NEW TRENDS IN FEEDING LIVESTOCK

Dr.T.Parthasarathi M.V.Sc.

Agriculture crops

Food crops

Crops residues (dry fodder)

roughages

Oil seeds

Oil cakes & by products

Fodder crops

Tree leaves

concentrates

Non food crops (fiber)

Cotton seed cakes & by products

PASTURES

CONVENTIONAL FEEDING

Background

Population Explosion

Increasing Demand

Shortage of both

protein and energy rich

animal feeds

Deficit of 19% DM, 55% DCP & 28% TDN

2020 India would require 494 Mt of dry fodder, 825 Mt of green fodder and 54 Mt of concentrate feed.

reach about 312 million by 2015

India imports about 250,000 tonnes of residues and waste from food industry like flour meals, molasses, residue of starch, oil-cake, vegetables etc worth over 1,000 million rupees (INR).

Allocating more land for

fodder cultivation

New feeding methods

NOT POSSIBLE

Efficient utilization of available feedstuffs

along with continuous search for newer feed

resources

Hydroponic fodder

Azolla production

Silage preparation in plastic bags

Earthworm meal feeding

Total mixed ration, Densified Total mixed Ration Blocks

Application of nano-technology

Neutraceuticals in livestock feeding

Plant secondary metabolites as feed additives (essential oils, antioxidant rich feeds, Tannin rich feeds (tree leaves) as feed supplements and control of parasitic infection

Biological treatment of crop residue for livestock feeding- Solid state fermentation, fungal inoculation, enzymatic degradation

Genetically modified crops Precision feeding in animals (offer feed according to accurate reuirment to avoid env. pollution and wastage of feed)

Scarcity fodders-crop residues,Unconventional feeds, failed crops, agro-industrial by products, plant oriented wastes

Genetical approaches to change the rumen environment. 

Rumen manipulaters: buffers, Enzymes, Betonite, Fungal biomas(Fungal spore in feed blocks- after reaching rumen germinate and improves the fiber digestion)

Formulation of feeds with antibiotics, hormones, feed acidifiers, anti-oxidants, probiotics etc.. 

Portable Solar/Wind Greenhouse to grow Fodder for sustainable Dairy Farms

Hydroponics Fodder SystemHydroponics is a subset of hydroculture and is a method of

growing plants using mineral nutrient solutions, in water, without soil. Terrestrial plants may be grown with their roots in the mineral nutrient solution only or in an inert medium, such as perlite, gravel, biochar, mineral wool, expanded clay pebbles or coconut husk.

Takes 7 days to grow from seed to fodder!

Goat/Sheep

Horses

Poultry Rabbits Zoo feeding

Cattle

Applications

Farmers collecting their daily fodder

KEY FACTS•The digestive system of ruminating mammals, does not fit to grain-fed.

•Up to 25% of indigestion and lactic acidosis from rapid fermentation of grain lead to dehydration, heart failure, kidney failure, infertility and even death

•Feeding with fresh green fodder allows their digestive system to function to maximum efficiency.

Hydroponic Fodder provides, year round, clean & fresh green fodder, increasing red blood cell count to more oxygen in blood system, more & high quality protein, enzymes and vitamins at highest digestibility.

•Lack of water resources to grow green fodder

•Increasing labor cost for green fodder cultivation

•Lack of power supply

•High residue of pesticides and fertilizers in green fodder

CHALLENGES

Why Hydroponics Fodder

•Hydroponics greenhouse of 300 sq. ft. produces 365000 kg fresh green fodder per year, which is equivalent of 25 acres of grass field.•2 to 3 litre of water are required to produce 1 kg. of green grass whereas conventional methods require an average of 80 litre water to produce the same quantity.

Traditional Hydroponics

100% organic

Solar/generator backed

Minimal use of labour

Very less usage of water

High residue of pesticides/fertilizers

Lack of power supply

High cost of labor

Lack of water resources

Benefits of Hydroponics

• Uniform Growth of green fodder

• Space Saving and Energy saving

• Contains Vitamins and Minerals

• Year round cultivation

• Root-zone irrigation

• Disease control and immune system

competence

• Irrigation by speed & time controls

• Light works & Labor saving

• Improved Fertility

• Water/Fertilizer saving

• UV light sterilization

• Minimal energy consumption

(Solar/Battery energy applicable)

Hydroponic Fodder provides energy rich nutrients - Folic Acid, Omega-3 fatty acids, Chlorophylls and mixed Carotenoids.

Increase in milk yield up to 25% and increase in Fat % up to 20%.

Decrease in concentrate feed costs up to 50%.

Improved Fertility and Increases conception rates.

Hydroponically grown fodder is 100% Organic.

Relatively low cost compared to other high protein feeds.

Hydroponic Fodder doesn’t have fungi problems.

