. •This work gives great load to attention, thin motions of arms and static contraction of large muscles for keeping the certain body posture.

General characteristic of mental work Work of official

•Work of official includes leadership of factories, companies and hospitals so on. This work requires processing of great volume of information, taking complex decision in lack of time and high responsibility for result of work. •Modern official have to keep in memory large volume of professional information be good in social relations and muster a lot of professional skills.

General characteristic of mental work Creative work

Creative work is one of most complex forms of human activity, as work of artist, scientist so on. Work of medition includes communication with patients, taking decision of high responsibility in lack of information and performing of complex medical manipulations. So, medition have to master a lot of professional information, practical skills, know people psychology and be high responsible for his action.

General characteristic of mental work Work of students

•Work of students includes processing and storage in long-term memory great volume of information. It requires high activity of cortical areas, which provide attention, perception, memory and thinking. •Passing exams, without proper learning before, may produce a stress for the student with all following functional disorders.

Function of visceral organs in mental work (1)

•For performing mental work autonomic and emotional reactions, which provide activation of attention and memory, occur. Activity of sympathetic system and adrenalin production helps in proper metabolic supply of central neurons. •Long lasting mental work may result in tiredness, inhibition of thinking and memory process, decrease of attention, incomplete coordination of movements and some functional circulatory disorders in viscera.

Function of visceral organs in mental work (2)

•Keeping of high mental workability requires autonomic control of metabolic supply in the brain, which is necessary for proper excitability of nerve cells. Intensive blood circulation in nerve centers is possible due to redistribution of blood. Activity of sympathetic-adrenal and hypothalamo-hypophisial systems rises considerably. •Positive effect causes only not long duration of emotional excitation. Stimulation of adrenal glands provides high level of glucose and free fatty acids in blood. Arterial pressure rises. Long lasting mentation and emotional pressure leads to unwanted result. For instance ECG failure is reveled.

Adaptation of the human organism to physical exercises: condition before starting exercises

•Before starting well known exercises stimulation of appropriate regulatory systems occur. This causes preparing the organism for future physical activity. For instance increase of heart beat rate, breathing and gas transport are revealed. •Activation of sympathetic nervous system and adrenal glands provide it. Repeated occurrence of all these conditions helps to produce conditioned reflex to time of the day, kind of work or surrounding situation.

Adaptation of the human organism to physical exercises: rising workability

•After starting the exercises activity of muscles rises rather quickly - after 4-5 sec. Excitation of central nervous system and neurotransmission take this time. After 20-30 sec due to somato-visceral reflexes stimulation of breathing occurs, but perfect correspondence of lung ventilation to metabolic needs appears only after some minute. •Rising of heart beat rate and stroke volume provide proper intensity of blood supply after 3-5 min. Time of development of high workability during exercises depends on previous training and hereditary fitches of the organism.

Adaptation of the human organism to physical exercises: high workability

•There is correspondence: the harder physical load, the shorter time of high workability. It depends on previous training and hereditary fitches of the organism also. •Functional processes, which provide high intensity of exercises, are muscle blood flow and metabolic supply, systemic circulatory changes, temperature regulation.

Mechanism of tiredness in physical

exercises Tiredness in physical exercises has some reasons – decrease of metabolic reserves in muscle cells, exhaustion of neurotransmitters in nerve cells, excess of metabolic products in blood and tissues, defensive inhibition in central nervous system.

Mechanism of restore the workability •There are two effects of tiredness – training that helps to increase workability and severe chronic tiredness that lead to functional disorders and disease. The result depends on correspondence between exhaustion of functional reserves of the organism and activity of recovery processes. For recovery status of central nervous system is important. •Active rest means change of kind of activity. This helps to create the new dominant focus in the brain that causes centers, which are tired from previous activity, to inhibit impulsation and get rest. Aging process decreases both physical and mental workability.

An anaerobic glycolysis