Diffusion

THE NUTRITION FUNCTION IIThe circulatory and lymphatic systems.

Internal environment. Environment that provides the cells with optimal conditions to carry out their functions. Space between cells filled with intersticial plasma. Blood renews plasma through the circulatory system.

CIRCULATORY SYSTEM

Whats inred blood cellswhite blood cellsplateletsplasmacarbon dioxidedigested foodwaste (urea)hormonesoxygenBLOOD

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Transport: to and from tissue cells Nutrients to cells. Oxygen: by red blood cells (haemoglobin). Wastes from cells: urea, CO2.Communication: hormones distributed to all parts of the body in the blood.Temperature Regulation: by altering the blood flow through the skin.Immunity: protection against pathogens blood clotting; phagocytes, lymphocytes and antibodies distributed in blood.Defence: clotting following a wound.

Functions of Blood System

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The Bloodplasmared blood cellwhite blood cellplatelets

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PlasmaA straw-coloured liquid that carries the cells and the platelets which help blood clot. carbon dioxide glucose amino acids proteins minerals vitamins hormones waste materials like urea.

It also contains useful things like:

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Red Blood Cells or ERYTHROCITESThey contain haemoglobin, a molecule specially designed to hold oxygen and carry it to cells that need it. They can change shape to an amazing extent, without breaking, as it squeezes single file through the capillaries. A biconcave disc that is round and flat without a nucleus

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White Blood Cells or LEUKOCYTES

There are many different types and all contain a big nucleus. The two main ones are the lymphocytes and the macrophages. Some lymphocytes fight disease by making antibodies to destroy invaders by dissolving them. Other lymphocytes make antitoxins to break down poisons.Macrophages eat and digest micro-organisms .

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Platelets or THROMBOCYTESPlatelets are cell fragments off larger cells.Platelets produce tiny fibres to form a net. This net traps other blood cells to form a blood clot.

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The circulatory system carries blood and dissolved substances to and from different places in the body.Function of the circulatory systemBLOOD VESSELSCIRULATORY SYSTEMHEART

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The heart pumps blood and substances around the body in tubes called BLOOD VESSELS. The HEART has the job of pumping blood around the body.

Vellosidad intestinalAlvolo pulmonarTejidoRinAlvolo pulmonar

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lungshead & arms

liverdigestive systemkidneys legs

pulmonary arteryaortapulmonary veinCava veinLeft Right

How does this system work?Circulatory System

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LungsBody cells

Circulation is:

Double: Blood travels twice through heart to complete the whole circuit.

Complete: Oxygenated blood never mixes with deoxigenated blood.

Closed: blood never leaves blood vessels.

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BLOOD VESSELSblood from the heart gets around the body through themThere are 3 types of blood vesselsa. ARTERYb. VEINc. CAPILLARY

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The ARTERYthick muscle and elastic fibresArteries carry blood away from the heart.the elastic fibres allow the artery to stretch under pressurethe thick muscle can contract to push the blood along.

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The VEINVeins carry blood towards from the heart.thin muscle and elastic fibresveins have valves which act to stop the blood from going in the wrong direction.body muscles surround the veins so that when they contract to move the body, they also squeeze the veins and push the blood along the vessel.

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The CAPILLARYCapillaries link Arteries with Veinsthe wall of a capillaryis only one cell thickThey exchange materials between the blood and other body cells.The exchange of materials between the blood and the body can only occur through capillaries.

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A collection of capillaries is known as a capillary bed.

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Heart

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How big is the heart?Where is the heart?

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Explanation of Heart

RightAtrium

Right Ventricle

Left AtriumLeft VentricleValves

The heart has 4 chambers:2 on the Right: received blood and 2 on the left: pumps the blood outHow does the heart pump?What kind of blood does each side pump?Which side of the heart is thicker

23Overview of the main chambers of the heartThe left side is the thicker side because it has to pump blood all around the bodyThe left side pumps blood that has oxygen in it to the bodyThe right side pumps blood that has carbon dioxide in it to the lungs. The heart pumps by squeezing its walls which are thick muscles.

