Slide 2 Animal Nutrition Example 1: Nutrition Homeostatic
Mechanisms 1 (function) Slide 3 Big Questions: How do the
physiological systems of organisms help the organism maintain
homeostasis? How have the physiological systems of organisms been
adapted to the constraints of the environments that organisms live
in? Slide 4 What does an organism need to do? Stay alive (at least
until reproduction)! The physiological systems that an organism has
are adapted to this purpose. Slide 5 Generalized Animal Body Plan:
How does each system contribute to homeostasis? Slide 6 Generalized
Plant Body Plan What do each of the following do to maintain
homeostasis? root root tip/root hairs shoot (stem) Nodes/internodes
Buds Terminal/apical/axillary buds Flower buds & flowers leaves
mesophyll tissue/veins (vascular bundles) Slide 7 How does the
environment influence an organisms physiology? Tremendously!
Natural selection will tend to drive the adaptation of physiology
to environmental contstraints. This has resulted in a variety of
mechanisms for maintaining homeostasis Slide 8 Animal Nutrition
Slide 9 Nutritional requirements Animals are heterotrophs need to
take in food Why? fulfills 3 needs fuel = chemical energy for
production of ATP raw materials = carbon source for synthesis
essential nutrients = animals cannot make elements (N, P, K, Fe,
Na, K, Ca...), NAD, FAD, etc. Slide 10 Kwashiorkor (a protein
deficiency) in a Haitian boy Slide 11 How do animals get their
food? filter (suspension) feedingsubstrate feeding fluid
feedingbulk feeding Slide 12 Slide 13 Different diets; different
lives All animals eat other organisms Herbivores eat mainly plants
gorillas, cows, rabbits, snails Carnivores eat other animals
sharks, hawks, spiders, snakes Omnivores eat animals & plants
cockroaches, bears, raccoons, humans humans evolved as hunters,
scavengers & gatherers Slide 14 Getting & Using Food Ingest
taking in food Digest mechanical digestion Breaking food into
smaller pieces chemical digestion breaking down food into small
molecules to be absorbed into cells Absorb absorb across cell
membrane Diffusion, active transport Eliminate undigested
extracellular material passes out of digestive system intracellular
digestion extracellular digestion Slide 15 Digestive systems
Everybodys got one! Slide 16 Human digestive system Alimentary
Canal Slide 17 Common processes & structures Movement &
Control peristalsis push food along by rhythmic waves of smooth
muscle contraction in walls of digestive system sphincters muscular
ring-like valves, regulate the passage of material between sections
of digestive system Accessory glands salivary glands, pancreas,
liver & gall bladder secrete digestive juices (enzymes &
fluid) Slide 18 Swallowing (& not choking) Epiglottis problem:
breathe & swallow through same orifice flap of cartilage closes
trachea (windpipe) when swallowing food travels down esophagus
Esophagus move food along to stomach by peristalsis Slide 19
Ingestion Mouth mechanical digestion Teeth: breaking up food
chemical digestion saliva Amylase: enzyme digests starch Mucin:
slippery protein (mucus). Protects lining of digestive system,
lubricates food. Buffers: neutralize acid to prevent tooth decay
anti-bacterial chemicals: lysozyme. Slide 20 mouth break up food
moisten food digest starch kill germs Slide 21 stomach kills germs
store food break up food digest proteins cardiac sphincter pyloric
sphincter mouth break up food moisten food digest starch kill germs
Slide 22 Stomach Functions food storage: can stretch to fit ~2L
food disinfect food HCl = pH 2 kills bacteria, breaks apart cells
chemical digestion Pepsin: enzyme breaks down proteins secreted as
pepsinogen activated by HCl But the stomach is made out of protein!
What stops the stomach from digesting itself? mucus secreted by
stomach cells protects stomach lining Ooooooh! Zymogen! Slide 23
Used to think ulcers were caused by stress tried to control with
antacids Now know ulcers caused by bacterial infection of stomach
Helicobacter pylori now cure with antibiotics Ulcers inflammation
of stomach inflammation of esophagus Colonized by H. pylori Free of
H. pylori white blood cells cytokines inflammatory proteins (CagA)
cell damaging proteins (VacA) helper T cells neutrophil cells H.