Other benefits of feeding Hydroponics fodder

Case study:

• Creating employment for women in the rural areas by introducing

• MICRO DAIRY PROJECT :6 Buffalos or 6 Cattle module + Solar & Wind powered portable Greenhouse Model GF120 producing 120 kg. / 264 lb. fodder per day

• Donated by World Vision - Dahod  to Pethapur Milk Producer's Society belongs to Tribal (Bhill) community At, Po. Petahapur, Taluka: Zalod, District: Dahod, Gujarat, India

Cost of hydroponic fodderS.No Component Rate / Unit Cost

1. Hydroponic Unit with Solar + Wind mill Rs. 25.00 lakhs

2. Production per unit per day 1000 kgs / ton

3. Water requirement 3000 litres per day

4. Maize Seed (165 kgs per day) Rs. 12 per kg Rs. 1980

5. Labour (2 persons per unit) Rs. 150 per day Rs. 300

6. Depreciation (10 years period) Rs. 700 per day Rs. 700

7. Production cost Per 1000 Kgs Rs. 2980

8. Cost per kg Rs. 2.98 or 3.00

9. Quantity per animal 16.00 kgs Rs. 48 per animal

10. Quantity per animal 10.00 kgs Rs. 30 per animal

Azolla- As Livestock Feed

• Azolla is a floating fern which resembles algae

• Normally azolla is grown in paddy fields or shallow water bodies

• Multiplies very rapidly

• Azolla an aquatic fern is regarded as “Live Nitrogen Manufacturing Factory”

because, it harbors nitrogen fixing Cyanobacteria.

• Azolla has been extensively used both as biofertilizer and green manuring for

rice cultivation in the South East Asian countries. More than 50 % nitrogen can be

supplemented when Azolla dual cropped with rice.

Azolla as fodder/ feed

• Rich in proteins, essential amino acids, vitamins (vitamin A, vitamin B12 and Beta- Carotene), growth promoter intermediaries and minerals like calcium, phosphorous, potassium, ferrous, copper, magnesium

• Dry weight basis, it contains 25 - 35 percent protein, 10 - 15 percent minerals and 7 - 10 percent of amino acids, bio-active substances and bio-polymers

• Livestock easily digest it, owing to its high protein and low lignin content

• Azolla can be mixed with concentrates or can be given directly to livestock

• Can also be fed to poultry, sheep, goats, pigs and rabbits.

Azolla Production

• The soil in the area is first cleared of weeds and leveled

• Bricks are lined horizontally in a rectangular fashion.

• A UV stabilized silpauline sheet of 2mX2m size is uniformly spread over the bricks in such a way as to cover the margin of the rectangle made by the bricks

• 10-15 kg of sieved soil is uniformly spread over the silpauline pit

• Slurry made of 2 kg cow dung and 30 g of Super Phosphate mixed in 10 liters of water, is poured onto the sheet. More water is poured on to raise the water level to about 10 cm

• About 0.5-1kg of pure mother azolla culture seed material is spread uniformly over the water, after mild stirring of soil and water in the azolla bed. Fresh water should be sprinkled over the azolla immediately after inoculation to make the azolla plants upright

• In a week’s time, the azolla spreads all over the bed and develops a thick mat like appearance.

• A mixture of 20 g of Super Phosphate and about 1 kg of cow dung should be added once in 5 days in order to maintain rapid multiplication of the azolla and to maintain the daily yield of 500 g

• A micronutrient mix containing magnesium, iron, copper, sulphur etc., can also be added at weekly intervals to enhance the mineral content of azolla

• About 5 kg of bed soil should be replaced with fresh soil, once in 30 days, to avoid nitrogen build up and prevent micro-nutrient deficiency

• 25 to 30 percent of the water also needs to be replaced with fresh water, once every 10 days, to prevent nitrogen build up in the bed

• The bed should be cleaned, the water and soil replaced and new azolla inoculated once every six months

• A fresh bed has to be prepared and inoculated with pure culture of azolla, when contaminated by pest and diseases

Harvesting

• Will grow rapidly and fill the pit within 10 - 15 days. From then on, 500 - 600 g of azolla can be harvested daily.

• Can be done every day from the15th day onwards with the help of a plastic sieve or tray with holes at the bottom

• The harvested azolla should be washed in fresh water to get rid of the cow dung smell

Alternative Inputs

• Fresh biogas slurry may also be used

• Waste water from bathroom and cattle shed can also be used to fill the pit. In areas where there is a problem of fresh water availability, the water left after washing clothes (after the second rinsing) can also be used.

Environmental factors for the growth

• Temperature 20°C - 28°C

• Light 50% full sunlight

• Relative Humidity 65 - 80%

• Water (standing in the tank) 5 - 12 cm

• pH 4-7.5

Points to be noted during cultivation of azolla

• Washing in a net will be useful as it will allow small plantlets to get out, and they can be poured back in to the pond

• Care should be taken to retain the temperature below 25°C.