Real Heart

24Get some real sheeps hearts from the butcher for the students to examine.Give them 2 hearts per group:One cut in half to see the inside chambers and one left intact to see the overall size and muscularity of the heart.

The Heart

Left VentricleLeft AtriumRight AtriumRight VentricleTricuspid valveVein from LungsArtery to Head and BodyArtery to LungsVein from Head and Body

Mitral valve

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How does the Heart work?

blood from the bodyblood from the lungsThe heart beat begins when theheart muscles relax and bloodflows into the atria.STEP ONE

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The atria then contract andthe valves open to allow bloodinto the ventricles.How does the Heart work?STEP TWO

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How does the Heart work?

The valves close to stop bloodflowing backwards.

The ventricles contract forcing the blood to leave the heart.

At the same time, the atria arerelaxing and once again filling withblood.

The cycle then repeats itself.STEP THREE

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LYMPHATIC SYSTEM

The lymphatic system Its part of the circulatory system, but: Lymph travels through its own vessels. Lymph circulation isnt due to the hearts action. Lymph movement is unidirectional.

LYMPH: lymphocytes + intersticial plasma.

LYMPHATIC VESSELS: closed on one end. They have half-moon shaped valves.

LYMPHATIC ORGANS AND TISSUES: Tonsils Adenoids Thymus gland Spleen Chyle cistern

LYMPH NODES: Make lymphocytes and release lymph plasma.

BONE MARROW: Generates lymphocytes and other blood cellular components.

There are 600 to 700 lymph nodes in the human body that filter the lymph before it returns to the circulatory system. All lymph nodes have the primary function of the production of lymphocytes.Lymph nodes

The spleen, which is largest lymphatic organ, is located on the left side of the body just above the kidney. Humans can live without a spleen, although they would be more prone to infections.

Spongy inner tissue within the spleen contains many tiny blood vessels and hollow sinuses that store blood. The spleen can release its stored blood into circulation to replace blood lost during a traumatic injury.Spleen.

The thymus, despite containing glandular tissue and producing several hormones, is much more closely associated with the immune system than with the endocrine system.

It stores immature lymphocytes and prepares them to become active T cells (an extremely important type of white blood cell). It is located in the chest just above the heart.Thymus

Each tonsil consists of a network of crypts that store cells used to fight infection; crypts where pathogens can be trapped and attacked by immunity cells.

TonsilsTonsils are large clusters of lymphatic cells found in the pharynx. The tonsils are thought to assist in protecting the body against respiratory and gastrointestinal infections.

FUNCTIONS OF THE LYMPHATIC SYSTEM.The primary function of the lymphatic system is to transport lymph, a clear, colorless fluid containing white blood cells that helps rid the body of toxins, waste and other unwanted materials. Manteins a liquid balance in the internal environment. Plays a role in protecting the body.

From the arteryTo the veinLymph vesselInterstitial plasma enters the lymph vesselInterstitial plasma enters the capillaryCapillarBlood plasma passes out the capillary CellInterstitial plasma

NutrientsO2CO2

Plasma leaves the cells once it has delivered its nutrients and removed debris. Most of this fluid returns to the venous circulation through the venules and continues as venous blood. The remainder becomes lymph.Process

From the arteryTo the veinLymph vesselInterstitial plasma enters the lymph vesselInterstitial plasma enters the capillaryCapillarBlood plasma passes out the capillary CellInterstitial plasma

NutrientsO2CO2

Lymph leaves the tissue and enters the lymphatic system through specialized lymphatic capillaries.

They join progressively to form larger ducts, the lymphatic veins, which lead back to the veins of the circulatory system.Lymph capillaries are BLIND. This means that they are closed at one end, and instersticial plasma filters into them.Process

There are two drainage areas that make up the lymphatic system.

The right drainage area handles the right arm and chest.

The left drainage area clears all of the other areas of the body, including both legs, the lower trunk, the upper left portion of the chest, and the left arm.Collecting lymph.

Just for educational purpose.

Anaya digital.Oxford CLIL 3 ESO Biology and Geology.InnerBody http://www.innerbody.com/Several images found by Google Images.Sources.