pylori Coevolution of parasite & host Slide 24 Revolutionizing
healthcare "for their discovery of the bacterium Helicobacter
pylori and its role in gastritis and peptic ulcer disease" J. Robin
Warren Barry Marshall 1982 | 2005 Helicobacter pylori Slide 25
stomach kills germs break up food digest proteins store food
pancreas produces enzymes to digest proteins & starch mouth
break up food moisten food digest starch kill germs Slide 26 Small
intestine Function major organ of digestion & absorption
chemical digestion: digestive enzymes absorption through lining:
over 6 meters! small intestine has huge surface area = 300m 2
(~size of tennis court) Structure 3 sections duodenum = most
digestion jejunum = absorption of nutrients & water ileum =
absorption of nutrients & water Slide 27 Duodenum 1st section
of small intestines acid food from stomach mixes with digestive
juices from accessory glands: pancreas liver gall bladder Slide 28
Pancreas Digestive enzymes peptidases trypsin trypsinogen
chymotrypsin chimotrypsinogen carboxypeptidase procarboxypeptidase
pancreatic amylase Buffers reduces acidity alkaline solution rich
in bicarbonate (HCO 3 -) buffers acidity of material from stomach
Explain how this is a molecular example of structure-function
theme. Ooooooh! Zymogen! What stops pancreas from digesting itself
small intestines Slide 29 Liver Digestive System Functions produces
bile stored in gallbladder until needed breaks up fats act like
detergents to breakup fats Circulatory System Connection bile
contains colors from old red blood cells collected in liver = iron
in RBC rusts & makes feces brown bile contains colors from old
red blood cells collected in liver = iron in RBC rusts & makes
feces brown Slide 30 pancreas produces enzymes to digest proteins
& starch stomach kills germs break up food digest proteins
store food liver produces bile - stored in gall bladder break up
fats mouth break up food moisten food digest starch kill germs
Slide 31 small intestines breakdown all foods - proteins - starch -
fats - nucleic acids absorb nutrients stomach kills germs break up
food digest proteins store food pancreas produces enzymes to digest
proteins & starch liver produces bile - stored in gall bladder
break up fats mouth break up food moisten food digest starch kill
germs Slide 32 Digestive enzymes Slide 33 Absorption by Small
Intestines Absorption through villi & microvilli finger-like
projections increase surface area for absorption Ooooh
Structure-Function theme! Slide 34 stomach kills germs break up
food digest proteins store food small intestines breakdown food -
proteins - starch - fats absorb nutrients pancreas produces enzymes
to digest proteins & carbs liver produces bile - stored in gall
bladder break up fats large intestines absorb water mouth break up
food moisten food digest starch kill germs Slide 35 Large
intestines (colon) Function re-absorb water use ~9 liters of water
every day in digestive juices > 90% of water reabsorbed not
enough water absorbed back to body diarrhea too much water absorbed
back to body constipation Slide 36 Flora of large intestines Living
in the large intestine is a rich flora of harmless, helpful
bacteria Escherichia coli (E. coli) a favorite research organism
bacteria produce vitamins vitamin K; biotin, folic acid & other
B vitamins generate gases by-product of bacterial metabolism
methane, hydrogen sulfide Youve got company! Slide 37 Rectum Last
section of colon (large intestines) eliminate feces undigested
materials extracellular waste mainly cellulose from plants roughage
or fiber salts masses of bacteria Slide 38 Appendix Vestigial organ
Slide 39 2006-2007 Animal Nutrition Variations, Adaptations &
Regulation This obese mouse (L) has defect in gene which normally
produces leptin, an appetite-regulating protein. Many herbivores
have diets deficient in mineral salts. Must find other sources =
salt licks, chewing on bones Slide 40 Energy budget food intake
basal (resting) metabolism temperature regulation activity repair
growth reproduction ATP production { synthesis { glycogen fat
storage { Slide 41 Energy storage In humans glycogen storage
glucose polymer in liver & muscle cells If glycogen stores are
full & caloric intake still exceeds caloric expenditure excess
stored as fat synthesis pathway from acetyl coA Why is glycogen
highly branched? Slide 42 Balancing calorie needs with intake When
fewer calories are taken in than are expended, fuel is taken out of