• Shade nets can be used to cut the light intensity.

• The azolla biomass should be removed daily to avoid over crowding.

Azolla dual with rice

can save 50 % of

nitrogen

requirement

Field multiplicationRice-Azolla

AZOLLA RICE DUAL CULTURE

AZOLLA DUAL CROPPING WITH RICE

Treatment  

Grain yield(q/ha)

% increaseover control

Control 13.8 -----

50 % NPK + Azolla compost @10t/ha 23.5 44.6

50 % NPK + Azolla dual cropping 29.5 54.5

50 % NPK + Azolla @ 10 t/ha 26.6 51.4

Azolla dual cropping 22.3 41.4

100 % NPK 25.2 49.1

AZOLLA DUAL CROPPING ENHANCE YIELD BY 41

PER CENT OVER NO AZOLLA TREATMENT

MASS MULTIPLICATION OF AZOLLA

HOMESTEAD METHOD

Prepare pit 2m length,1m width & 20cm depth

Spread polythene sheet (2.6mx1.6m) over the pit

Add SSP (10g), MOP (10g) , dry cow dung (100g) & Azolla 300 g

Mud plastering the surroundings & pour water level (10 cm )

Multiply for 15 days. Harvest and repeat the above procedure

FIELD METHOD FOR AZOLLA MULTIPLICATION

Prepare and level the field uniformly

Divide the field into 20x5m providing suitable bunds & irrigation channel

Maintain 10 cm water depth

Add 10 kg cowdung+8kg Azolla+100 gm SSP /plot

Harvest after 15 days

Earthworms - an animal feed alternative• Earthworm meal is a protein dry extract which reaches

concentrations around 64-70 %.

• The modern earthworm feed shape was technically elaborated so that amino acids compounding proteins are isolated and independent. Amino acids are basically provided as a compound with two functions –o from Amin (-NH) and Acid (-COOII).

• Amino acids are immediately absorbed in the gastrointestinal mechanism which increases the food material and hence decreases absorption.

• All essential amino acids must be present in the due rates and associated to mineral salts and vitamins, so that the organism may use and synthesize protein effectively.

• The earthworm meal is being incorporated to feed for all kinds of animals and phases.

GUARANTEED LEVELS:Proteins ……………………   70 %Fat ……………………………… 6,56 %Fibres ………………………… 3,3 %Carbohydrates …………  17,60 %Mineral Material ………… 7,59 %Calcium ……………………… 0,5 %Phosphorus ………………   0,90 %Humity ………………………   8 %

Earthworm meal is recommended for:

• Fish, frog, and crustacean breeding

• Ornamental fish breeding

• Aviculture and sportive birds

• Chinchillas and ornamental birds

• Equitation, race, and domestic horses

• Cattle, swine, sheep, and goat studs

• Dairy cattle

• Pet food

Total mixed ration & Densified Complete Feed Blocks (DCFBs)

• Total Mixed Ration (TMR), which involves mechanical mixing of forages with concentrate feedings without densification.

• Manufacture of Straw-based Densified Total Mixed Ration Blocks (DTMRBs), also called Densified Complete Feed Blocks (DCFBs) is an innovative technology to supply balanced feeds to the dairy and other livestock farmers in the tropics.

• This technology of making DTMRBs has now been commercialized in India and the manufacturing plants have been set up in different states under Dairy Cooperatives and State level Livestock Boards, with Government providing the incentive by way of offering 50% subsidy for setting up of such plants.

• The first step in the process of making DTMRBs is the grinding and mixing of concentrate ingredients separately.

• This is followed by adding concentrate components to chopped straw in desired proportions along with molasses in a mixer, taking care that mixing is uniform and ingredients are not separated due to gravity.

• Finally, the desired quantity of straw-concentrate mix is transferred to a hydraulic press to convert the mix into a block.

• Recently, a modified version of the technology has been developed, and the densified total mixed ration is delivered as pellets (DTMRPs).

TMR mixer – twin vat system for mixing straw and concentrate

Densification machines based on the principle of hydraulic compression for making feed blocks

Flail mower cum loader

Pick-up type field balers A truck load of densified TMR blocks being transported in Uttra Khand state of India

TMR : Total Mixed Ration

Nano Technology for Higher Bioavailability

TANUVAS, Chennai

Cost Economics ?

Nano Calcium Phosphate : < 100 nm size

Nano Zn, Nano Se

Area Specific Mineral Mixture Technology

Cost –effective and Practical Approach

‘Precision Animal Nutrition’ (PAN) feeding system that precisely meet nutritional requirements for optimum production efficiency, produce better quality livestock products and contribute to the cleaner environment and there by ensure profitability

Nutrient – Host – Environment – Profit

Better feeding management, quality feeds, supplements, feed additives, efficient use of resources, minimum negative impact on environment

Precision Feeding - Concept and Application

Nutraceuticals

 the words “nutrition” and “pharmaceutical”, is a food or food product that provides health and medical benefits, including the prevention and treatment of disease. 