storage deposits & oxidized (digested) breakdown (digest)
glycogen from liver & muscle cells metabolize (digest) fat Just
do it! Slide 43 Vegetarian diets Need to make sure you get enough
protein 20 amino acids to make protein humans can synthesize 12 of
the amino acids 8 have to be eaten = essential amino acids Grains
(like corn) have 6 (missing 2) Beans (like soybean & red beans)
have 6 (missing different 2) mix beans & grains for complete
group of amino acids rice & beans taco/tortilla & beans
tofu & rice peanut butter & bread What no fish! Slide 44
Eating a balanced diet What happens if an animals diet is missing
an essential nutrient? deficiency diseases scurvy vitamin C
(collagen production) rickets vitamin D (calcium absorption)
blindness vitamin A (retinol production) anemia vitamin B 12
(energy production) kwashiorkor protein Slide 45 Different diets;
different bodies Adaptations of herbivore vs. carnivore
specialization in teeth length of digestive system number &
size of stomachs Slide 46 Teeth Carnivore sharp ripping teeth
canines Herbivore wide grinding teeth molars Omnivore both kinds of
teeth Slide 47 Length of digestive system Carnivores short
digestive system protein easier to digest than cellulose Herbivores
& omnivores long digestive system more time to digest cellulose
symbiotic bacteria in gut Remember the rabbits, George! Slide 48
Symbiotic organisms Ruminants additional mechanical digestion by
chewing food multiple times after mixing it with enzymes How can
cows digest cellulose efficiently? symbiotic bacteria in stomachs
help digest cellulose-rich meals rabbit vs. cow adaptation: eat
feces vs. chew cud ruminant caprohagy Slide 49 Liver Gallbladder
Duodenum Pancreas Stomach Proteins Gastrin Acinar cells Regulation
of Digestion Coordination of nervous system & endocrine system
HCl Pepsin + CCK Secretin Chief cells Parietal cells + + + Gastric
inhibitory peptide + + Fats Bile Enzymes Bicarbonate Slide 50 Quick
Check: Make Sure You Can 1.Relate the structure and function of
animal digestive systems to their role in nutrition.
2.Label/Identify all organs that play major roles in the digestive
system. 3.Provide at least three examples of physical and chemical
digestion and their locations. 4.Explain the causes of digestive
system disruptions and how disruptions of the digestive system can
lead to disruptions of homeostasis. Slide 51 Plant Nutrition Slide
52 Nutritional needs Autotrophic does not mean autonomous plants
need sun as an energy source inorganic compounds as raw materials
water (H 2 O) CO 2 minerals Slide 53 For what & from where? C
macromolecule synthesisCO 2 O macromolecule synthesisCO 2 H
macromolecule synthesis & proton pumpsH2OH2O N protein &
nucleic acid synthesissoil P nucleic acids, ATP, phospholipidssoil
K stomate control, water balancesoil Ca cell wall & membrane
structure, regulationsoil Mg chlorophyllsoil S proteins,
enzymessoil Slide 54 Macronutrients Plants require these nutrients
in relatively large amounts C, O, H, N, P, K, Ca, Mg, S Slide 55
Micronutrients Plants require in very small amounts Cl, Fe, Mn, Bo,
Zi, Ni, Mb primarily cofactors for enzyme function Slide 56
Nutrient deficiencies Lack of essential nutrients exhibit specific
symptoms dependent on function of nutrient dependent on solubility
of nutrient Slide 57 Magnesium deficiency Symptoms chlorosis =
yellowing of leaves Why? What is magnesiums function? Take 2
fertilizer pellets & call me in the morning Slide 58
Chlorophyll Why does magnesium deficiency cause chlorosis? The
chlorosis shows up in older leaves first, because plant moves Mg +
to newer leaves. Why? Slide 59 Nitrogen uptake Nitrates plants can
only take up nitrate (NO 3 - ) Nitrogen cycle by bacteria trace
path of nitrogen fixation! What will the plant use N for? root
Slide 60 Soybean root nodules N fixation by Rhizobium bacteria
symbiotic relationship with bean family (legumes) Slide 61
Parasitic plants tap into host plant vascular system Indian pipe
Mistletoe Slide 62 Carnivorous plants Are they really carnivores?
Pitcher plantVenus fly trap Sundew Slide 63 Hungry for Information?
Ask Questions! Slide 64 Quick Check: Make Sure You Can 1.Explain
the function of major nutrients in plant physiology. 2.Relate the
structure and function of plants to the nutritional process.
3.Explain the roles of symbiosis and parasitism in plant nutrition.
4.Compare the nutritional systems of plants and animals.