Solid-state fermentation (SSF)

• Solid-state fermentation (SSF) is defined as the fermentation process in which microorganisms grow on solid materials without the presence of free liquid

• The SSF is alternative to submerged fermentation for production of value added products like antibiotics, single cell protein, Poly unsaturated fatty acids, enzymes, organic acids, biopesticides, biofuel and aroma production

Solid state fermentation

• Allow the growth of white rot fungi (Basidomycetes) on crop residue

• Principle: This fungi releases Mn. Peroxidase, laccase and lignin peroxidase.

• Karnal process:

• 1st stage: primary treatment with 4% urea + 40% water = ensiling for 40 days

• 2nd stage: this material mix with 1% super phosphate + 0.1% CaO + raise the moisture up to 65-70% + 3% inoculation of Coprinus filamentaris (alkali tolerant strain)

Use of plant secondary products-Methane Mitigation measures

effectiveness of a particular strategy depends on

the cost of the item,

economic status of livestock keeper,

toxicity to host animal or inhabiting microbes,

persistency etc.

Gross energy Digestible energy

Feca

l energ

y

Uri

ne e

nerg

y

Meth

ane e

nerg

y

Metabolic energy

Net energy(NE) for maintenance

Net energy(NE) for production

HEAT INCREMENT

• The process of digestion and metabolism referred to as enteric fermentation causes 2–12% loss of dietary energy as methane (CH4) in ruminants.

• Loss of energy as CH4 from diets/feeding systems varied from 6.48% to 12.56% in buffalo, 6.6% to 12.09% in goat and 6.16% to 12.62% in sheep.

Saponins

• inhibitory action of saponins on protozoa - interspecies hydrogen transfer to methanogens

• Yucca schidigera, Quillaja saponaria, Enterolobium cyclocarpum, Sesbania sesban, Medicago sativa, Sapindus saponaria, Sapindus rarak and Sapindus mukorossi

• saponin containing plants - suppressing or eliminating protozoa

• saponins are differentially toxic to rumen protozoa - presence of

cholesterol in eukaryotic membranes but not in prokaryotic

Plant secondary compounds

(Hess et al. 2003, García- González et al.2008, Rejil et al. (2008)

Supplementation of tannins in feed

• Tannins are a complex group of polyphenolic compounds.

• classified into two major groups: the hydrolysable and the condensed tannins.

• low to moderate concentrations improve the digestive utilization of feed mainly due to a reduction in protein degradation in the rumen and a subsequent increase in amino acid flow to the small intestine.

• decreases emissions of CH4 from sheep by reduction of methanogen and protozoa populations.(Berra et al. 2008, Bhatta et al. 2009)

Supplementation of probiotics in feed

• Probiotics are ‘live microorganisms which when administered in adequate amounts confer a health benefit on the host’ (FAO).

Effect on micro biota composition & metabolic effects

Suppression of endogenous & endogenous pathogens

Reducing the risk of intestinal diseases

Inhibition of toxins originated from blood

Immune modulation

Tolerance to different foods

Enhanced innate immunity

Increased nutrient absorption

Dicarboxylic acids (Iqbal et al. 2008, Sirohi et al. 2009)

• Increased propionate production (Bayaru et al. 2001)

proliferation of cellulolytic bacteria (Asanuma et al. 1999)

• Eg: High malate content in fresh forages at early growth stage especially lucerne (Martin 1998), encapsulated fumaric acid in the diet of sheep Wallace et al. (2006)

Essential oils

• essential oil thymol derived from thymus and origanum plants Evans and Martin(2000)

garlic oil and diallyl disulphide Busquet et al. (2005)

rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis) - potential inhibitor of the protozoa

• inhibition is concentration dependent Rasmussem et al.(2005)

Biological approaches:

nu

trit

ion

al str

ate

gie

s aimed at suppressing methanogenesisLimited by concomitantly impaired nutrient digestibility reduced feed intake,expensive at high dose and transitory effect

ch

em

icals always associated with

the risk destined for human consumption

con

den

sed

tan

nin

s,

sap

on

ins

or

essen

tial oils Merit in reducing

methane emissions but responses may be through reduced digestibility of the diet

Animal manipulation

• Animal breeding could achieve a 10%–20% reduction in CH4 losses from dry matter (DM) during digestion(Waghorn et al., 2006).

• However, breeding for reduced methanogenesis is unlikely to be compatible with other competing breeding objectives.

• improved for feed conversion efficiency,

• reduce both CH4 and the ratio of CH4 per unit producer

• Reducing the number of unproductive animals on a farm can potentially both improve profitability and reduce CH4.

extended lactation in dairying - cows calve every 18 months rather than annually, reduce herd energy demand by 10.4% (Trapnell and Malcolm, 2006).

With earlier finishing of beef cattle in feed lots, slaughter weights are reached at a younger age, with reduced lifetime emissions per animal and thus proportionately fewer animals producing CH4 (Smith et al., 2007).

increase the stocking rate, resulting in either no net change or even a net increase in CH4 production.

the addition of more grain to the diet will incur additional N2O and transport emissions during the grain production processes

Dietary manipulation

Composition of diettype of forage processing,

feeding frequencyNature of concentrate

level of intake

altering surface area for microbial activity

ruminal pHflow rate of digesta

fermentation pattern

methane emission

Dietary manipulation

Forage quality

Improving forage quality

lower fiber and higher soluble carbohydrates,

• changing fromC4 to C3 grasses, or grazing on less-mature pastures (Ulyatt et al., 2002; Beauchemin et al., 2008),

addition of grain to forage diet increases starch and reduces fiber intake, reducing the rumen pH and favouring the production of propionate rather than acetate in the rumen(McAllister and Newbold, 2008)

Reducing dietary energy converted to

CH4

efficient post-ruminal

digestion

reduces the retention time in the rumen

increase the voluntary

intake

Improving forage quality

higher proportions of forage legumes in the

diet

lower fiber content

faster rate of passage

Reduced CH4 emissions

(Blaxter and Clapperton, 1965)

(Beauchemin et al., 2008)

• Direct inhibition of methanogenesis by halogenated methane analogues and related compounds has been widely demonstrated invitro.

• Chloral hydrate – converted to chloroform ( prolonged use causes liver damage and death) inhibited methane production in vivo

• Trichloroacetamide, trichloroethyl adipate, bromochloromethane combination of bromochloromethane and a-cyclodextrin.

• 2-bromoethanesulfonic acid (BES), 9,10-anthraquinone.

Direct inhibition

Dietary supplementation

• Dietary oilsfats

Indirect: protozoal inhibition by reduction of double bonds in

unsaturated fatty acids, increase propionate production

Direct: causing toxicity directly to methanogens by changing their metabolic activity and composition

(Machmuller et al.1998) (Machmüller et al. 2003)

Limitations• reduces fiber digestion (McGinn et al. 2004)

• Reduced microbial protein(Dong et al. 1997) • negative effect on milk fat concentration

• adverse effect on animals• High cost (Zheng et al. 2005)

Ionophores

Reduced methane

emissions

• increasing feed conversion efficiency• selective reduction in acetate production• inhibition of release of H2 from formate • shift in fermentation pattern• anti-protozoal effect

Eg: monensin and lasalocid

(Moss et al. 2000, Barman et al. 2001, Beauchemin et al. 2008)

• Dicarboxylic organic acids such as malate may alter rumen fermentation in a manner similar to ionophores (Lopez et al)

• fumarate, a precursor of propionate depressed methane production in vitro (Asanuma et al.).

• Malate, which is converted to propionate via fumarate, also stimulated propionate production and inhibited methanogenesis in vitro

Propionate enhancers

Reductive acetogenesis:

An alternative pathway for hydrogen disposal

addition of mucin or amino acids

by striving the inhibition of rival methanogens

(Genthner et al.1981, Morvan et al. 1994, Fievez et al.2001, Cottle et al. 2011

• immunize animals against their own methanogens

• methanogen cell envelope having pseudomurein serves as the interface between the organism and its rumen environment

• represents a key area for the identification of vaccine and drug targets (Leahy et al. 2010)

• indirectly affects the activity of archea as they have a commensal relationship with rumen protozoa

Immunization:

Limitations :

Not effective

• Specific to particular archea (Wright et al. 2004, Clark et al. 2007)

Immunization failure

Passive immunization: using antibodies prepared from hen’s eggs

Antibodies decreased methane production in vitro but the effect was short-lived (Cook et al. 2008)

If this proves successful, valuable tool for methane reductions as it could be applied to a whole ruminant population

• In the rumen, bacterial viruses (bacteriophages or phages) are well known having population density about >109 particles/ml fluid and they attack a wide variety of bacterial hosts (Klieve and Swain 1993)

• Phage-like particles are known to infect Methanobrevibacter smithii and Methanobacterium thermoautotrophicum (Nagle 1989)

• M. smithii strain PS is the host for a virus that has a morphology identical to phages of the family Siphoviridae (Knox and Harris 1986)

• limitation : biocontrol agent is probably lack of universal infectivity.

Phage therapy:

• Rumen ciliate protozoa are known to be endosymbiotically associated with methanogens (Finlay et al.1994)

• protozoa-associated methanogens are accounted up to 37% of total rumen methane emissions.

Defaunated animals produce less methane (Williams and Coleman 1992)

• shift of digestion from rumen to hind gut (Van Nevel and Demeyer 1996)

• the loss of methanogens associated with protozoa (Hegarty 1999)

• Defaunation methods are having various negatives either on the rest of the rumen microbes or on the host itself (Williams and Coleman 1997)

Defaunation:

Defaunation may depress fiber digestion, thus complete elimination of protozoa (rather than selective defaunation) is not recommended

• saponin containing plants - suppressing or eliminating protozoa (Malik and Singhal 2008b)

saponins are differentially toxic to rumen protozoa - presence of cholesterol in eukaryotic membranes but not in prokaryotic (Kilta et al. 1996)

Disabling the protein binding:

Methanogens associated with other ruminal organisms via specific surface proteins

Disabling these proteins or preventing their binding could disrupt these interactions and upset their normal behaviour.

Key genes and enzymes which may be potential targets involved in the methanogensis pathway within the cell are the possible vaccine targets Leahy et al. (2010).

• hydroponics

• using nutriciticals to improve the gut health

• using of tannin rich feeds (tree leaves) to control parasitic infection

• using of plant secondary metabolites as feed additives (essential oils, antioxidant rich feeds... etc)

• using of earthworm feeding

• concept of total mixed ration

• preparation of complete feed blocks by using straws 

• using of organic minerals

• advances in nano mineral technology 

• solid state fermentation technique to improve the crop residues

• preparation of silage by using pineapple waste  

•  silage preparation by using polymer bags (easy and portable)

• using of genetically modified crops (low in lignine and other anti nutritional factor)

• precision feeding in animals (offer feed according to accurate requirement to avoid env. pollution and wastage of feed)

• using of unconventional feeds

• using of enzymes to degrade the celluse and lignin (laccase enzyme)

• using of fungal spore in feed blocks- after reaching rumen germinate and improves the fiber digestion

• genetical approaches to change the rumen env. 

The non-conventional feed resources (NCFR) refer to all those feeds that have

not been traditionally used in animal feeding & are not normally used in commercially produced rations for

livestock.

Considerable potential as

feed material

Economically justifiable technology

Convert them into some usable products.

Brewery waste & DDG Sea weed meal Sugar cane bagasse

Classification based on Nutrient ContentsProtein Rich Vegetable origin Animal origin

Miscellaneous

Tapioca products Mango seed kernel Tamarind seed

powder

Guar meal Rubber seed

cake Neem seed

cake

Poultry By products

Blood & Meat Meal

Shrimp ShellEnergy Rich

ClassificationAgricultural crop residuesBy-products from sugar industryOil seeds and cakes.Animal protein sources.By products from forest.Animal organic wastes Fruit & vegetable By-products

Different Agro-Climatic Zones

• Sal Seed Cake• Mahua CakeRed laterite Zone

• Maize Cob• Pine apple Hilly Zone

• Mango Seed Kernel Cake• Neem Seed PowderAlluvial Zone

Coastal Zone • Tamarind Seed Cake• Rice Husk

Agricultural crop residues

After harvest, usually available residues are straws, stovers, grains and their byproducts like husks/hulls, bran etc….Crops grown usually in India are cereals like paddy, wheat, maize, sorghum & legumes like grams, ground nut, beans & peas Straws are the staple source for livestock feeding globally

Broken rice can easily substitute maize, nearly 40-50% in Broiler feed & 50% in diets for growing & finishing pigs.

Rice bran can be used up to 15 - 30 % in diets of pigs & poultry & major ingredient in dairy feed.

Rice husk can be used up to 5% in the diets & nearly 10%, if ground to smaller size

Availability in M.T CP % CF % TDN %

Rice straw 144570000 3.4 25.1 ----

Rice husk 24576900 3.0 40.0 ----

Rice bran 14457000 15.5 ---- 84.8

Broken rice 7228500 ---- ---- ----

Paddy Contains phytic

acid 70 -300 mg

%, adding

phytase

enzyme increase

s digestibi

lity.

Wheat

Contains phytic

acid 170 -280 mg%

and treatment

with phytase enzyme increases

digestibility.

Availability % CP% TDN%

Wheat straw 75806700 4.8 47.5

Wheat bran 7580670 17.3 71.5

WHEAT BRAN

Species Level of Inclusion

Pigs Sows 25%

Fatteners 15%

Piglets 10%

Poultry Poultry feeds 10%

Breeder mash feed 20%

Dairy Cattle 20%

Sheep Breeders & Ram lambs 15%

Maize

DM % CP % TDN %

Maize Stover 91.1 4.13 82

Maize bran 100 8.1 75

Maize gluten 89.4 23.8 74.1

Distillers grain

90.2 29.7 79.5

Straws

Dry adult cattle can be maintained with straw as a sole feed with small quantities of protein supplements, but extensive use is limited by factors like,

High lignin & oxalic acid content

Dustiness & reduced palatability

Reduced calcium absorbability

Straw Treatment• Alkali treatment:

1.25 % NaOH @ 1 Lt sol. /kg straw.

• Soaking straw in water:

Soaking 1 kg straw in 1 lit of water decrease dustiness.

• Impregnation of straw with urea - molasses: Increase palatability.

• Ammonia treatment:

Treating straws with ammonia gas without adding water increase nitrogen content.

By-products from Sugar Industry Sugarcane tops Include the growing points

of cane, few upper nodes & accompanying leaves

Cattle and buffaloes relish chaffed sugarcane tops

Serves as roughage Can be converted into silage

of good quality & palatability

Sugar tops TDN % DCP %

Sugarcane top silage

12 0.33

Sugarcane top silage with molasses

13.9 0.45

Sugarcane Bagasse• It is a fibrous residue of

sugarcane stalks after juice has been pressed out in sugar factories.

• It is of 2 types- finer bagasse &

coarser bagasse.

• Dry matter digestibility of sugarcane bagasse is 12-14%.

CP % CF %

Finer 2.23-4.74 36.52-42.1

Coarser 1.76-3.32 40.49-43.22

Molasses Byproduct of raw sugar

syrup, containing nearly 45% sugar.

Good energy source for livestock feed (75% TDN)

Enhances palatability Agent for reducing

dustiness in feed Binder for pellets Carrier for urea

Beet Cane

TDN 71 65

DE 2500 2350

CP 10 5

Molasses

Press MudByproduct of sugar industry during precipitation..& can be used as mineral supplement for cattleCondensed molasses soluble Byproduct of various fermentation processes in which molasses is used to produce alcohol, yeast, MSG…Dried yeast sludge Obtained after fermentation of molasses to alcohol

%

Moisture 5.6

Organic content

64

Ash 30

Oil seeds and Cakes Guar Meal• It contains 40-45% protein• Good source of amino

acids like Lysine 2.25%, cysteine 1.16% & glycine 4.61%

• Contains 2 deleterious factorsResidual gum (galactomannin) - it

is a polysaccharide which is neither, digested nor absorbed, about 18% of guar meal.

Trypsin Inhibitor.

Cattle Adults 10-15%

Calves 5-10 %

Poultry Up to 20 %

Niger Cake Richer in available lysine &

methionine content than GNC

Inclusion level: 10-15% in the concentrate mixture in cattle.

In lactating animal, it may bring down the milk solids concentration

TDN 50%

DCP 33%

CF 14-18%

ME 2700 K Cal/Kg

Karanja Cake Moderately rich in all EAA

Lysine 5.6% & Methionine 0.1% of total protein

Contain polyphenolic compounds : karanjin, pongapin, tannin ,trypsin inhibitors - deleterious effect on growth and production

TDN 60%

DCP 30%

CF 6-7%

ME 2200 K Cal/Kg

Neem Cake Neem contains 34% protein

and 4.4% fiber.

It is unpalatable as such, fed along with other feedstuffs.

Toxic factors – Nimbidine & Nimbine

Inclusion level in Cattle feed - 15-20%

TDN 60%

DCP 34%

CF 25.8%

ME 2200 K Cal/Kg

Sal seed Cake Extraction rate is 35-40%.

Tannins - 8-12%. Simple washing can also remove

60% tannin but DM is lost Treating with 9% urea at 50%

moisture level & subsequent storage for 30 days can inactivate 30% of tannin without loss of DM

TDN 50%

DCP 9%

CF 1.5%

AIA 0.8%

Mahua Seed Cake Chemical composition: 14% CP,

9% DCP, 46% TDN

Contain toxic factors like Mowrine(6-20%) & tannins (6.4%)

Detoxification: Soaking in water and stirring.

Inclusion level: 10% in the ration of cattle

TDN 46%

DCP 9%

ME 2200 K Cal/Kg

Animal Protein Sources Blood Meal Dried blood collected from

slaughter plants

Rich in Lysine, Fe & poor in Ca & P

Inclusion less than 2%, if more palatability & taste affected and cannibalism may develop in pigs/poultry

TDN 76%CP 90%EE 1.2%

Bone Meal Derived from bones.

Protein is of low quality as it doesn’t originate from muscular tissues.

It may included up to 3% in feed for cattle, sheep, pigs & up to 6% in poultry feed.

TDN 76%CP 41%ME 2000 K Cal

Blood & Bone Meal

It comes from thermo chemical process of slaughter refusal.

Protein is of low quality because of more glues from bones & connective tissues.

High mineral content with 14% Ca & 6% P.

TDN 62%CP 54%EE 10.4%

Feather Meal Feathers are treated under

high temp. & pressure (hydrolysis)

Rich in cysteine & methionine

TDN 62%CP 54%EE 10.4%

Cattle <2%

Pigs max. 2% for fatteners

Poultry max.2% for layers & broilers

Sheep <2%

Fish Meal It comes from fish, parts of fish,

& other sea animal with a limited amount of shell (max.2% CaCO3)

Protein is of good quality with 5% lysine

Strong flavor to meat & eggs

Not included in cattle feeds

TDN 76%CP 72%EE 4.6%

Animal Fat Obtained from cadaver

processing.

By exposing the tankage to super heated steam at 130ºC animal fat is extracted.

TDN 70%CP 0%EE 99%

Cattle Less than 1% Pigs Piglets 2% & fatteners 4% Poultry Fat used in layer & broiler

feed to meet high energy req. of birds

Sheep up to 1%

By- products from Forests

Include wood, barks, fallen leaves, foliage & saw dust.

Wood, saw dust & barks are indigestible and unpalatable.

The fallen leaves or forest foliage are commercially exploited for livestock & poultry feeding as a source of carotene, trace elements and vitamins.

By-products from Forests The by-products available from the forest for

cattle feeding are dry leaves and seeds. The dry matter contents of most of the tree

leaves ranges between 30 to 45% and CP content are also quite high (5- 12%).

Goats relish variety in their diets and feeding tree leaves help to extend their diet preferences.

Animal Origin Organic Waste Poultry Manure• Poultry manure consists of the

dry excreta,

the feathers &

broken eggs

• Poultry excreta is of two main types: - caged layers

- deep litter

Poultry ManureCaged layer manure

Suitable for non ruminants.

Contains 30% total protein , high in glycine, low in arginine, lysine & methionine.

Useful as a source of energy, Ca & P

About 20 – 30 % are optimum levels for utilization in poultry feeds.

Poultry Manure Up to 30% DM in the ration (4-6 kg DM/head/day)

Up to 30% DM for fat lambs, but copper content in litter limits level of inclusion.

Palatability problems are overcome by ensiling or chemical treatment.

Molasses increases the palatability

Adaptation must be done gradually (3-5 days).

Poultry By product Meal It is the dried, ground tissues of

un-decomposed, necks, heads, fat, carcass, feathers of poultry either of with or without oil extraction.

Valuable protein source, and its value in diets for farm animals has not been adequately studied.

TDN 72%CP 56.8%EE 12.4%

• Fat is extracted from kernel and de-oiled mango seed meal is used for livestock feeding.

• The limiting factor in this feed is the presence of about 5 - 10% of tannins.

CP % EE % CF % DCP %

TDN %

8.5 12 3 6.1 50

Fruit & Vegetable By-products Mango Seed Kernel Cake

• Citrus pulp is a byproduct from fruit juice or pulp factories – Citrus Molasses

• Dried and ground citrus, orange, lemon peels can be used in feed to extent of 10 - 15%

CP % EE % CF % DM % TDN %

6.9 4.9 3 86 80

Mango Seed Kernel Cake

Palm kernel By-products Palm kernels are the centers of stones within the fruit,

the stone shell needs to be removed before the kernels are processed

Kernels contain 50 -60 % oil.

Palm kernels are used in high energy compound feed

Inclusion level > 5% considering pelleting problems.

They are included < 5% in cattle, sheep & pig rations.

CP % CF % EE %

TDN %

DE Kcal/k

gPalm kernel cake 15 19 10 79 2650

Palm kernel meal 15 20 2 71 2200

Palm kernel By-products

• Tomato processing wastes consists of skin, pulp & seeds after extraction of juice.

• Tomato pomace is residue from processing of pulp, sauce, juice, paste & ketchup.

CP % EE % DM % TDN %

19.3 13.3 24.7 65.5

Tomato Processing Waste

• Product remaining after potatoes have been processed to produce frozen potato products for human consumption.

• The product can include peelings, culled potatoes, rejected French fries & other products.

CP % EE % DM % TDN %

10.5 10.8 35.4 80.7

Potato Waste

Potato waste is equal in energy to

cereal grains

• Moisture content shouldn’t exceed 13 % as it facilitates growth of fungi.

• TDN - 70-74% & CP - 3%

• Good source of energy

Cassava Meal

CATTLE Up to 30 % for adultsPIGS Sows and fatteners up to 40

% POULTRY Up to 20 % SHEEP Up to 25%

Future Need, Scope & Trends Increasing demand & limited

resources of quality feeds.

Use of wastes from livestock & agro-industry reduce cost of production in one hand, on the other hand it reduces human animal health hazards.

Unconventional feeds are low in DCP and energy

Future Need, Scope & Trends

Enrich their nutrient values by practicable pre-treatment to increases palatability, digestibility and nutrient availability.

Management of anti-nutritional factors to improve utilization.

Reduce environmental pollution from animal wastes using newer technologies.